计算机在昆虫分类中的新作用

计算机作为一种昆虫分类的工具,已广泛用于昆虫的数值分类和支序分类中,随着多媒体计算机以及计算机网络技术的迅速发展,它在昆虫分类中有了新的作用。多媒体计算机的使用将使用传统的形态分类产生质的飞跃,并能通过互联网核对模式标本和进行昆虫种类的共同鉴定,使传统分类充满新的活力。     

气相色谱在昆虫分类上的研究与应用

<正> 随着新技术、新方法的研究与应用,使昆虫的分类逐步向着更准确地反映昆虫种类特征和系统发生关系的高水平、高层次发展,也使一些疑难的近缘种类的鉴别成为可能。分类学家们把遗传学、生理学、生化学,以及计算机等方面的最新成果应用于昆虫分类学中,如用染色体、同功酶及昆虫体内稳定化合物等因子作为分类     

关于核糖体DNA序列分析在昆虫系统学中的作用浅析

在昆虫系统学中,传统分类学作为昆虫分类的主要方法,在昆虫形态分类中发挥着重要的作用,但是对于近缘种分类上却没有明确的界限。生物学技术的发展,在昆虫系统学中应用核糖体DNA序列分析的方法,有效的解决了传统分类学的局限性,在昆虫种、属和种群水平的研究中发挥了重要作用。本文对核糖体DNA序列分析的方法进行分析,探讨其在昆虫系统学中的应用。     

一种新的昆虫黑白点线图数字绘图方法

传统昆虫分类中形态绘图花费时间较长。本文基于数字绘图技术详述一种新的昆虫黑白点线图方法。以数码照片作为底稿,使用数位板和绘图软件SAI直接在电脑上进行绘图,可明显节约绘图时间。针对绘图过程中最耗时耗力的2个步骤:刚毛和打点衬阴,分别制作了可以在具有近似分类地位或相似形态结构昆虫之间通用的模板,可以进一步缩短绘图时间,显著提高绘图效率。     

昆虫分类学主要技术手段的研究进展

随着科学技术的进步,昆虫分类学由过去传统的形态分类学逐步向综合性学科发展,特别是现代生物技术是对传统昆虫分类方法的一个补充与完善。本文介绍了传统的昆虫分类方法,重点对一些常用的分子标记技术如同工酶电泳技术、核酸序列分析、Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA（RAPD）技术、Simple Sequence Repeat（SSR）技术和Single Strand Conformational Polymorphism（SSCP)技术的特点和它们在昆虫系统进化及昆虫分类等研究中的应用作了相关介绍。     

用计算机进行昆虫分类检索研究初探

本文采用昆虫分类上通用的两项式分类法,用计算机进行昆虫分类检索,详尽地介绍了检索原理、程序框图、输入资料的方法及修改资料的命令,并以检索夜蛾科成虫为例,对操作步骤和使用方法及程序中的主要变量进行了解释。     

浅谈昆虫分类学文献

<正> 众所周知,分类学的主要任务是:(1)物种鉴定和新的分类单元的建立;(2)分类系统的建立;(3)物种形成的探讨;(4)地理区系的研究。昆虫分类学文献系指上述内容,并符合分类学出版物标准的刊物和图书。 昆虫分类学文献对其工作的开展极为重要,掌握文献可以避免重复前人的工作,例如建立新的分类单元必须严格遵守优先权的原则,如果文献收集不全,发表新的分类单元与前人重复,便会形成同名或异名,给后人工作增加麻烦。所以分类学工作者必须重视和熟悉昆虫分类学的文献。     

昆虫数学形态学研究及其应用展望

数学形态学是用数学方法描述或分析一个物体图象的形状的理论和方法,是图象处理和图象识别技术的发展,但在生物学当中的应用还很有限。本文介绍了一个新的分支学科——昆虫数学形态学,包括三方面的内容：①昆虫数学形态学技术研究,涉及昆虫图象数字化技术和昆虫图象处理与识别技术;②昆虫数学形态学理论研究,主要以昆虫图象的解释和理解研究及昆虫数学形态学与分类学等学科的关系研究为主;③昆虫和昆虫数学形态学应用基础研究,涉及昆虫数学形态学数据库及其分析软件开发,昆虫图象的机器学习和计算机视觉等内容。昆虫数学形态学理论和方法与计算机视觉技术相结合,在害虫虫情监测、昆虫多媒体专家系统的构建等方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

昆虫非典型嗅觉受体Orco的功能和分子结构研究进展

嗅觉受体是参与昆虫嗅觉识别过程的一类重要蛋白。在昆虫的众多嗅觉受体中, 有一类受体明显不同于其他受体, 被称为Orco。该受体基因在不同昆虫种间高度保守, 且表达广泛。Orco在昆虫嗅觉识别过程中发挥关键作用。采用基因突变或RNAi等技术使Orco基因沉默后, 昆虫会出现严重的嗅觉缺陷, 但Orco本身不与气味配体结合, 它与传统嗅觉受体形成复合体Or-Orco, 促进传统嗅觉受体在神经元树突膜上的定位并维持其稳定性, 提高传统嗅觉受体对气味反应的效率。昆虫嗅觉受体的结构与脊椎动物的G蛋白偶联受体相似, 均有7个跨膜区, 但二者的膜拓扑结构相反, 昆虫嗅觉受体的N末端位于细胞质膜内, C末端在细胞质膜外, Orco与传统嗅觉受体通过保守的C末端区域相互作用形成一种新型的配体门控离子通道--Or-Orco复合体。阐明Orco在昆虫嗅觉识别中的功能机制, 可为开创基于昆虫嗅觉行为干扰的新的害虫防治措施提供基础。     

中国昆虫表皮碳氢化合物与昆虫化学分类学的研究进展

基于表皮碳氢化合物的昆虫化学分类学已成为昆虫分类的一个重要工具。本文首先简述了世界范围内昆虫化学分类学的起源、发展及应用领域;其次在收集的大量文献基础上,综合分析了我国已开展昆虫表皮碳氢化合物组成研究的昆虫种类、研究内容、取样与进样技术、数据的统计分析、应用领域和存在的问题。针对我国昆虫表皮碳氢化合物研究进展及其在昆虫分类中应用的现状,提出了今后我国在昆虫化学分类领域的研究方向,并展望其应用前景。     

基于二叉分类推理的昆虫分类辅助鉴定多媒体专家系统通用平台TaxoKeys的设计与开发

本文详细介绍了基于二叉式分类推理的昆虫分类辅助鉴定多媒体专家系统通用平台TaxoKeys的设计与开发,及其所具备的主要特点。该研究根据昆虫分类学的特点,将昆虫分类的两项式检索表用数据库表示成系统知识库,利用计算机数据结构中二叉树结构的分枝结点搜索技术来实现其推理过程,进行昆虫分类的辅助鉴定,为昆虫分类专家提供一个通用专家系统平台。该系统具有可扩充性好、设计简单、操作方便等特点,同时也适用于一般性生物分类鉴定。另外,本文还就本系统功能的进一步扩展与应用研究等进行了探讨。     

A Novel Technique for Identifying the Instar of Field-Collected Insect Larvae

Many field studies of insects have focused on the adult stage alone, likely because immature stages are unknown in most insect species. Molecular species identification (e.g., DNA barcoding) has helped ascertain the immature stages of many insects, but larval developmental stages (instars) cannot be identified. The identification of the growth stages of collected individuals is indispensable from both ecological and taxonomic perspectives. Using a larval–adult body size relationship across species, I present a novel technique for identifying the instar of field-collected insect larvae that are identified by molecular species identification technique. This method is based on the assumption that classification functions derived from discriminant analyses, performed with larval instar as a response variable and adult and larval body sizes as explanatory variables, can be used to determine the instar of a given larval specimen that was not included in the original data set, even at the species level. This size relationship has been demonstrated in larval instars for many insects (Dyar’s rule), but no attempt has been made to include the adult stage. Analysis of a test data set derived from the beetle family Carabidae (Coleoptera) showed that classification functions obtained from data sets derived from related species had a correct classification rate of 81–100%. Given that no reliable method has been established to identify the instar of field-collected insect larvae, these values may have sufficient accuracy as an analytical method for field-collected samples. The chief advantage of this technique is that the instar can be identified even when only one specimen is available per species if classification functions are determined for groups to which the focal species belongs. Similar classification functions should be created for other insect groups. By using those functions together with molecular species identification, future studies could include larval stages as well as adults.     

昆虫几丁质酶基因家族功能研究进展

昆虫几丁质酶的研究历史很长,研究内容也非常广泛;但仅局限于传统的方法研究某个昆虫单个基因的功能及应用。近年来,随着生物信息学和RNAi技术在生命科学研究工作中的广泛应用,在昆虫几丁质酶的研究方面也取得了较大进展。本文主要以生物信息学在几丁质酶家族基因鉴定和分类研究过程中的应用,以及利用RNAi技术分析几丁质酶不同家族成员在赤拟谷盗和褐飞虱两种昆虫生长发育中的功能比较分析,对全面认识昆虫几丁质酶基因家族功能和作用机理,并利用几丁质酶基因防治害虫奠定良好的基础。     

Content Delivery Policies in Replicated Web Services: Client-Side vs. Server-Side

Replication of Web Services has an important role among techniques that have been developed in order to meet the demand for faster and more efficient access to the Internet. Replication can be addressed both by a cluster of servers, and by servers geographically distributed in the Internet. In this paper, we focus on geographical replication. Two approaches are commonly used for geographical replication: server-side and client-side. In the client-side approach, the client has a significant role in the policy used to exploit Web Service Replication. In the server-side approach, the client transparently exploits a Replicated Web Service. Both server-side and client-side approaches provide various strategies that can be adopted. An analysis of these strategies, and an overall classification, is presented here. Finally, client-side and server-side approaches are compared, identifying their pros and cons in order to propose the features of an eventual complete approach.     

中国昆虫分类学研究进展

<正> 中国自然条件复杂,昆虫种类繁多,特别是横断山区、青藏高原和云南西双版纳等热带雨林地区昆虫区系丰富多彩,受到国内、外昆虫分类学家的青睐。根据保守估计,中国应有15万种昆虫。中华人民共和国成立前夕我国仅记载20069种昆虫,其中中国人命名的仅204种,绝大多数模式标本及文献资料均散落于国外;分     

Phylogenetic analysis and classification of insect achaete-scute complex genes

Achaete-scute complex (ASC) genes play essential roles in neurogenesis of eukaryotes. Insect ASC genes are currently grouped into two distinct families, ASCa and ASCb. However, the identified insect ASCb family genes are not orthologous to known ASCb family genes from other animals such as nematode and mammal. Besides, many ASC genes have been annotated differently in GenBank. In this study, ASC genes from 41 insect species were obtained in silico and analyzed to clarify their evolutionary relationships with known ASC genes from other animals. Based on our analyses, a new naming system is suggested for classification of ASC genes. Firstly, a new family (ASCc) is added into the already existing two families and the gene of this family is named Asl (Achaete-scute-like). Secondly, Ash4, Ash5 and Ash6 are used to name insect ASC genes that are not orthologous to ac, sc, l'sc and ase genes of Drosophila melanogaster and Ash1 to Ash3 genes of Bombyx mori. This naming system can be used to correct inappropriate annotations of insect ASC genes in GenBank and to classify newly identified insect ASC genes. Additionally, a vast difference was found in ASC gene composition among various insect species, suggesting that different insect species might have originated from various ancestral lineages.     

Web-Based Chronobiological Analysis

In this paper we describe a computer application that allows users from all over the world to perform chronobiological analyses with popular Internet browsers. Our application is based on the client-server philosophy, and it has been designed so as to minimize the network resources and connections to be used. Presently, our application includes several well-known data analysis techniques, mainly, that known as the cosinor method and those related. All the problems concerning security restrictions are solved, so that the user can have a real interactive chronobiological application.     

New field of insect science: Research on the use of insect properties

In recent years, research on “insect properties” has been attracting much attention for industrial applications of insect technology. This is a new field of research that attempts to analyze specific physiological properties of insects to develop technology for helping humankind. The term “insect properties” has been used to refer to “specific biological functions of insects” since around 1986, and it is now widely accepted in Japan. From 1996, the National Institute of Sericultural and Entomological Science (NISES) promoted “Research for utilization of insect properties” as a “Center of Excellence (COE)” project funded by the Science and Technology Agency. At this point, a new research field called “Research for utilization of insect properties” was initiated, and this led to the recognition of this field by the academic community. In the 21st century, remarkable results, including the development of transgenic silkworms and the full decoding of the silkworm genome, have been achieved. It is expected that this advanced technology will be a powerful tool for progress of research on the use of insect properties. This review presents an overview of the current state of research on use of insect properties as a new technology.