基于液流格型特征值和标准化方法分析胸径和土壤水分对荷木液流的影响

基于液流格型特征值-偏度和峰度分析了不同胸径荷木在水分利用方面的差异,并利用标准化的方法消除强影响因子(光合有效辐射,PAR)对液流的影响,研究了弱影响因子(土壤湿度)与液流的关系.结果表明：荷木胸径越大,偏度越小,液流密度峰值越靠后,相应的液流峰值越大,蒸腾量也越大.与旱季相比,荷木大树在湿季偏度较小,液流密度到达峰值时间靠后,峰值大,蒸腾量也大;而小树偏度在旱、湿季的差异不明显,蒸腾量差异也不大.用PAR峰值对荷木个体蒸腾和土壤湿度进行标准化后,荷木个体蒸腾与土壤湿度呈更明显的正相关关系.在土壤湿度较大的季节,荷木大树的蒸腾量随土壤湿度增加而上升的速率基本稳定;而中等木和小树的某些个体则明显下降,说明这些树木的蒸腾和吸收土壤水分的能力可能接近极限.     

广州地区荷木夜间树干液流补水的影响因子及其对蒸腾的贡献

明确树木夜间水分补充现象有助于提高总蒸腾量和冠层气孔导度估算的精确度,进一步认识冠层蒸腾与树干液流之间存在的时滞关系.本研究采用热消散探针法测定了广州地区的荷木树干液流密度,同步监测了主要的环境因子,从不同时间尺度分析了树干夜间液流的水分补充现象.结果表明：与白天相比,荷木夜间液流密度较小,旱季变化幅度比湿季大;夜间水分补充的时间段主要在前半夜(18:00-22:00);年内各季节夜间水分补充量之间没有显著差异,与环境因子之间的偏相关关系不显著,但与胸径、树高、冠幅、树干生物量、冠层生物量的回归曲线拟合很好,表明树形特征和生物量能更好地解释夜间补水的变化;各季节夜间水分补充量对总蒸腾量的贡献有显著差异,旱季明显高于湿季.     

广州地区荷木夜间树干液流补水的影响因子及其对蒸腾的贡献

明确树木夜间水分补充现象有助于提高总蒸腾量和冠层气孔导度估算的精确度,进一步认识冠层蒸腾与树干液流之间存在的时滞关系.本研究采用热消散探针法测定了广州地区的荷木树干液流密度,同步监测了主要的环境因子,从不同时间尺度分析了树干夜间液流的水分补充现象.结果表明:与白天相比,荷木夜间液流密度较小,旱季变化幅度比湿季大;夜间水分补充的时间段主要在前半夜(18:00-22:00);年内各季节夜间水分补充量之间没有显著差异,与环境因子之间的偏相关关系不显著,但与胸径、树高、冠幅、树干生物量、冠层生物量的回归曲线拟合很好,表明树形特征和生物量能更好地解释夜间补水的变化;各季节夜间水分补充量对总蒸腾量的贡献有显著差异,旱季明显高于湿季.     

不同径级马占相思(Acacia mangium)整树蒸腾的湿、干季变化

利用Granier树干液流测定系统对广东鹤山丘陵地马占相思(Acacia mangium)林进行长期监测,并同步监测环境因子(空气温度、相对湿度、光合有效辐射、土壤体积含水量),选择胸径具有代表性的样树,结合马占相思的形态学参数,计算马占相思的整树蒸腾.通过对光合有效辐射(PAR)分级,建立不同辐射强度等级的湿季(土壤水分θ≥33%)整树蒸腾与水汽压亏缺(VPD)的相关方程,以干季(θ≤24%)的VPD代入对应PAR等级的湿季的拟合方程,求出干季的潜在蒸腾,以潜在蒸腾和干季实际蒸腾之差分析不同径级整树蒸腾在不同季节的实际变化.在所有的PAR分级内,干季整树蒸腾显著低于湿季,仅占湿季蒸腾的10%～20%,就蒸腾减少的绝对量而言,优势木>中间木>劣势木.土壤水分下降缩小了不同径级树木之间液流密度的差异,土壤水分亏缺限制了树木的蒸腾,对马占相思的生长造成一定程度的水分胁迫.     

马占相思夜间树干液流特征和水分补充现象的分析

研究马占相思树干的夜间水分补充现象有助于提高总蒸腾量、冠层气孔导度估算的准确度,同时可以深化对冠层蒸腾与树干液流所代表的日蒸腾之间时滞现象的认识。在广东鹤山马占相思林,采用热扩散探针法测定液流密度,同步测定主要的环境因子,从不同的时间尺度分析其树干夜间水分补充现象。结果表明:与白天相比较,夜间马占相思液流密度较小;夜间液流密度的变化幅度旱季比雨季大,树干夜间水分补充的主要时间段是前半夜;年内各个月份夜间水分补充量之间没有显著差异,它与环境因子之间相关关系不显著,但与胸径、树高、冠幅的回归曲线拟合较好;干季夜间补充的水分对总蒸腾量的贡献与白天蒸腾量、总的蒸腾量、水蒸气压亏缺(VPD)、光合有效辐射(PAR)以及大气温度(T)显著相关;湿季夜间补充的水分对总蒸腾量的贡献与白天蒸腾量、总蒸腾量显著相关。     

马占相思树干液流与光合有效辐射和水汽压亏缺间的时滞效应

应用Granier热消散探针测定华南丘陵马占相思的树干液流,将液流与对应的光合有效辐射和水汽压亏缺数据列分别进行逐行错位分析和时间序列分析,探讨树干液流与蒸腾驱动因子之间的时滞效应,并对结果进行互相验证.结果表明:马占相思树木蒸腾主要驱动因子是光合有效辐射和水汽压亏缺,树干液流的变化更多地依赖光合有效辐射的变化,而且干季的依赖性比湿季更强;无论是干季还是湿季,树干液流都滞后于光合有效辐射,提前于水汽压亏缺;时滞效应季节差异显著;不同径级马占相思的时滞效应差异不显著;树高、胸径、冠幅并不能解释树干液流与光合有效辐射、水汽压亏缺之间的时滞效应;干季树干液流与水汽压亏缺之间的时滞效应与夜间水分补充量显著相关,湿季则相反.     

马占相思树干液流特征及其与环境因子的关系

运用Granier热消散式探针法对华南丘陵退化荒坡植被恢复先锋树种马占相思(Acaciamangium)树干液流密度进行长期连续观测,并对其周围环境因子如空气温度、空气相对湿度、土壤相对湿度、光合有效辐射和总辐射进行同步观测。通过分析发现马占相思边材厚度与胸径存在显著线性相关关系;马占相思树干液流密度最大值与边材面积具显著相关关系;马占相思树干东、南、西、北4个方位测得的液流密度具显著差异,且各方位相互之间均有显著相关关系;马占相思树干液流每天到达峰值与光合有效辐射和水蒸气压亏缺到达峰值存在一定的时滞,这两个时滞与树高无关,个体间时滞差异在湿季较小,干季较大;干湿季液流平均值和最大值具显著差异,湿季蒸腾水量大于相同时间内干季蒸腾水量;液流的变化与空气温度、空气相对湿度、光合有效辐射、总辐射、水蒸气压亏缺等环境因子的变化具显著相关关系,按相关程度排序为:光合有效辐射>总辐射>水蒸气压亏缺>空气相对湿度>空气温度。     

热消散探针在粉单竹液流研究中的应用

通过对计算树干液流密度的Granier经验公式进行试验验证和校正,比较不同长度的热消散探针(TDP)测量粉单竹液流的结果,探讨TDP在粉单竹液流研究中的适用性,并与邻近生长的常见树种荷木的液流日变化进行比较分析.结果表明:由于粉单竹的竹壁较薄、解剖结构异质性较高,10 mm探针可能低估粉单竹的液流密度,8和5 mm探针监测的液流密度值较准确.粉单竹液流密度平均值和日变化格局的偏度均大于荷木,而夜间荷木的液流活动比粉单竹活跃,说明粉单竹的夜间补水不如荷木.以TDP探针研究竹子的液流是可行的,但应用于不同竹种之前,必须对Granier经验公式进行有效的验证和校正.     

不同树高对荷木液流密度、整树蒸腾量和时滞的效应

人工林面积不断增大,这不仅能解决由于森林砍伐引起的一系列社会问题,而且还对解决水土保持、二氧化碳减排等环境问题起到重要作用。了解人工林的生长特性和蒸腾效率,对植被生长、恢复和管理有着重要意义。为此,该研究连续监测了华南地区12棵不同高度荷木人工林的液流密度,对样树以高度划分等级,采取错位相关法分析不同高度等级胸高处液流与冠层蒸腾的时滞效应。结果表明:气候环境相同时,所有样树胸高处液流日格型相似;荷木林蒸腾量优势木中间木劣势木,所有树木湿季月蒸腾量大于干季月蒸腾量;不同高度等级之间时滞差异显著,劣势木时滞50min,优势木和中间木时滞20min;所有样树干湿季时滞差异不显著,同一高度级两季节时滞差少于10min。这些说明:在干季华南地区土壤水分仍然相对较充足,植物输水阻力没有受到土壤水分降低和长距离水分传导的影响;中间木和优势木时滞短,水力阻力小,蒸腾量大并占据着林段的有利资源;劣势木长势低矮,时滞长,导管阻力大,蒸腾量少,光合作用需要的水热资源少,所以回馈根部的营养物质少,不均衡的营养循环使得林段分化愈明显,劣势木将逐渐从林段中被淘汰。该文指出在荷木人工林生长后期,对于长势低矮,生命力极弱的劣势木应定期砍伐,这样能增加优势木和中间木对光照及水分等有利资源的分配,提高林分质量,增加林地生产力。     

树高对马占相思整树水分利用的效应

利用Granier热消散探针,于2004年观测了华南丘陵坡地常见绿化先锋树种马占相思(22年生)的树干液流,同时监测林冠上方的光合有效辐射、气温、相对湿度和0～30 cm的土壤体积含水量.结合树木的形态特征、液流密度和简化的Whitehead & Jarvis公式,分别计算了整树蒸腾、冠层气孔导度和叶面积/边材面积比值,分析了树高对整树蒸腾、冠层气孔导度和叶面积/边材面积比值的影响.结果表明：土壤水分充足时,马占相思整树蒸腾随树高呈二次多项式增加(P<0.01),冠层气孔导度日变化均呈“单峰”格型;在所有光合有效辐射范围内,高树的参比冠层气孔导度和冠层气孔导度对水汽压亏缺的敏感性均高于矮树;叶面积/边材面积比值为（1.837±0.048） m²·cm^-2,并与树高呈幂函数关系.随着树木高度的增加,马占相思没有发生明显的水力限制和补偿.     

Nighttime sap flow of Acacia mangium and its implications for nighttime transpiration and stem water storage

Aims Nighttime sap flow of trees may indicate transpiration and/or recharge of stem water storage at night. This paper deals with the water use of Acacia mangium at night in the hilly lands of subtropical South China. Our primary goal was to reveal and understand the nature of nighttime sap flow and its functional significance.Methods Granier's thermal dissipation method was used to determine the nighttime sap flux of A. mangium. Gas exchange system was used to estimate nighttime leaf transpiration and stomatal conductance of studied trees.Important findings Nighttime sap flow was substantial and showed seasonal variation similar to the patterns of daytime sap flow in A. mangium. Mean nighttime sap flow was higher in the less precipitation year of 2004 (1122.4 mm) than in the more precipitation year of 2005 (1342.5 mm) since more daytime transpiration and low soil water availability in the relatively dry 2004 can be the cause of more nighttime sap flow. Although vapor pressure deficit and air temperature were significantly correlated with nighttime sap flow, they could only explain a small fraction of the variance in nighttime sap flow. The total accumulated water loss (E L) by transpiration of canopy leaves was only ~2.6–8.5% of the total nighttime sap flow (E t) during the nights of July 17–18 and 18–19, 2006. Therefore, it is likely that the nighttime sap flow was mainly used for refilling water in the trunk. The stem diameter at breast height, basal area and sapwood area explained much more variance of nighttime water recharge than environmental factors and other tree form features, such as tree height, stem length below the branch, and canopy size. The contribution of nighttime water recharge to the total transpiration ranged from 14.7 to 30.3% depending on different DBH class and was considerably higher in the dry season compared to the wet season.     

Time constant for water transport in loblolly pine trees estimated from time series of evaporative demand and stem sapflow

 The use of stem sap flow data to estimate diurnal whole-tree transpiration and canopy stomatal conductance depends critically upon knowledge of the time lag between transpiration and water flux through the stem. In this study, the time constant for water movement in stems of 12-year-old Pinus taeda L. individuals was estimated from analysis of time series data of stem water flux and canopy transpiration computed from mean daytime canopy conductance, and diurnal vapor pressure deficit and solar radiation measurements. Water uptake through stems was measured using a constant-heat sapflow probe. Canopy transpiration was correlated to stem uptake using a resistance-capacitance equation that incorporates a time constant parameter. A least-squares auto-regression determined the parameters of the resistance-capacitance equation. The time constants for ten loblolly pine trees averaged 48.0 (SE = 2.0) min and the time lag for the diurnal frequency averaged 47.0 (SE = 2.0) min. A direct-cross correlation analysis between canopy transpiration and sap flow time series showed maximum correlation at an approximately 30 min lag. Residuals (model-predicted minus actual stem flow data) increased with increasing soil moisture depletion. While the time constants did not vary significantly within the range of tree sizes studied, hydraulic resistance and capacitance terms were individually dependent on stem cross-sectional area: capacitance increased and resistance decreased with stem volume. This result may indicate an inverse adjustment of resistance and capacitance to maintain a similar time constant over the range of tree sizes studied.     

马占相思夜间树干液流的分配及其对整树蒸腾估算的影响

采用Granier热消散探针测定了马占相思(Acacia mangium)的树干液流,结合Li-6400光合测定系统测定的夜间叶片气孔导度和蒸腾,将夜间液流区分为夜间树干水分补充和叶片气孔蒸腾。叶片的蒸腾作用微弱,因此,夜间液流主要用于补充贮水部位的水分亏缺。马占相思夜间水分补充量年内和年际的变化不明显,树形特征的差异是解释夜间水分补充量变化的重要因子,夜间水分补充量对于整树蒸腾量的贡献因季节和树木径级的不同而有明显变化,但对整树总蒸腾量计算造成的误差可以忽略。     

基于树干液流及涡动相关技术的葡萄冠层蒸腾及蒸散发特征研究

针对西北干旱区绿洲经济作物葡萄树冠层蒸腾及蒸散发特征的相关问题,在甘肃省敦煌市南湖绿洲开展无核白葡萄树液流速率及蒸散发观测试验,采用基于热平衡原理的包裹式茎流计,详细分析了典型生长季7—9月份葡萄树蒸腾耗水规律,使用"单位叶面积上的平均液流速率SF×叶面积指数LAI"的方法,实现了从单株到林分冠层蒸腾的尺度扩展,并通过与涡动相关技术所测蒸散发数据对比,详细研究了葡萄地冠层蒸腾及蒸散发规律。结果表明:典型生长季中葡萄树液流速率日变化为单峰型曲线,日均耗水量从2.76 kg到10 kg不等,胸径越大的葡萄树日均耗水量越大;冠层蒸腾及蒸散发日变化曲线亦为单峰型,白天8:00—12:00与17:00—20:00期间,葡萄冠层蒸腾与蒸散发曲线均比较吻合,该时间段葡萄地蒸散发绝大部分来源于葡萄冠层蒸腾,而12:00—17:00之间由于午后太阳辐射强烈土壤蒸发量增加,葡萄蒸散发大于冠层蒸腾;典型生长季3个月中,葡萄冠层蒸腾量的变化范围在1.88—8.12 mm/d之间,日均冠层蒸腾量为6.12 mm/d,蒸散发在1.74 mm/d至10.78 mm/d之间,日均蒸散发量为7.13 mm/d;日均土壤蒸发量约为1.01 mm/d,只占总蒸散发量的14.2%,日均冠层蒸腾占日均蒸散发的比重达到85.8%,说明该生长阶段冠层蒸散发以作物蒸腾为主。     

木荷树干夜间水分补充的季节动态及其与树形特征和叶片生物量的关系

利用热消散探针(TDP)法对位于中国科学院华南植物园的木荷(Schima superba)人工纯林的15株样树进行了树干液流监测, 并结合光合有效辐射(PAR)和土壤含水量的测定, 探讨了不同季节的夜间水分补充量与树形特征和叶片生物量的关系。结果表明: 1)夜间液流活动时间与PAR同步, 但其结束时间不受PAR影响; 春、夏季夜间液流明显比秋冬季活跃。2)春、夏、秋季的夜间水分补充量与样树的胸径、冠幅、边材面积、叶片生物量呈极显著线性关系, 与树高仅在春季呈显著线性关系。3)春、夏季的夜间水分补充量主要受样树冠幅影响, 成正相关; 秋季主要受胸径影响, 成正相关; 冬季仅受树高影响。该试验说明木荷夜间水分补充与树形特征、叶片生物量关系密切, 但起主要作用的树形特征和具体关系具有季节差别。     

Stem water storage and diurnal patterns of water use in tropical forest canopy trees

Stem water storage capacity and diurnal patterns of water use were studied in five canopy trees of a seasonal tropical forest in Panama. Sap flow was measured simultaneously at the top and at the base of each tree using constant energy input thermal probes inserted in the sapwood. The daily stem storage capacity was calculated by comparing the diurnal patterns of basal and crown sap flow. The amount of water withdrawn from storage and subsequently replaced daily ranged from 4 kg d^–1 in a 0·20-m-diameter individual of Cecropia longipes to 54 kg d^–1 in a 1·02-m-diameter individual of Anacardium excelsum, representing 9–15% of the total daily water loss, respectively. Ficus insipida, Luehea seemannii and Spondias mombin had intermediate diurnal water storage capacities. Trees with greater storage capacity maintained maximum rates of transpiration for a substantially longer fraction of the day than trees with smaller water storage capacity. All five trees conformed to a common linear relationship between diurnal storage capacity and basal sapwood area, suggesting that this relationship was species-independent and size-specific for trees at the study site. According to this relationship there was an increment of 10 kg of diurnal water storage capacity for every 0·1 m² increase in basal sapwood area. The diurnal withdrawal of water from, and refill of, internal stores was a dynamic process, tightly coupled to fluctuations in environmental conditions. The variations in basal and crown sap flow were more synchronized after 1100 h when internal reserves were mostly depleted. Stem water storage may partially compensate for increases in axial hydraulic resistance with tree size and thus play an important role in regulating the water status of leaves exposed to the large diurnal variations in evaporative demand that occur in the upper canopy of seasonal lowland tropical forests.