马占相思树干液流特征及其与环境因子的关系

运用Granier热消散式探针法对华南丘陵退化荒坡植被恢复先锋树种马占相思(Acaciamangium)树干液流密度进行长期连续观测,并对其周围环境因子如空气温度、空气相对湿度、土壤相对湿度、光合有效辐射和总辐射进行同步观测。通过分析发现马占相思边材厚度与胸径存在显著线性相关关系;马占相思树干液流密度最大值与边材面积具显著相关关系;马占相思树干东、南、西、北4个方位测得的液流密度具显著差异,且各方位相互之间均有显著相关关系;马占相思树干液流每天到达峰值与光合有效辐射和水蒸气压亏缺到达峰值存在一定的时滞,这两个时滞与树高无关,个体间时滞差异在湿季较小,干季较大;干湿季液流平均值和最大值具显著差异,湿季蒸腾水量大于相同时间内干季蒸腾水量;液流的变化与空气温度、空气相对湿度、光合有效辐射、总辐射、水蒸气压亏缺等环境因子的变化具显著相关关系,按相关程度排序为:光合有效辐射>总辐射>水蒸气压亏缺>空气相对湿度>空气温度。     

三倍体毛白杨不同方位树干边材液流特性研究

利用热扩散式边材液流探针(TDP)和多种气象、土壤因子传感器组成的全自动气象站,于生长季对三倍体毛白杨速生纸浆林不同方位树干边材液流及环境因子进行了系统观测分析,以揭示不同方位三倍体毛白杨边材液流的差异性、相互关系及其对环境因子的响应.结果表明,(1)不同方位树干边材液流速率日变化规律相似,晴天呈"双峰型",阴天和雨天呈"单峰型";晴天和阴天树干东、南、西、北4个方位间树干液流速率差异不显著(P>0.05),而雨天东向液流速率(0.906 cm/s)显著大于南向(0.267 cm/s);(2) 三倍体毛白杨各方位液流速率间呈极显著正相关,通过东、西、北3方位与南方位建立的回归方程也达到极显著水平;(3) 三倍体毛白杨边材液流变化受太阳辐射、空气温度、空气相对湿度、风速和土壤温湿度等环境因子的影响,但不同天气条件、不同时段和不同方位影响的主导因子不同;(4) 三倍体毛白杨具有明显的夜间液流特性,晴天、阴天、雨天夜间累计液流密度分别占全天累计液流密度的18.84%、19.13%、40.77%.     

鼎湖山针阔叶混交林4种优势树种树干液流特征

运用Granier热消散式探针法,对鼎湖山自然保护区针阔叶混交林4种优势树种(马尾松、木荷、锥栗和广东润楠)的树干液流密度进行了长期连续观测,并同步监测林分的环境因子(光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度(T)、空气湿度(RH)、土壤含水量)。结果表明:(1)4种优势树种的边材面积(As)与胸径(DBH)均存在显著相关关系(P0.05);(2)各优势树种树干液流均呈现"昼高夜低"单峰曲线,且液流速率存在明显的季节性差异;(3)无论湿季还是干季,光合有效辐射(PAR)和水汽压亏缺(VPD)均为控制蒸腾的主要驱动因子;(4)4种优势树种湿季平均日蒸腾量高于干季,马尾松、木荷、锥栗、广东润楠湿季平均日蒸腾量分别为29.52、39.29、30.40、9.41 kg H2O/d,干季分别为20.91、24.84、24.26、8.43 kg H2O/d,干季和湿季的平均日蒸腾量(kg H2O/d)大小均为木荷锥栗马尾松广东润楠,这种种间差异是由边材面积大小和树种本身的生物学特性共同决定的。     

Granier树干液流测定系统在马占相思的水分利用研究中的应用

介绍了Granier热消散探针在树干液流测定中的工作原理,并利用该系统长期监测广东鹤山马占相思林14株样树的液流密度,分析了树木个体内和个体之间液流密度的差异、整树和林段水分利用的量化特征.由于树木边材结构以及周围微环境的差别,树木内和个体间的液流密度差异非常明显,变异系数的平均值分别为15.51%-37.26%、37.46%-50.73%.尽管液流密度的差异较大,但同一株树木不同方位的液流密度之间却呈现明显的线性相关（p＜0.0001）,这是重要的特征值,使得只需测定某一方位的液流密度经尺度外推计算整树和林段蒸腾成为可能.树木液流对环境因子响应的变化规律取决于所参照的时间尺度,日变化主要受光辐射、水汽压差等气候因子的控制,而土壤水份对液流的季节变化影响较大.形态特征明显影响树木的液流,高大树木由于边材较厚、树干粗壮和冠幅较宽而承载较多的辐射能量,因而水分蒸腾较高.对树木液流密度在径向和方位上进行适当的整合,可较准确地计算整树和林段蒸腾.由液流估测的马占相思整树和林段蒸腾的结果显示,该群落的水分利用在时间和空间上均有明显的分化.     

黄土高原半干旱区刺槐生长盛期树干液流动态

通过研究树干液流速率与气象因子的关系,可以定量地分析树木生长与群落蒸腾耗水的相互关系,揭示黄土高原半干旱区刺槐水分利用动态及其适应环境因子的内在机理,为当地生态环境建设提供理论依据。应用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)于2008年7月1日至7月26日,在黄土高原半干旱区安塞县对刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)人工林生长盛期树干液流速率进行了连续测定,并对周围气象、土壤水分等指标进行了同步测定。刺槐生长盛期树干液流速率晴天日变化呈宽峰形曲线,在测量时期液流速率日平均值为0.00133cm·s–1;刺槐树干单位边材面积的液流速率与光合有效辐射、大气温度、水汽压差呈极显著正相关关系,与相对湿度呈负相关关系。其相关程度绝对值顺序为光合有效辐射大气温度水汽压差相对湿度风速;刺槐边材面积与胸径之间存在着显著的线性相关关系,相关系数为0.878,单位边材面积的液流速率随树干胸径的增大而减小。     

利用热扩式边材液流探针（TDP）测定树木整株蒸腾耗水量的研究

 介绍了热扩散式液流探针的工作原理及利用液流探针测定树木边材液流速率的方法。利用边材液流探针和多种气象因子传感器及数据采集系统组成的微型气象站,通过对北京西山地区油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)混交林林分平均木树干边材液流速率及风速、有效辐射和空气温度、空气相对湿度的日变化和连日变化的测定和分析,揭示了5月干旱季节两树种蒸腾耗水的日变化和连日变化规律,以及栓皮栎树干基部和树冠大枝边材液流的差异,并进行了理论推导,同时分析了液流速率的波动规律与主要气象因素波动的相关性。     

山合欢树干液流的季节变化

于2011-2012年干湿季典型月份,应用热扩散式探针法(TDP)对元谋干热河谷乡土树种山合欢进行了树干液流连续监测,并对周围气象要素、土壤水分等进行同步测定,结果表明:(1)山合欢树干液流存在明显“昼高夜低”的变化规律;(2)在湿季不同天气条件下,山合欢树干液流速率存在明显差异,晴天液流均值、峰值约为阴天2.8和2.4倍,雨天的7.5和7.8倍,3种天气中液流启动时间晴天比阴天早约3h,比雨天早约4h;(3)在晴天,山合欢南边液流速率均明显高于北边;而雨天或者无阳光时,南北方位液流速率基本相同;(4)比较山合欢干、湿季典型晴天树干液流峰值、均值、启动时间以及液流通量可知,湿季液流启动时间均早于干季1.5h左右,液流高峰时间段长于干季,峰值和均值约为干季的1.9和2.3倍;湿季液流通量明显高于干季,约为干季的2.3倍.(5)山合欢液流速率与光合辐射强度、大气温度、水汽压亏缺和风速呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度则呈极显著负相关(P＜0.001),气象因子与山合欢树干液流流速的相关性大小依次为:光合有效辐射＞水汽压亏缺＞大气温度＞相对湿度＞风速.     

马占相思(Acacia mangium)树干液流密度和整树蒸腾的个体差异

利用Granier热消散探针观测了华南丘陵地区马占相思人工林（18a树龄）的树干液流（Sap Flow）。日变化的观测结果显示,不同大小胸径的14株样树液流密度（山）个体间的差别较大（CV：36．42％-80．80％）,日间最大液流密度从最高的80．05（gH2Om^-2s^-1）到最低的11．25（gH2Om^-2s^-1）,差异显著。液流密度的个体差异与树形的大小并不显著相关（P〉0．24）,即液流密度的大小不是与树木形态相关联的固有特征。然而,树木胸径的大小却是影响液流随时间变化的重要因子。树形较大的树木日总液流量（E1,kgH2Otree^-1d^-1）较高,但中等大小的树木却具有较高的单位基面积日液流量（E2,kgH2Odm^-2d^-1）,发现,单位基面积的日流量最大值并不出现在胸径最大的树木,而出现在胸径稍小的树木,意味着后者对自身结构的水分利用效率较高。由液流密度计算的整树蒸腾,个体间差异也比较大（3．35—72．42kgH2Otree^-1d^-1）,且与胸径以幂函数的形式呈现正相关（P〈0．001）。尽管整树蒸腾在个体之间的差别较大,但随时间的变化规律却是一致的,整树蒸腾的变化格型基本上受环境因子的控制。以液流反映马占相思的蒸腾与冠层的实际蒸腾存在明显的时滞,14株样树的液流变化比光合有效辐射滞后40,in至110,in,相关分析显示,时滞的长短与树木的胸径、高度、边材面积和冠幅均不呈现明显的相关性（P〉0.36）。     

树高对马占相思整树水分利用的效应

利用Granier热消散探针,于2004年观测了华南丘陵坡地常见绿化先锋树种马占相思(22年生)的树干液流,同时监测林冠上方的光合有效辐射、气温、相对湿度和0～30 cm的土壤体积含水量.结合树木的形态特征、液流密度和简化的Whitehead & Jarvis公式,分别计算了整树蒸腾、冠层气孔导度和叶面积/边材面积比值,分析了树高对整树蒸腾、冠层气孔导度和叶面积/边材面积比值的影响.结果表明：土壤水分充足时,马占相思整树蒸腾随树高呈二次多项式增加(P<0.01),冠层气孔导度日变化均呈“单峰”格型;在所有光合有效辐射范围内,高树的参比冠层气孔导度和冠层气孔导度对水汽压亏缺的敏感性均高于矮树;叶面积/边材面积比值为（1.837±0.048） m²·cm^-2,并与树高呈幂函数关系.随着树木高度的增加,马占相思没有发生明显的水力限制和补偿.     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀复合区几种树木蒸腾耗水特性

利用PT茎流仪、LI-6400光合测定系统和LI-1400气象工作站对黄土高原水蚀风蚀复合区河北杨、小叶杨和山杏3种树木生长季节树干液流特征、叶片蒸腾速率及其环境因子进行测定.结果表明:典型天气3种树种树干液流昼夜节律明显,夜晚有微弱的稳定的树干液流存在,单双峰规律不明显,3树种树干液流启动和停止时刻基本一致,树干液流速率启动时间为7:00左右,停止时间为20:40左右;3树种平均树干液流速率分别为(3.65±0.40)kg · h-1、(2.22±0.21)kg · h-1、(1.63±0.13)kg · h-1,日单株蒸腾耗水量分别为(49.29±5.42)kg、(30.64±2.92)kg、(22.19±1.73)kg;阴雨天气对树木蒸腾耗水影响较大;树干液流与环境因子日变化规律相吻合,树干液流启动和停止特征时刻滞后于各环境因子对应的特征时刻,但滞后时间长短不一,而峰值特征时刻则早于各环境因子对应的特征时刻;树干液流与光合有效辐射、大气温度、土壤温度及风速呈显著正相关,与大气相对湿度呈显著负相关,环境因子与树干液流速率相关性依次排序为:光合有效辐射＞大气温度＞大气相对湿度＞土壤温度＞风速.     

树木胸径大小对树干液流变化格局的偏度和时滞效应

通过分析具不同水力结构的马占相思、荷木和粉单竹液流变化格局的偏度和时滞,探讨液流的空间分布特征及对冠层蒸腾的影响。结果表明:荷木的液流格局偏度和时滞随树木胸径的增加呈减小的趋势,但马占相思由于冠层开阔和林分分化程度高而规律不明显,粉单竹液流偏度随胸径减少,由于冠幅较小,接受的光照较均匀,个体间的时滞差异不明显,但时滞值比胸径近似的荷木小。树干水分传输过程中存在液流再分配的现象,边材的导水效率可能是影响时滞的重要原因。冠层蒸腾的空间异质性与树木储存水有关,大树储存水较多,冠层蒸腾的异质性小;小树储存水较少,液流被优先分配到光照充足的东南方位,导致冠层蒸腾较高的异质性。旱季受土壤水分的限制,大树储存水对蒸腾的贡献大于湿季,而小树蒸腾由于受到储水容量的制约,储存水对蒸腾的贡献小于湿季。冠层接受光照的迟或早以及辐射量的大小是引起蒸腾时间变化格局和树干不同方位液流格局差异的重要原因,但液流的横向交换弱化了这种现象,往往是个体间的差异掩盖了方位的差异。湿季较小胸径的树木比偏值(枝下高与胸高处液流偏度的比值)大于旱季,而较大胸径的树木比偏值恰好相反,总体而言,比偏值随着胸径的增加而逐渐下降。     

Wet- vs. Dry-Season Transpiration in an Amazonian Rain Forest Palm Iriartea deltoidea

The wet and dry seasons in tropical rain forests can differ in precipitation, soil moisture and irradiance more significantly than often assumed. This could potentially affect the water relations of many tree species that may exhibit either increased transpiration in the dry season as a response to the increased irradiance or decreased transpiration as a result of decreases in soil moisture and increases in atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Atmospheric data, soil moisture data and sap fluxes in Iriartea deltoidea palms were measured in eastern Ecuador during the wet and dry seasons. There were no differences between total daily sap fluxes in I. deltoidea palms during the wet and dry seasons; however, evaporative demand was significantly higher in the dry season and therefore, transpiration was more restricted by stomatal closure during the dry season than the wet season. This is likely the result of larger atmospheric VPD during the dry season compared with the wet season and possibly the result of reduced soil moisture availability. Additionally, based on published tree abundances in this area, measured sap fluxes in I. deltoidea were scaled up to the hectare level. Transpiration from I. deltoidea palms was estimated to be around 0.03 mm/d, which could represent about 1 percent of total transpiration in this area of the Amazon rain forest. If climate change predictions for more lengthy tropical dry periods are realized, greater stomatal control of dry-season sap flux has the potential to become even more prevalent in tropical species.     

Comparison of sap flow, cavitation and water status of Quercus petraea and Quercus cerris trees with special reference to computer tomography

Concurrent measurements of sap velocity (heat pulse) and ultrasound acoustic emission were performed on the trunks of mature Turkey oak (Quercus cerris) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea) trees. Plant water status was assessed by measuring leaf water potential, leaf conductance and transpiration. Wood density was estimated non-destructively on the trunk section of the plants by mobile computer tomography, which measures the attenuation of a collimated beam of radiation traversing the trunk in several directions, as the device rotates around the tree. Absorption is proportional to the density of the wood. As wood density is strictly correlated to water content, this non-invasive method allows the water content in the trunk section to be evaluated as well as mapped. Leaf water potential declined each morning until a minimum was reached at midday and recovered in the afternoon, lagging behind changes in transpiration rate. Good correspondence was found between the patterns of sap velocity and cavitation rate. A close correlation was demonstrated between wood density, water content and sap velocity. Sap now was always higher in Turkey oak than in sessile oak. Trunk signatures by computer tomography appeared to differentiate the two oak species, with the Turkey oak stem clearly more hydrated than the sessile oak; water storage reservoirs could play an important role in tree survival during extended periods of low soil water availability and in the relative distribution of tree species, especially in the context of global climate change. Late-wood conducting elements of oak species seem to play a significant role in water transport. The mobile computer tomograph was confirmed as a peerless tool for investigating stem water relations. Diurnal variations in the measured parameters under natural drought conditions and the differences between the two oak species are discussed.     

半干旱地区城市环境下樟子松蒸腾特征及其对环境因子的响应

作为我国半干旱地区重要的造林绿化树种之一,樟子松在城市林业建设中被广泛使用,研究樟子松在半干旱地区城市环境下的蒸腾耗水及其环境响应对于城市森林建设具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。从2012年8月至10月,以位于内蒙古呼和浩特市树木园内的30年生樟子松为研究对象,按照其径阶分布,选定8株样木,采用热扩散探针法对其树干边材液流进行了连续动态监测,并采用小型自动气象站和土壤水分传感器同步连续测定小气候因子与土壤含水量动态变化。结果表明:在不同天气条件下,樟子松树干液流密度日变化存在差异,晴天时液流密度曲线表现为单峰曲线,且液流密度较大,阴天与雨天液流密度相对较小;液流密度的大小与供试树木胸径无显著相关关系(P0.05);太阳辐射(r=0.731,P0.01)和大气饱和水汽压亏缺(VPD)(r=0.877,P0.01)是影响樟子松蒸腾的主要因子,风速与液流密度极显著相关(P0.01),但相关系数仅为0.518;土壤水分并未显著影响液流密度(r=-0.071,P0.05)。以太阳辐射Ra、VPD作为自变量建立的模型能够分别解释樟子松68%、71%的液流变化。     

Responses of Tree Transpiration and Growth to Seasonal Rainfall Redistribution in a Subtropical Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest

Precipitation changes such as more frequent drought and altered precipitation seasonality may impose substantial impacts on the structure and functioning of forest ecosystems. A better understanding of tree responses to precipitation changes can provide fundamental information for the conservation and management of forests under future climate regimes. We conducted a 2-year seasonal rainfall redistribution experiment to assess the responses of tree transpiration and growth to manipulated precipitation changes in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. Three precipitation treatments were administered including a drier dry season and wetter wet season treatment (DD), an extended dry season and wetter wet season treatment (ED), and an ambient control treatment, with the total amount of annual rainfall being kept the same among the three treatments. Our results showed that the DD and ED treatments reduced daily transpiration of Schima superba by 8–16 and 13–25%, respectively. The ED treatment also reduced the DBH increment of larger S. superba individuals. In contrast, neither treatment showed obvious effects on the transpiration and DBH increment of another dominant species Michelia macclurei. However, the transpiration of both species showed clear inter-annual differences between the 2 years with contrasting annual rainfall (2094 vs 1582 mm). S. superba had a lower transpiration-to-precipitation ratio (T/P) compared to M. macclurei and showed decreased sensitivities to total solar radiation and vapor pressure deficit under the DD and ED treatments. These results indicate the deep-rooted S. superba may be suppressed with a lower ability to obtain water and assimilate carbon compared to the shallow-rooted M. macclurei under the precipitation seasonality changes, which could potentially cause shifts in species dominance within the forest community.     

雷州半岛尾叶桉和湿加松人工林的蒸腾耗水规律

为正确认识大径材桉树及湿加松耗水规律,为地区人工林树种选择、栽培及抚育提供指导,应用TDP热扩散探针技术,对10年生尾叶桉和湿加松树干液流进行连续监测,并同步测定各气象因子,分析了雷州半岛地区尾叶桉和湿加松蒸腾耗水的日变化特征和季节变化规律,并与气象因子建立了相关模型。结果表明:尾叶桉和湿加松边材液流均表现出典型的昼高夜低的单峰型日变化特征,各月平均液流速率不同,且旱雨季差异显著;其中峰值尾叶桉雨季(0.127 cm/min)和旱季(0.096 cm/min)分别是湿加松雨季和旱季的1.30倍和1.57倍;日平均液流速率尾叶桉雨季(0.045 cm/min)和旱季(0.033 cm/min)分别是湿加松雨季和旱季的1.27倍和1.54倍;启动时间和迅速下降时间雨季两树种间差异不大,但旱季尾叶桉要提前湿加松约1—1.5 h启动,并晚0.5—1 h迅速下降。影响两树种边材液流速率的主要气象因子相同。尾叶桉人工林年平均单株日耗水量为12.79 L/d,是湿加松的1.33倍,林分蒸腾耗水量尾叶桉(582.16 mm)和湿加松(483.24 mm),分别占同期年降雨量的34.2%和28.4%,且两树种旱雨季蒸腾耗水量均雨季显著大于旱季。     

北京山区元宝枫夜间液流活动特征及影响因素

树木夜间会维持部分气孔开放,从而能够在一定环境驱动因子的情况下进行夜间蒸腾。夜间液流作为储存水的重要来源,能够补充植物白天的水分亏缺,使其恢复水分储备,对植物生长发育有重要意义。采用TDP热探针法测定了位于八达岭林场的元宝枫树干液流密度,同步监测了主要环境因子,以深入揭示树木夜间蒸腾耗水规律和植被应对环境胁迫的调控机制,为山区植被建设、森林健康经营和挑选节水树种提供理论依据。结果表明:以0:00为界区分前半夜和后半夜,元宝枫夜间液流速率前半夜较后半夜活跃,且前半夜夜间累积液流量占夜间累积液流量的53.85%—64.10%,而后半夜夜间累积液流量占夜间累积液流量的35.9%—46.15%。5月的夜间累积液流量最大,平均夜间液流通量为5月6月8月9月7月。存在水分胁迫的条件下降雨之后夜间液流会增大,而当土壤水分条件较好,土壤水分不再是夜间液流的限制因子时,夜间液流通量并不高。不同树木形态的夜间液流通量有显著差异,在一定范围内,胸径树高冠幅越大的样木,夜间液流通量越大。用于夜间蒸腾的夜间液流通量与饱和水汽压差、温度、空气相对湿度、风速相关,其中夜间蒸腾存在于前半夜,表现为前半夜夜间液流通量与环境因子的相关性相较后半夜相关性较为显著,后半夜则以补水为主,补水量取决于土壤含水量和日蒸腾强度。存在干旱胁迫的条件下,夜间液流既用于夜间蒸腾,又有一部分用来补水;而土壤水分条件好时夜间液流则主要用于补水,此时夜间树干液流与环境因子相关性不高。元宝枫夜间液流通量的日蒸腾贡献率5、6月份大于7、8月份,即干季比湿季贡献率更高。夜间液流通量的日蒸腾贡献率与白天总蒸腾量相关性较高,并与累积太阳辐射成负相关。     

Laurel forests in Tenerife, Canary Islands

The efficiency of the conductive system in about 40-year-old Laurus azorica trees growing in a laurel forest was evaluated by comparing main stems and leaves (petioles) on the basis of theoretical sap flow values (1) calculated from vessel anatomy (taking vessels as ideal capillaries), (2) derived from measured dye velocity and (3) data taken from direct sap flow measurements. It was found that actual sap flow rate per wood area increases in stems from the pith towards the cambium. The outermost part of the stem is the most important part of the tree for conducting water. Maximum actually measured transpiration (sap flow rate) for the stand was practically identical to the theoretical rate calculated based on petiole anatomy, but it was about 45 times lower than that calculated based on stem anatomy. This illustrates the safety features of stem wood, which due to its high vessel density, is capable of transporting all the water required even when only a small area of its vessels is working. In the petioles, xylem is more efficiently used, but almost all vessels must work in order to supply water to leaves and any disturbance may cause leaf loss.     

Late-stage canopy tree species with extremely low δ13C and high stomatal sensitivity to seasonal soil drought in the tropical rainforest of French Guiana

We assessed the daily time‐courses of CO₂ assimilation rate (A), leaf transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance for water vapour (g_s), leaf water potential ( Ψ _w) and tree transpiration in a wet and a dry season for three late‐stage canopy rainforest tree species in French Guiana differing in leaf carbon isotope composition ( δ ¹³C). The lower sunlit leaf δ ¹³C values found in Virola surinamensis ( ? 29·9‰) and in Diplotropis purpurea ( ? 30·9‰), two light‐demanding species, as compared to Eperua falcata ( ? 28·6‰), a shade‐semi‐tolerant species, were clearly associated with higher maximum g_s values of sunlit leaves in the two former species. These two species were also characterized by a high sensitivity of g_s, sap flow density (Ju) and canopy conductance (g_c) to seasonal soil drought, allowing maintenance of high midday Ψ _w values in the dry season. The data for Diplotropis provided an original picture of increasing midday Ψ _w with increasing soil drought. In Virola, stomata were extremely sensitive to seasonal soil drought, leading to a dramatic decrease in leaf and tree transpiration in the dry season, whereas midday Ψ _w remained close to ? 0·3 MPa. The mechanisms underlying such an extremely high sensitivity of stomata to soil drought remain unknown. In Eperua, g_s of sunlit leaves was non‐responsive to seasonal drought, whereas Ju and g_c were lower in the dry season. This suggests a higher stomatal sensitivity to seasonal drought in shaded leaves than in sunlit ones in this species.     

The accuracy of the thermal dissipation technique for estimating sap flow is affected by the radial distribution of conduit diameter and density

There are conflicting reports on the accuracy of the thermal dissipation probe (TDP, the Granier method) measurement using the original formula, which is widely used to estimate the transpiration of individual trees and forest stands. In this article, six woody species of three wood types were used to study a possible association between TDP measurement accuracy and wood anatomical characteristics, including the vessel diameter and density, as well as sapwood depth. We found that TDP technique with Granier’s original equation underestimated the sap flux density in six species to various degrees, dependent on conduit size and sap flux. Our calibration using two conifers with small diameters and a high density of tracheids was relatively consistent with Granier’s calibration; however, because there were larger diameters and lower densities of vessels in the two diffuse-porous species, the original calibration significantly underestimated sap flow. Two ring-porous species had the largest diameters and lowest densities of vessels. In particular, Robinia pseudoacacia possessed the shallowest sap wood depth, less than a probe length. Our calibration for the ring-porous species, especially R. pseudoacacia, deviated far from the original calibration, which mostly underestimated the sap flow. The degree of underestimation was well associated with sap wood depth and the radial diameter and density distribution of conduits. Our results demonstrated that a new calibration must be operated for each species together with the sapwood depth determination and more probes may be applied for one stem in the field to obtain the more accurate sap flux. In addition, we investigated the effects of different environmental temperature and perfusing fluid composition on the TDP-based sap flux measurement. We found that an environmental temperature reduction from 25 to 0 °C did not alter the values of the maximum temperature difference (ΔT_m) between a heated probe and a reference probe when there was no sap flow, verifying that ΔT_m measured at night can be used as a reference in daytime.