柘林湾骨条藻的数量变动及其与环境因子的关系

2000年5月～2002年6月对粤东柘林湾进行的骨条藻数量及各环境要素的调查表明,骨条藻细胞数的平面分布表现为湾内低于湾外的基本格局,而季节波动模式为单峰型。以相关分析该海域骨条藻数量与环境因子的关系,结果表明柘林湾氮和磷都可能成为骨条藻的限制因子,而磷限制更容易发生。     

粤东柘林湾无机氮的时空分布特征

2000年5月～2001年5月对粤东柘林湾海域调查结果表明该湾三氮分布呈湾内向湾外递减趋势,湾内以西部海域含量为高。NO₃-N是柘林湾无机氮的主要存在形态,其含量呈冬春季高、夏秋季低的特点。NH₄-N和NO₂-N与盐度的相关性较差,NO₃-N则除秋季外,其余季节与盐度均呈良好的负相关关系,表现保守性行为。     

广东大亚湾西南部海域营养盐结构的长期变化

分析了大亚湾西南部海域1982～2002年营养盐结构的长期变化。水域中溶解无机氮(DIN)的含量呈上升趋势,磷酸盐(PO₄^3-)含量从80年代初到90年代末逐年下降,2000年后有所恢复,硅酸盐(SiO₃^2-)的含量波动较大,但平均维持在20μmol·L^-1的较高水平上。各营养盐浓度比值的长期变化表现为氮磷比上升,硅氮比下降,硅磷比稳中有升。结合营养盐浓度及其比值的变化,可以认为大亚湾西南部海域中浮游植物生长的营养盐限制因子已经由过去的氮限制转变为磷限制;各营养盐的浓度及其比值在各季度的分布表明,浮游植物的生长春季和冬季受到氮限制的可能性较大,而夏季和秋季受磷限制的可能性较大;在营养盐的平面分布上,大鹏澳内DIN高于澳外水域,而PO₄^3-自1997年后低于澳外水域。     

渤海中部营养盐赋存形态季节变化及其对营养盐库的影响

根据2013年7月(夏季),11月(秋季)和2014年5月(春季)渤海中部氮、磷、硅营养盐库各赋存形态数据以及温度、盐度等水文数据,分析海域不同季节各营养盐库以及相互间转化规律。结果表明:调查海域受陆源输入、吸收转化、扰动混合以及分解释放等因素影响,各营养盐库含量及其组分迁移转化呈现明显的季节特征,春夏高生产力季节为无机态向有机态和颗粒态转化期,秋季为有机态和颗粒态溶解分解释放期。夏季氮磷营养盐库含量分别为(37.43±10.09)μmol/L和(0.73±0.19)μmol/L,且以溶解有机态为主要赋存形态。秋季各营养盐库以及无机态组分含量受扰动以及分解释放影响均明显增加,而溶解有机态和颗粒态组分降低,其中颗粒氮(PN, particulate nitrogen)含量为(1.78±1.05)μmol/L,降幅66%;溶解有机磷(DOP, dissolved organic phosphorus)含量为(0.13±0.06)μmol/L,降幅66%;而溶解无机磷(DIP, dissolved inorganic phosphorus)为(0.54±0.20)μmol/L,升高10.8倍。春季各营养盐库组分变化明显,其中溶解无机氮(DIN, dissolved inorganic nitrogen)、DIP和活性硅酸盐(SiO_3, reactive silicate)受浮游植物吸收转化影响,含量较秋季分别降幅45%、89%和85%, DON受秋冬季分解影响,含量降低36%。而PN和DOP增加明显,分别增高27%和1.6倍。调查海域各赋存形态营养盐比值表明,无机态营养盐比值均远离Redfield比值,对海域内硅藻的优势种地位产生影响。而各有机态以及颗粒态组分比值显示相比较氮,DOP、颗粒态磷(PP, particulate phosphorus)和硅在秋冬季低生产力季节更易受到扰动和分解释放影响,对于缓解海域内磷硅限制状况具有重要作用。     

2000～2001年柘林湾浮游植物群落结构及数量变动的周年调查

2000年5月－2001年5月对粤东赤潮重灾区柘林湾者的浮游植物周年调查表明,柘林湾共有浮游植物54属153种。其中硅藻为优势类群,共37属114种,占总种数的74.51%;甲藻15属36种;其它2属3种。浮游植物种数和丰度的平面分布表现为弯内低于湾外,东部低于西部的基本格局,季节波动模式则为单峰型,全年数量最高峰位于盛夏7月份。中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）为该湾的全年优势种,在群落总细胞数中的百分比年平均高达58.7%。通过对水温、营养盐、浮激植物群落的多样性指数和均匀度以及中肋骨务藻的种群密度等相互之间的回归分析,并考虑增养殖渔业等因素,发现柘林湾因大规模增养殖渔业和高强度的排污排废引志的富营养化已在很大程度上改变了该湾浮游植物的群落结构及时空分布,使生物多样性与均匀度明显下降,中肋骨条藻等少数种类则大量增殖,硅藻赤潮,尤其是中肋骨条藻赤潮的发生机会明显增多,但发生甲藻赤潮的可能性较小。     

粤东柘林湾根管藻(Rhizosolenia)群落组成的季节特征

于2004年5月至2005年2月对粤东大规模养殖区柘林湾的根管藻(Rhizosolenia)种群的时空分布进行了季节性调查.调查期间,共发现根管藻16种(含变种、变型),其中柔弱根管藻(R. delicatula),脆根管藻(R. fragilissima),刚毛根管藻(R. setigera)和笔尖根管藻粗径变种(R. styliformis var. latissima)均为全年出现种.柘林湾根管藻种类丰富度和群落密度的季节变化均呈现高温季节高低温季节低的特点,而平面分布均表现出由湾内向湾外递增的趋势.整体而言,柘林湾是一个根管藻种类数很高而群落密度处于中等水平的海湾.分析表明,水温是影响柘林湾根管藻种类丰富度和群落密度季节变化的关键因素,而光照、种间竞争和浮游动物群落结构的组成是影响其时空分布的主要因素.     

粤东柘林湾角毛藻（Chaetoceros）群落生态学特性的季节变化

于2004年5月至2005年2月对粤东大规模养殖区柘林湾的角毛藻(Chaetoceros)群落的时空分布进行了季节性调查.调查期间,共发现角毛藻54种(含变种、变型),包括3个未知角毛藻种,其中柔弱角毛藻(C.debilis),双孢角毛藻(C didymus vat.didymus),劳氏角毛藻(C.lorenzianus),小角毛藻(C.minutissimus)和聚生角毛藻(Chaetoceros socialis)均为柘林湾全年出现种.柘林湾角毛藻种类丰富度和细胞丰度的季节变化均呈现高温季节高低温季节低的特点,而平面分布均表现出由湾内向湾外递增的趋势.整体而言,是一个角毛藻种类数很高而细胞丰度较低的海湾.分析表明,水温是影响角毛藻种类丰富度和细胞丰度季节变化的关键因素,而光照、种间竞争和浮游动物群落结构的组成是影响其时空分布的主要因素.     

北黄海獐子岛养殖海域营养水平与虾夷扇贝增殖渔获量评估

营养盐作为浮游植物生长的物质基础,对海洋生态系统的物质循环起着决定性作用。调查研究了獐子岛附近海域营养盐含量水平、空间分布及营养盐结构,并据此估算了现有营养水平可支持的潜在生物量,评估了该海域虾夷扇贝增殖渔获量。结果表明,獐子岛附近海域海水总体营养水平较低,底层水中的营养盐浓度是表层水的2—3倍,海水中的营养盐浓度基本高于浮游植物生长的最低阈值,且溶解无机氮与磷酸盐的比值(DIN/PO4-P)和硅酸盐与磷酸盐的比值(Si O3-Si/PO4-P)均22,全海域为磷营养限制。根据磷限制因子及食物链能流转移理论估算,该海域1000 km2现有的营养水平可支持一个生长周期内虾夷扇贝增殖的动态理论生产量为3.8—6.1万t,如人为增加5%—20%的水体磷,则虾夷扇贝增殖产量可增加0.25—1.00万t。     

青岛奥运帆船赛区理化、生物要素现状及富营养化诱发赤潮的围隔实验

于 2 0 0 1年 8月和 9月对青岛 2 0 0 8年奥运会帆船比赛海域进行了理化、生物等要素的综合调查 ,并利用围隔生态实验手段 ,在太平湾进行了营养盐与赤潮的关系研究。结果显示 ,本海域水质良好 ,基本符合一类海水水质标准 ,仅有个别站位出现某种污染物超标现象 ,如 8月份麦岛附近海域氨氮和无机磷超标 ,石油烃 8月份在浮山湾东侧北海船厂附近超出一类海水水质标准。该水域的叶绿素 a含量较低 ,平均 0 .4 2 m g· m- 3,总的分布状况是太平湾西侧的海域较高。初级生产力 8月高于 9月 ,分别为 179.0 mg C m- 2· d- 1和 114 .0 mg C m- 2· d- 1。浮游植物以硅藻中的中肋骨条藻、奇异菱形藻、旋链角刺藻和塔形冠盖藻为主 ,其细胞数量 8月明显高于 9月 ,分别为 4 5 7.2 6× 10 4 m- 3和 16 .38× 10 4 m- 3,数量密集中心在调查区西部。浮游动物生物量 8月比 9月高近 10倍 ,分别为 2 39.1m g· m- 3和 2 4 .7mg· m- 3,强壮箭虫在生物量中起主要作用 ,生物量和个体数量的分布与浮游植物基本相反。加营养盐的围隔实验表明 ,加硅会导致海链藻、短弯角藻、丹麦细柱藻和中肋骨条藻中的任何一种赤潮 ,硅成为该海域的主要限制因子。     

柘林湾表层沉积物中的生物可利用磷

对2002年7月至2003年7月间采集的柘林湾表层沉积物样品中的总磷(TP)、有机磷(OP)及各形态无机磷进行分析。结果表明,各形态磷的空间分布与调查海区沉积物粒径有关,并受沿岸污水排放及近岸养殖排污等人为活动的影响。表层沉积物各形态磷的平面分布基本呈现为湾内(除S1、S7站外)高于湾外的总体趋势。无机磷中以自生磷(Au-P)为主要存在形态,占总磷的47.3%,有机磷(OP)含量次之,占总磷的19.5%,铁结合磷(Fe-P)最低。其中,生物可利用磷(包括Ex-P、Fe-P、OP和部分Au-P)占TP的35.7%~83.0%,在国内外海湾中处于较高水平。     

2000～2001年柘林湾浮游动物的群落结构及时空分布

20 0 0年 7月至 2 0 0 0 1年 7月的周年调查结果表明 ,粤东柘林湾浮游动物有桡足类 2 9属 5 7种 ,枝角类 3属 3种 ,及端足类、磷虾、糠虾、多毛类、毛颚类、被囊类、水母和各种浮游幼体。其中 ,强额拟哲水蚤 Paracalanuscrassirostris、短角长腹剑水蚤 Oithona brevicornis和鸟喙尖头 Penilia avirostris为优势种 ,合计占浮游动物总个体数的 6 2 .7%。浮游动物的种类数、生物量和总个体数都表现为湾外大于湾内的平面分布格局 ,周年变化基本上为单峰型 ,高峰期位于 6～ 1 0月份 ,最低谷位于冬季 1月份。因此 ,总个体数与水温成显著正相关关系。柘林湾是一个浮游动物相对丰富的海湾 ,年均生物量为 1 1 5 .7mg· dw / m3 ,总个体数达 6 .8× 1 0 3 ind/ m3 ,但群落结构的小型化趋势比较明显。回归分析结果表明 ,浮游动物总个体数与浮游植物密度成显著正相关关系。     

Zooplankton feeding ecology: does a diet of Phaeocystis support good copepod grazing, survival, egg production and egg hatching success?

The bloom-forming alga Phaeocystis is ingested by a varietyof zooplankton grazers, but is thought to be a poor source offood. We examined copepod grazing on solitary Phaeocystis cellsby adult females of Temora stylifera, and survival, fecal pelletproduction, egg production and egg hatching success in Calanushelgolandicus and T. stylifera over periods of 15 consecutivedays. Phaeocystis cell concentrations were high (1.2–3.6x 10⁴ cells ml^–1 for C. helgolandicus and 2.5–7.9x 10⁴ cells ml^–1 for T. stylifera), but within the rangeof maxima recorded for natural blooms. Both copepods survivedwell and continuously produced fecal pellets (indicating continuousgrazing) on a diet of Phaeocystis. However, egg production ratesfor both copepods were low, even though hatching success ofthe few eggs produced was high. Clearance rates for T. styliferawere higher than for most previous measurements of other copepodsfeeding on Phaeocystis solitary cells at lower cell concentrations.We conclude that even though copepods feed well upon Phaeocystis,resulting poor fecundity on this diet may inhibit copepod populationincreases during blooms, thereby contributing to the perpetuationof blooms. However, the high egg hatching success on this dietargues against Phaeocystis containing chemical compounds thatact as mitotic inhibitors reducing copepod egg viability, suchas those found in some other phytoplankters.     

海洋细菌生态学的若干前沿课题及其研究新进展

海洋细菌在海洋生态系统中的重要作用随着微食物环的提出被深入认识和充分肯定。本文概述了海洋细菌在微食物环中的重要生态作用及微食物环的研究进展,海洋细菌在碳的生物地球化学循环中的重要性,海洋细菌的活性及其群落结构与功能,分析了藻际环境特性和藻际微生物在赤潮多发海域的生态作用,提出了我国海洋细菌生态学研究的若干新思考与新任务,强调了基于"以菌治藻"的新理念,开展针对于赤潮灾害防除的"微食物环-赤潮-关键微生物菌群"耦合互作这一重要科学问题研究的必要性及紧迫性。     

Toxic Effect of a Marine Bacterium on Aquatic Organisms and Its Algicidal Substances against Phaeocystis globosa

Harmful algal blooms have caused enormous damage to the marine ecosystem and the coastal economy in China. In this paper, a bacterial strain B1, which had strong algicidal activity against Phaeocystis globosa, was isolated from the coastal waters of Zhuhai in China. The strain B1 was identified as Bacillus sp. on the basis of 16S rDNA gene sequence and morphological characteristics. To evaluate the ecological safety of the algicidal substances produced by strain B1, their toxic effects on marine organisms were tested. Results showed that there were no adverse effects observed in the growth of Chlorella vulgaris, Chaetoceros muelleri, and Isochrystis galbana after exposure to the algicidal substances at a concentration of 1.0% (v/v) for 96 h. The 48h LC₅₀ values for Brachionus plicatilis, Moina mongolica Daday and Paralichthys olivaceus were 5.7, 9.0 and 12.1% (v/v), respectively. Subsequently, the algicidal substances from strain B1 culture were isolated and purified by silica gel column, Sephadex G-15 column and high-performance liquid chromatography. Based on quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and PeakView Software, the purified substances were identified as prolyl-methionine and hypoxanthine. Algicidal mechanism indicated that prolyl-methionine and hypoxanthine inhibited the growth of P. globosa by disrupting the antioxidant systems. In the acute toxicity assessment using M. mongolica, 24h LC₅₀ values of prolyl-methionine and hypoxanthine were 7.0 and 13.8 g/L, respectively. The active substances produced by strain B1 can be considered as ecologically and environmentally biological agents for controlling harmful algal blooms.     

Macroalgal blooms alter community structure and primary productivity in marine ecosystems

Eutrophication, coupled with loss of herbivory due to habitat degradation and overharvesting, has increased the frequency and severity of macroalgal blooms worldwide. Macroalgal blooms interfere with human activities in coastal areas, and sometimes necessitate costly algal removal programmes. They also have many detrimental effects on marine and estuarine ecosystems, including induction of hypoxia, release of toxic hydrogen sulphide into the sediments and atmosphere, and the loss of ecologically and economically important species. However, macroalgal blooms can also increase habitat complexity, provide organisms with food and shelter, and reduce other problems associated with eutrophication. These contrasting effects make their overall ecological impacts unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to estimate the overall effects of macroalgal blooms on several key measures of ecosystem structure and functioning in marine ecosystems. We also evaluated some of the ecological and methodological factors that might explain the highly variable effects observed in different studies. Averaged across all studies, macroalgal blooms had negative effects on the abundance and species richness of marine organisms, but blooms by different algal taxa had different consequences, ranging from strong negative to strong positive effects. Blooms' effects on species richness also depended on the habitat where they occurred, with the strongest negative effects seen in sandy or muddy subtidal habitats and in the rocky intertidal. Invertebrate communities also appeared to be particularly sensitive to blooms, suffering reductions in their abundance, species richness, and diversity. The total net primary productivity, gross primary productivity, and respiration of benthic ecosystems were higher during macroalgal blooms, but blooms had negative effects on the productivity and respiration of other organisms. These results suggest that, in addition to their direct social and economic costs, macroalgal blooms have ecological effects that may alter their capacity to deliver important ecosystem services.     

The Contributions of Sea Ice Algae to Antarctic Marine Primary Production

The seasonally ice-covered regions of the Southern Ocean havedistinctive ecological systems due to the growth of microalgaein sea ice. Although sea ice microalgal production is exceededby phytoplankton production on an annual basis in most offshoreregions of the Southern Ocean, blooms of sea ice algae differconsiderably from the phytoplankton in terms of timing and distribution.Thus sea ice algae provide food resources for higher trophiclevel organisms in seasons and regions where water column biologicalproduction is low or negligible. A flux of biogenic materialfrom sea ice to the water column and benthos follows ice melt,and some of the algal species are known to occur in ensuingphytoplankton blooms. A review of algal species in pack iceand offshore plankton showed that dominance is common for threespecies: Phaeocystis antarctica, Fragilariopsis cylindrus andFragilariopsis curta. The degree to which dominance by thesespecies is a product of successional processes in sea ice communitiescould be an important in determining their biogeochemical contributionto the Southern Ocean and their ability to seed blooms in marginalice zones.     

Background nutrient concentration determines phytoplankton bloom response to marine heatwaves

Ocean temperature extreme events such as marine heatwaves are expected to intensify in coming decades due to anthropogenic global warming. Reported ecological and economic impacts of marine heatwaves include coral bleaching, local extinction of mangrove and kelp forests and elevated mortalities of invertebrates, fishes, seabirds and marine mammals. In contrast, little is known about the impacts of marine heatwaves on microbes that regulate biogeochemical processes in the ocean. Here we analyse the daily output of a near‐global ocean physical–biogeochemical model simulation to characterize the impacts of marine heatwaves on phytoplankton blooms in 23 tropical and temperate oceanographic regions from 1992 to 2014. The results reveal regionally coherent anomalies of shallower surface mixing layers and lower surface nitrate concentrations during marine heatwaves. These anomalies exert counteracting effects on phytoplankton growth through light and nutrient limitation. Consequently, the responses of phytoplankton blooms are mixed, but can be related to the background nutrient conditions of the study regions. The blooms are weaker during marine heatwaves in nutrient‐poor waters, whereas in nutrient‐rich waters, the heatwave blooms are stronger. The corresponding analyses of sea‐surface temperature, chlorophyll a and nitrate based on satellite observations and in situ climatology support this relationship between phytoplankton bloom anomalies and background nitrate concentration. Given that nutrient‐poor waters are projected to expand globally in the 21st century, this study suggests increased occurrence of weaker blooms during marine heatwaves in coming decades, with implications for higher trophic levels and biogeochemical cycling of key elements.     

Die Temperaturabhängigkeit des Wachstums vonPhaeocystis pouchetii (Haptophyceae) in Batchkulturen

Temperature dependent growth rates ofPhaeocystis pouchetii (Haptophyceae) were investigated in 5–1 batch cultures. The algae had been isolated from the German Wadden Sea area off Sylt. Microscopic cell counts and fluorescense measurements yielded similar results. The growth ofP. pouchetii reveals a typical optimum curve between 7 °C and 20 °C. Maximal growth rates, 3 divisions per day, were obtained at 15 °C. At 5 °C the algae cultures survived, but multiplication of the cells almost ceased. Results of the culture experiments correspond with observations made onPhaeocystis blooms at the German North Sea coast.     

Secretion in unicellular marine phytoplankton: demonstration of regulated exocytosis in Phaeocystis globosa

Almost half of the global photosynthetic activity is carried out in the ocean. During blooms, Phaeocystis can fix CO(2) at rates up to 40 g C m(-2) month(-1). Most of this carbon is released as polysaccharides. However, the cellular mechanism whereby this huge amount of organic material is exported into the seawater remains unknown. A vaguely defined process of "exudation" is believed responsible for the release of these biopolymers. Here we report the first demonstration that Phaeocystis globosa does not "exude", but secretes microscopic gels. Secretion is stimulated by blue light (lambda = 470+/-20 nm), and it is transduced by a characteristic intracellular Ca(2+) signal that precedes degranulation. The polysaccharides that form the matrix of these gels remain in condensed phase while stored in secretory vesicles. Upon exocytosis, the exopolymer matrix undergoes a characteristic phase transition accompanied by extensive swelling resulting in the formation of microscopic hydrated gels. Owing to their tangled topology, once released into the seawater, the polymers that make these gels can reptate (axially diffuse), interpenetrate neighboring gels, and anneal them together forming massive mucilage accumulations that are characteristic of Phaeocystis blooms. These gel masses can supply a rich source of microbial substrates, disperse in the seawater, and/or eventually sediment to the ocean floor.