卡波氏肉瘤相关病毒编码的miRNAs的研究进展

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是由内源性基因编码的转录后调节基因表达的小分子RNAs,可与靶基因mRNAs的3'非翻译区互补结合,抑制翻译.最近,在卡波氏肉瘤相关病毒(Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus,KSHV)的基因组中鉴定出12条miRNAs编码基因,这些病毒的miRNAs可能作用病毒本身,也可能调节宿主细胞的基因表达.然而,对它们的功能仍然所知甚少.主要介绍卡波氏内瘤相关病毒KSHV(HHV8)编码的miRNAs对宿主细胞基因表达的干预,并探讨病毒miRNAs在病毒发病机理中的可能的作用途径.     

miRNAs的表达调控机制

microRNAs(miRNAs)是一类在转录后基因调控中发挥功能的非编码小RNAs,在发育、生长和分化等过程中发挥重要作用.至今已经在动物、植物和微生物等不同生物体中鉴定出来数千种miRNAs. miRNAs可以通过降解mRNA或抑制蛋白翻译的方式调节特异基因表达.生物体内约30%的基因都受miRNAs的调节.miRNAs的表达与功能受到转录因子、表观遗传学、多核苷酸多态性及其RNA编辑等多种因素的调节.此外,特异miRNA基因敲除的成功为研究miRNAs功能提供了有力的实验模型.     

基于数据挖掘分析microRNAs在冠状动脉支架内再狭窄中的调控机制

目的:通过寻找支架内再狭窄相关的循环microRNAs(miRNAs)及其作用靶基因,阐释miRNAs在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的同时带来的支架内再狭窄(ISR)中的网络调控作用及机制。方法:由美国NCBI的GEO公共数据平台下载GSE60959中的miRNAs芯片数据,通过GeneSpringGX芯片分析软件分析得到ISR患者和对照组之间差异表达的循环miRNAs;采用miRNAs靶基因预测算法TargetScan和miRanda预测差异表达miRNAs的靶基因,通过DAVID平台和KEGG数据库分析得到靶基因所参与的信号通路;用GSE46560的mRNA芯片数据分析得到ISR患者较非ISR患者循环mRNAs差异表达谱,用来验证miRNAs调控ISR所作用的靶基因;采用Cytoscape软件构建基于miRNAs-信号通路、miRNAs-靶基因的共表达网络。结果:与对照组相比,ISR组存在131个差异表达循环miRNAs,其中上调41个。前5个上调miRNAs分别是miR-1183、miR-512-5p、miR-187-5p、miR-144-3p和miR-1225-5p。5个miRNAs的预测靶基因共6587个,信号通路富集分析显示这些基因主要参与的信号通路包括MAPK signaling pathway、ErbB signaling pathway、Wnt signaling pathway、Focal adhesion、Neurotrophin signaling pathway和Regulation of actin cytoskeleton。进一步对mRNAs芯片进行差异分析显示,与对照组相比,ISR患者差异循环mRNAs共171个,其中最可能受上述5个miRNAs调控的基因共43个。构建的共表达网络显示,miR-512-5p是作用靶基因和参与信号通路最多的miRNAs。结论:ISR患者循环miRNAs和mRNAs表达谱均存在改变,多个差异表达miRNAs通过作用于多个靶mRNAs,进而影响多个信号通路的活性,最终对ISR的发生、发展形成网络调控作用。     

microRNA在急性淋巴细胞白血病中的作用

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类非编码小RNA分子,其通过降解mRNAs或抑制mRNAs翻译来负调控基因表达并可能调控着几乎每一个细胞生理进程.急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)是儿童时期最常见的血液肿瘤,miRNA的异常表达谱对于ALL的发病机制与临床应用有至关重要的作用,因此miRNAs已迅速成为ALL潜在的治疗靶点.     

MicroRNA与肿瘤及其耐药性的研究进展

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类非编码的内源性小RNA分子,能影响mRNA的稳定性和/或翻译,在细胞增殖、分化、凋亡、基因调控及疾病的发生,尤其是肿瘤中扮演着重要的角色.miRNAs可广泛参与肿瘤的发生和发展,具有与原癌基因或肿瘤抑制基因相似的作用.新近的研究表明,miRNAs可能与肿瘤的多药耐药关系密切.本文从miRNAs的生物学特性、生理功能、作用机制、与肿瘤及多药耐药的关系等研究进展予以综述.     

线粒体相关miRNAs研究进展

线粒体在信号通路转导、能量代谢、维持细胞整体活力等方面均发挥重要作用,其功能障碍会对多个器官造成影响,从而诱发疾病。研究证实,miRNAs(microRNAs)作为重要的转录后调控分子,不仅可以定位于胞质,还可以定位于线粒体,靶向线粒体基因组(mtDNA)编码产物并发挥重要作用。近年来,mtDNA编码的miRNAs的作用机制及核基因组编码miRNAs向线粒体的转位机制成为研究的热点问题,随着研究的不断深入,发现mitomiRNAs不仅可以通过靶向mRNAs发挥作用,还可以通过靶向非编码RNA(如rRNA或tRNA)来发挥作用。在本文中,我们将会对线粒体miRNAs的研究进展作一综述。     

植物microRNAs在植物发育和非生物胁迫响应中的作用

microRNAs(miRNAs)是一类内源的长度约为22个核苷酸的非编码小分子RNA,其通过对靶基因mRNA进行切割或翻译抑制调节mRNA的表达,在植物中起到重要的作用.主要介绍了植物miRNAs的特征、合成和作用机制,综述了miRNAs在植物生长发育和非生物胁迫响应中的作用.     

急性髓系白血病mRNA与非编码RNA差异表达谱及CeRNA调控网络分析

利用GEO数据库(gene expression omnibus database)通过生物信息学分析方法探讨急性髓系白血病(acute myelogenous leukemia,AML)的发病机制。检索GEO数据库中AML相关芯片数据集GSE142698、GSE142699和GSE96535。利用GEO2R分析得到差异mRNAs、miRNAs以及差异lncRNAs。利用在线生物信息学分析工具DAVID对差异mRNAs进行GO富集分析和KEGG通路分析。利用miRWalk数据库预测AML相关miRNAs的靶向mRNAs,利用Spongescan数据库预测AML相关miRNAs的靶向lncRNAs,构建lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA竞争性内源RNA （competing endogenous RNA,ceRNA）调控网络。共筛选出29个显著差异mRNAs、70个显著差异miRNAs和20 005个显著差异lncRNAs。GO富集分析和KEGG通路分析显示,差异表达基因主要涉及蛋白磷酸化、细胞分裂、细胞增殖的负调控、基因表达的正向调节、周期蛋白依赖的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶活性的调节等生物过程以及细胞周期、细胞衰老、癌症通路、PI3K-Akt通路等信号通路。将miRWalk数据库预测的靶向mRNAs与差异mRNAs取交集,Spongescan数据库预测的靶向lncRNAs与差异lncRNAs取交集,分别确定了25个mRNAs、6个lncRNAs参与AML相关ceRNA调控网络的构建。结果表明,lncRNAs可能作为关键的ceRNA,通过调控miRNA和相关靶基因参与AML的发生与发展,研究结果为AML诊断和治疗的分子生物学研究提供了新的依据。     

miRNAs在脊髓损伤中作用的研究进展

脊髓损伤是一个重要的公共卫生难题,脊髓损伤可划分为三个病理生理阶段:原发性损伤期、继发性损伤期和慢性损伤期。基因表达的改变在脊髓损伤中起到了重要作用,miRNAs可以调控转录后所有基因的表达,所以miRNAs是脊髓损伤中一个很具有研究价值的研究对象。miRNAs是20-25碱基组成的非编码RNA,通过与靶mRNAs 3‘UTR结合下调其表达实现的对mRNA翻译进程的调控。miRNAs与中枢神经系统的发育、功能和疾病有密切关系。脊髓损伤后miRNAs通过调节中性粒细胞和炎性反应通路在炎性应答中起到了重要作用;miRNAs在细胞凋亡中表现出了复杂的功能,其表达的改变可能同时刺激和抑制凋亡;miRNAs可通过增强星形胶质细胞肥大和调节胶质瘢痕的进程;miRNAs的下调可能通过促进轴突靶向作用、神经元存活和轴突生长来促进损伤脊髓部位再生进程。目前脊髓损伤仍是现代医学的难题,对神经系统疾病中miRNAs作用的研究,为脊髓损伤治疗提供了一种新的治疗方案,也是将来研究中的热点。     

miRNA，siRNA，saRNA与基因表达调控

近年来的研究发现,生物体内存在着大量的非编码RNA（non．codingRNAs,ncRNA）,它们在染色质修饰、基因转录、RNA剪接和mRNA翻译等多种水平上参与了基因表达的调控。ncRNA中的小分子RNA如miRNA能够识别特定的目标mRNA,通过与mRNAs3’非翻译区结合,影响mRNA转录及蛋白质翻译;siRNA是RNA干扰的引发物,能够导致与dsRNA同源的mRNA降解,进而抑制相应基因表达;saRNA是目前最新发现的一种靶向目的基因启动子区的在转录水平激活目的基因表达的dsRNA。miRNA、siRNA和saRNA在生成机制、作用途径等方面关系密切,既区别又相互联系,小分子RNA的研究将是今后分子生物学的研究热点之一。     

动植物miRNA的生物合成、作用机理及其功能

microRNAs(miRNAs)是生物体内源长度约为20—23个核苷酸的非编码小RNA,通过与靶mRNA的互补配对而在转录后水平上对基因的表达进行负调控,导致mRNA的降解或翻译抑制。到目前为止,已报道有几千种miRNA存在于动物、植物、真菌等多细胞真核生物中,进化上高度保守。在植物和动物中,miRNA虽然都是通过与其靶基因的相互作用来调节基因表达,进而调控生物体的生长发育,但miRNA执行这种调控作用的机理却不尽相同。同时miRNA在动植物体内的形成过程也存在很多的不同之处。本文综述了动植物miRNA的生物合成、作用机理、生物功能等方面的研究进展。     

植物小RNAs及其抗胁迫机制研究进展

植物非编码小RNA(sRNAs)主要分为三类:微小RNA(m iRNAs)、小干扰RNA(siRNAs)和长小片段干扰RNA(lsiRNAs)。三者的生物合成和作用机制有所不同,但他们主要都通过介导靶mRNAs的剪切或抑制其翻译来调控基因的表达。这篇文章主要介绍小RNA研究的最新进展,并重点阐述其在非生物和生物胁迫中发挥的作用,如应对矿质元素缺乏、氧化胁迫、ABA胁迫以及病原菌入侵等生理过程。     

MicroRNAs: a new class of regulatory genes affecting metabolism

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by binding to target mRNAs, which leads to reduced protein synthesis and sometimes decreased steady-state mRNA levels. Although hundreds of miRNAs have been identified, much less is known about their biological function. Several studies have provided evidence that miRNAs affect pathways that are fundamental for metabolic control in higher organisms such as adipocyte and skeletal muscle differentiation. Furthermore, some miRNAs have been implicated in lipid, amino acid, and glucose homeostasis. These studies open the possibility that miRNAs may contribute to common metabolic diseases and point to novel therapeutic opportunities based on targeting of miRNAs.     

Plant miRNAs and abiotic stress responses

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous approximate 22 nucleotide (nt) small non-coding regulatory RNAs that play important roles in plants by targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression. Plant miRNAs were described 10 years later than animal miRNAs did; there are some differences between them in terms of biogenesis and mechanism of function. Furthermore, plant miRNAs have been shown to be involved in various stress responses, such as oxidative, mineral nutrient deficiency, dehydration, and even mechanical stimulus. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of biogenesis and regulatory mechanisms of plant miRNAs. We also highlight specific examples of miRNAs, which are important regulators for plant abiotic stress responses.     

Discovery of microRNA-mRNA modules via population-based probabilistic learning

MOTIVATION: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNAs constitute an important part of gene regulatory networks, influencing diverse biological phenomena. Elucidating closely related miRNAs and mRNAs can be an essential first step towards the discovery of their combinatorial effects on different cellular states. Here, we propose a probabilistic learning method to identify synergistic miRNAs involving regulation of their condition-specific target genes (mRNAs) from multiple information sources, i.e. computationally predicted target genes of miRNAs and their respective expression profiles. RESULTS: We used data sets consisting of miRNA-target gene binding information and expression profiles of miRNAs and mRNAs on human cancer samples. Our method allowed us to detect functionally correlated miRNA-mRNA modules involved in specific biological processes from multiple data sources by using a balanced fitness function and efficient searching over multiple populations. The proposed algorithm found two miRNA-mRNA modules, highly correlated with respect to their expression and biological function. Moreover, the mRNAs included in the same module showed much higher correlations when the related miRNAs were highly expressed, demonstrating our method's ability for finding coherent miRNA-mRNA modules. Most members of these modules have been reported to be closely related with cancer. Consequently, our method can provide a primary source of miRNA and target sets presumed to constitute closely related parts of gene regulatory pathways.     

Exosome and Exosomal MicroRNA:Trafficking,Sorting, and Function

Exosomes are 40–100 nm nano-sized vesicles that are released from many cell types into the extracellular space. Such vesicles are widely distributed in various body fluids. Recently,m RNAs and micro RNAs(mi RNAs) have been identified in exosomes, which can be taken up by neighboring or distant cells and subsequently modulate recipient cells. This suggests an active sorting mechanism of exosomal mi RNAs, since the mi RNA profiles of exosomes may differ from those of the parent cells. Exosomal mi RNAs play an important role in disease progression, and can stimulate angiogenesis and facilitate metastasis in cancers. In this review, we will introduce the origin and the trafficking of exosomes between cells, display current research on the sorting mechanism of exosomal mi RNAs, and briefly describe how exosomes and their mi RNAs function in recipient cells.Finally, we will discuss the potential applications of these mi RNA-containing vesicles in clinical settings.     

An integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expressions in non-small cell lung cancers

Using DNA microarrays, we generated both mRNA and miRNA expression data from 6 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and their matching normal control from adjacent tissues to identify potential miRNA markers for diagnostics. We demonstrated that hsa-miR-96 is significantly and consistently up-regulated in all 6 NSCLCs. We validated this result in an independent set of 35 paired tumors and their adjacent normal tissues, as well as their sera that are collected before surgical resection or chemotherapy, and the results suggested that hsa-miR-96 may play an important role in NSCLC development and has great potential to be used as a noninvasive marker for diagnosing NSCLC. We predicted potential miRNA target mRNAs based on different methods (TargetScan and miRanda). Further classification of miRNA regulated genes based on their relationship with miRNAs revealed that hsa-miR-96 and certain other miRNAs tend to down-regulate their target mRNAs in NSCLC development, which have expression levels permissive to direct interaction between miRNAs and their target mRNAs. In addition, we identified a significant correlation of miRNA regulation with genes coincide with high density of CpG islands, which suggests that miRNA may represent a primary regulatory mechanism governing basic cellular functions and cell differentiations, and such mechanism may be complementary to DNA methylation in repressing or activating gene expression.     

MicroRNA及其在人和动物上的研究进展

MicroRNA是一种长约22nt的非编码RNA, 通过与靶基因的3′UTR区结合来调控靶基因的表达。目前已证实miRNA在生物体生长、发育和疾病发生等过程中发挥着重要的作用。文章介绍了miRNA的特征、作用机制, 综述了关于miRNA的功能、miRNA基因的鉴定与靶基因预测的最新研究进展。