烟草品种和温度对B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱生物学参数的影响

在室内20℃、26℃和30℃三个设定温度条件下,研究了CF-965、NC-89和NC-82三个烟草品种对B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱生长发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明:26℃时两种粉虱在CF-965、NC-89和NC-82三个烟草品种上的发育历期没有明显差异,但温室白粉虱卵期和若虫期的发育历期较烟粉虱依次分别延长了1.32d、2.81d和 2.04d.在CF-965上,B型烟粉虱卵期和若虫期的总存活率和平均单雌产卵量分别为54.19%和55.17粒,温室白粉虱仅分别为31.99%和39.17粒;在NC-89上,B型烟粉虱卵期和若虫期的总存活率和平均单雌产卵量分别为23.47%和37.50粒,温室白粉虱仅分别为15.75%和17.25粒;两种粉虱在NC-82上卵期和若虫期的总存活率和平均单雌产卵量差异不大,表明B型烟粉虱对CF-965和NC-89的适应能力较温室白粉虱强.两种粉虱在20℃时的发育历期最长,32℃时最短,26℃时居中.20°C时烟粉虱卵期和若虫期的存活率20.96%为最低,26℃和32℃时分别达54.19% 和53.29%;而温室白粉虱在32℃条件下存活率11.66%为最低,20℃和 26℃时分别达31 34% 和31.99%.温室白粉虱在20℃时产卵量大于烟粉虱, 在26℃时的产卵量小于烟粉虱,30℃时则不能产卵,但烟粉虱成虫30℃时的产卵量仍可达21.06粒.由此说明烟粉虱在较高温度条件下的适应能力显著强于温室白粉虱.山东烟区烟草生长中期的田间平均温度多在22～30℃,适合B型烟粉虱的发生,应引起高度重视.     

福建省烟粉虱种群消长动态及影响因素分析

【目的】为了探究福建省烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)种群消长动态及其影响因素,提高监测与防控水平。【方法】选择代表福建南北两地的漳州和建瓯蔬菜生产地开展露地和温室大棚烟粉虱种群数量的系统调查,并在室内测定了不同温度对烟粉虱生长发育及繁殖的影响。【结果】漳州露地烟粉虱周年发生,种群季节性消长呈现两个高峰,即6月中下旬-7月上中旬的夏季高峰和11月上中旬的秋季高峰;建瓯大棚内烟粉虱亦周年发生,且与漳州露地种群消长动态基本同步;建瓯露地烟粉虱始见期为3月下旬,种群夏季高峰在7月中下旬,秋季高峰期在10月中下旬。烟粉虱卵、1龄若虫、2龄若虫、3龄若虫和4龄若虫+拟蛹的发育起点温度分别为13.77、14.98、9.60、7.97、12.56℃,有效积温分别为77.25、29.13、49.62、65.03和65.13日·度,结合2015-2017年气象资料,推算出烟粉虱在建瓯和漳州年发生代数分别为11-12代和13-14代。【结论】气温是影响烟粉虱种群消长的关键因子,21-27℃是B型烟粉虱发育的适宜温度,低于20℃和高于30℃均不利于烟粉的生长发育和繁殖。当旬平均气温稳定在20℃以上时种群数量快速上升,当旬平均气温持续保持在30℃以上时种群数量呈回落态势。     

温度对烟粉虱发育和繁殖的影响

研究了7个不同温度梯度对烟粉虱(Beimisia tabaci )B生物型发育、存活和繁殖的影响。在17℃时,烟粉虱从卵到成虫羽化需要48．7天,而在29℃则仅需要13．9天。烟粉虱发育的最佳温度是26℃,低温(＜20℃)和过高的温度(＞32℃)对烟粉虱发育有抑制作用。经线性回归分析,烟粉虱的发育起点温度约为13℃,有效积温为263．8℃。烟粉虱在20℃时,其成虫寿命和产卵量都是32℃时2倍多,单雌最高产卵量达到208粒。烟粉虱的存活率以26℃时最高,低温和高温对烟粉虱的存活率有负面影响。烟粉虱的内禀增殖率在26℃和29℃时较高,分别为0．1456和0．1470。所有数据显示26℃是烟粉虱种群发育和繁殖的最佳温度。     

沙巴拟刀角瓢虫生物学特性研究

探究以烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius为食料,沙巴拟刀角瓢虫Serangiella sababensis Sasaji的生物学特性,为利用沙巴拟刀角瓢虫控制烟粉虱提供理论依据。本试验在实验室条件下观察取食烟粉虱的沙巴拟刀角瓢虫各虫态的形态特征、生活习性、不同虫态的发育历期、存活率和繁殖力,并计算沙巴拟刀角瓢虫生命表参数。结果表明,在26±1℃、L∶D=14∶10、相对湿度75%±10%的条件下,以烟粉虱卵和若虫为食的沙巴拟刀角瓢虫的世代历期分别为18.82 d和17.75 d,世代存活率分别为65.53%和75.00%,成虫寿命分别为106.65 d和105.58 d,每雌产卵量分别为286.20粒和366.67粒。以烟粉虱卵和若虫为食的沙巴拟刀角瓢虫的内禀增长率(rm)分别为0.0581和0.0780,净增殖率(R0)分别为107.0338和147.8748,平均世代历期(T)分别为80.3985和64.0385,周限增长率(λ)分别为1.0598和1.0811。研究发现,取食烟粉虱若虫的沙巴拟刀角瓢虫世代发育历期短于取食卵的世代发育历期,繁殖率也高于后者,烟粉虱若虫比烟粉虱卵更适宜作为沙巴拟刀角瓢虫规模化生产的食料。     

球孢白僵菌HFW-05对烟粉虱的致病力及组织病理影响

环境温湿度是影响白僵菌菌株致病力的关键因素,本文测定了不同温、湿度下白僵菌Beauveria bassiana HFW-05对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci若虫及卵的致病力,同时观察了烟粉虱感病若虫的组织病理变化。结果表明,各浓度下烟粉虱若虫的校正死亡率随时间变化曲线基本一致,接种3-4 d时出现死亡高峰,白僵菌HFW-05对烟粉虱1龄、2龄、3龄若虫的LC_(50)分别为5.94×10~4、1.06×10~5、5.08×10~5孢子/mL,LT50分别为2.54 d、2.68 d、3.18 d;白僵菌HFW-05对卵的致病力很低,1×108孢子/mL接种浓度下,卵的6 d感染率仅为24.9%。在25℃、30℃下,HFW-05对烟粉虱若虫表现出最强的致病力,高于或低于此温度时,烟粉虱若虫死亡速度减慢,死亡率降低。相对湿度发生变化时,烟粉虱若虫死亡速度和死亡率明显不同,相对湿度高于90%时,烟粉虱若虫死亡速度最快,死亡率最高,相对湿度介于70%-90%时,白僵菌HFW-05对烟粉虱若虫的致病力无明显差异,但校正死亡率显著低于环境湿度大于90%的处理,相对湿度低于70%时,烟粉虱死亡率也达到60%左右。组织病理学观察显示尾部舌状突是HFW-05侵染烟粉虱若虫的关键部位。研究结果表明白僵菌HFW-05在烟粉虱的生物防治中有较大的潜力。     

寄主植物对B型烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)和温室粉虱(Trialeurodes vaporariorum)个体发育和种群繁殖的影响

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）和温室粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum（Westwood）在我国北方常混合发生,为了解两种粉虱所造成的危害和自身种群的增长变化,制定科学的综合防治措施,在（27±1）℃条件下研究了两种粉虱在棉花Gossypium hirsutum L.（泗棉3号）、黄瓜Cucumis sativas L.（北京202）、茄子Solanum melongena L.（北京七叶茄）和番茄Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.（佳粉十号）上各虫态大小、存活率、发育历期、成虫寿命、平均产卵量等生物学参数。在同一种寄主植物上,温室粉虱的1,2龄若虫的体长和体宽均显著大于烟粉虱,3龄以后两种粉虱的体型则变异较大。两种粉虱从卵到成虫羽化,在棉花上的发育历期无显著差异,在黄瓜、茄子和番茄上,温室粉虱的发育历期（19.7、19.4、20.8d）显著长于烟粉虱（17.3、17.6、18.3d）。在黄瓜和番茄上,烟粉虱的平均寿命（31.2、32.1）显著长于温室粉虱的平均寿命（26、24.9d）;在棉花、黄瓜和番茄上,烟粉虱的单雌产卵量（122.2、220.2、266．5粒）显著高于温室粉虱（97．1、186．6、197．1粒）。烟粉虱在棉花、黄瓜、茄子和番茄上的总存活率分别为67.9％、77.8％、67.8％和59．0％,温室粉虱依次为62．2％、67．2％、64．4％和66．1％。综合比较4种寄主植物,烟粉虱比温室粉虱具有个体发育时间短、种群繁殖速度快、生殖竞争能力强等特点。     

B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱在温度逆境下的生存特性比较

为了明确B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱在温度逆境下的生存特性对其种群发展的影响,通过进行高温和低温暴露试验,研究了B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱卵、伪蛹、成虫在37℃,39℃,41℃,43℃,45℃下暴露1～2 h后的存活率,以及这两种粉虱卵、2～3龄若虫、伪蛹和成虫在2℃下暴露1～12 d后的存活率。结果表明：两种粉虱的卵、伪蛹和成虫在37℃～45℃下暴露1～2 h,其存活率均随着温度的上升而降低;但在相同处理条件下B型烟粉虱3种供试虫态的存活率要高于温室白粉虱。B型烟粉虱在2℃下暴露2～12 d,各供试虫态的存活率迅速下降,卵、2～3龄若虫、伪蛹在2℃下暴露12 d后均不能存活,成虫在2℃下暴露4 d后也全部死亡;而温室白粉虱卵、伪蛹在2℃下暴露12 d后其存活率还能超过45%,成虫在2℃下暴露7 d后仍有80.9%能够存活。结果说明,B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱对温度逆境的适应性存在差异,B型烟粉虱对高温的适应性要高于温室白粉虱;温室白粉虱对高温敏感,但对低温的适应性要显著高于B型烟粉虱。据此推测,两种粉虱对温度逆境适应性的差异是导致其种群发生存在差异的一个重要原因。     

钙肥对B型烟粉虱发育、存活及取食为害的影响

以清水为对照,研究了施用钙肥后一品红植株对B型烟粉虱发育、存活和取食为害的影响.结果表明:在温度(26±1)℃、相对湿度60％～80％条件下,钙肥处理的一品红植株上的B型烟粉虱在发育历期上与对照存在显著差异,卵期明显缩短,各龄若虫期延长,从卵到成虫的发育时间为20.18 d,而对照为18.72 d;但钙肥处理对B型烟粉虱各虫态的存活率无显著影响.B型烟粉虱的取食为害诱导了一品红叶片叶绿素荧光参数的变化,显著降低了叶片的光合作用能力,其中光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学淬灭系数(qp)、光能利用效率(α)、最大光合速率(rETRmax)以及对光的耐受能力(Ik)显著降低,而非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)显著增加.钙肥处理一品红受害叶片的光抑制参数(β)、rETRmax和Ik水平与对照相当.通过指甲油印迹法观察叶片下表皮细胞的形态结构发现,钙肥能有效增强叶片对B型烟粉虱为害损失的补偿.     

辣椒碱对烟粉虱的生物活性及生长发育和生殖力的影响

在实验室条件下研究了辣椒碱对烟粉虱的生物活性及生长发育和生殖力的影响.结果表明:辣椒碱对烟粉虱各虫态均有杀虫活性,且随辣椒碱浓度的增大活性增强;辣椒碱浸叶法/浸虫法处理对烟粉虱成虫、卵和若虫的毒力(LC50分别为3525.79、1603.29和1526.27mg·L-1))均高于内吸法处理(LC50分别为5360.04、2359.19和5897.43 mg.L-1),两种处理方法下辣椒碱对烟粉虱卵的毒力均明显高于对成虫的毒力;2000和4000 mg·L-1浓度辣椒碱对烟粉虱成虫具有明显的拒食作用,烟粉虱在该两种浓度辣椒碱处理过的棉花叶上取食24 h的蜜露分泌量均显著低于取食非处理棉花叶后的蜜露分泌量;辣椒碱各试验浓度对烟粉虱成虫均表现出较强的产卵忌避作用,当辣椒碱处理浓度达4000 mg·L-1时,对烟粉虱的选择性产卵忌避率和非选择性产卵忌避率分别高达94.2％和83.0％.500、1000和2000 mg·L-1辣椒碱浸渍处理对烟粉虱存活卵和若虫的发育历期、成虫羽化率均没有影响,但辣椒碱4000mg·L-1处理明显延长烟粉虱若虫发育历期、降低成虫羽化率.不同浓度辣椒碱处理均明显抑制烟粉虱生殖力,且这种抑制作用随辣椒碱浓度的增大而增强.     

番茄褪绿病毒对刀角瓢虫捕食烟粉虱的影响

在实验室条件下研究了不同温度下刀角瓢虫Serangium japonicum对健康和感染番茄褪绿病毒(Tomato chlorosis virus,ToCV)番茄上的烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci的捕食效果.结果表明,无论在健康番茄还是感染ToCV番茄上,刀角瓢虫均可以取食烟粉虱的卵和若虫,对卵的捕食量最大,且对烟粉虱卵的功能反应都属于HollingⅡ型反应,方程式分别为NA=0.9650N/1+0.0007N和NA=0.9866N/1+0.0006N.温度可以影响功能反应的参数,在30℃时刀角瓢虫对健康番茄上的烟粉虱的控制作用最好,在35℃时刀角瓢虫对感染ToCV番茄上的烟粉虱控制效果最好.刀角瓢虫偏好感染ToCV的番茄植株,对健康番茄偏好性较弱.刀角瓢虫对感染ToCV番茄上的烟粉虱具有良好的捕食效果,可为烟粉虱的生物防治提供合理依据.     

驯化温度与急性变温对南方鲇幼鱼皮肤呼吸代谢的影响

为了考查鱼类皮肤呼吸代谢的温度反应特征,在不同驯化温度(10、20、30℃)及双向急性变温(10→20℃、20→30℃、10→30℃;20→10 ℃、30→20℃、30→10℃)条件下采用自行设计的皮肤呼吸代谢装置测定麻醉后南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)幼鱼的皮肤耗氧率(MO2skin)及鳃部耗氧率(MO2gill),并计算整体耗氧率(MO2total).研究显示:南方鲇幼鱼的MO2skin占MO2total 的16.4％-19.0％,随着驯化温度的升高,MO2skin上升的幅度显著低于MO2total(P＜0.05),MO2skin占MO2total的比例则呈下降趋势;急性升(降)温组的MO2skin与升(降)温前驯化温度组相比显著升高(降低)(P＜0.05),却与相应温度驯化组的MO2skin无显著性差异(P＞0.05);急性变温组MO2skin的Q10值与驯化温度组的差异不显著(P＞0.05),却显著低于MO2total的Q10值(P＜0.05).通过相关资料比较发现,南方鲇幼鱼MO2skin占MO2total的比例处于中上水平.研究表明,在驯化温度和急性变温条件下,实验鱼的MO2total分别存在代谢补偿反应和急性胁迫反应;MO2skin与MO2total的温度反应不同,它既不是一个完全的化学反应过程,也不是生物反应过程,而更倾向于是一个物理的扩散过程.     

Penetration and Development of Meloidogyne hapla in Resistant and Susceptible Alfalfa Under Differing Temperatures

Studies were conducted to examine under differing temperatures (12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 C) the penetration anti development of Meloidogyne hapla in resistant lines ''298'' and ''Nev. Syn XX'', and susceptible ''Lahontan'' and ''Ranger'' hardy-type alfalfas. The results indicated that resistance to M. hapla was similar to that previously described for M. incognita in nonhardy alfalfa. Although initial penetration in resistant seedlings was similar to that of susceptible seedlings, nematode larvae failed to establish and develop in root tissues and nematode numbers subsequently declined. In susceptible seedlings, nematode development proceeded rapidly, and egg production began after 5 weeks. Temperature had little influence on the nematode development except to slow the response at the lower temperatures. Other studies were conducted to verify a previously reported immune (no penetration) reaction to M. hapla by the ''Vernal'' selection ''M-4''. When compared to the resistant (penetration without nematode development) Vernal selection ''M-9'' under differing temperatures (20, 24, 28, and 32 C), each selection was equally penetrated by M. hapla but at a lower level than in susceptible Ranger cuttings. Generally, no root galling was observed in either M-4 or M-9; however, very slight galling was found 35 days after inoculation on about 50% of these cuttings when grown at 32 C.     

Lizards in the slow lane: Thermal biology of chameleons

1.

Field body temperatures (T_b's) of Chamaeleo chamaeleon in southwestern Spain averaged 28 °C in October and 30 °C in June. Slopes of regressions of T_b on T_a (ambient temperature at perch height) indicated that individuals were able to maintain a preferred body temperature of about 30 °C in June but not in October.     

The use of small subcutaneous transponders for quantifying thermal biology and torpor in small mammals

Remote measurements of body temperature (T_b) in animals require implantation of relatively large temperature-sensitive radio-transmitters or data loggers, whereas rectal temperature (T_rec) measurements require handling and therefore may bias the results. We investigated whether ∼0.1 g temperature-sensitive subcutaneously implanted transponders can be reliably used to quantify thermal biology and torpor use in small mammals. We examined (i) the precision of transponder readings as a function of temperature and (ii) whether subcutaneous transponders can be used to remotely record subcutaneous temperature (T_sub). Five adult male dunnarts (Sminthopsis macroura, body mass 24 g) were implanted with subcutaneous transponders to determine T_sub as a function of time and ambient temperature (T_a), and in comparison to thermocouple readings of T_rec. Transponder temperature was highly correlated with water bath temperature (r²=0.96–0.99) over a range of approximately 10.0–40.0 °C. Transponders provided reliable data (±0.6 °C) over the T_sub of 21.4–36.9 °C and could be read from a distance of up to 5 cm. Below 21.4 °C, accuracy was reduced to ±2.8 °C, but individual transponder accuracy varied. Consequently, small subcutaneous transponders are useful to remotely quantify thermal physiology and torpor patterns without having to disturb the animal and disrupt torpor. Even at T_sub<21.4 °C where the accuracy of the temperature readings was reduced, transponders do provide reliable data on whether and when torpor is used.     

Temperature alters the photoperiodically controlled phenologies linked with migration and reproduction in a night-migratory songbird

We investigated the effects of temperature on photoperiodic induction of the phenologies linked with migration (body fattening and premigratory night-time restlessness, Zugunruhe) and reproduction (testicular maturation) in the migratory blackheaded bunting. Birds were exposed for four weeks to near-threshold photoperiods required to induce testicular growth (11.5 L:12.5 D and 12 L:12 D) or for 18 weeks to a long photoperiod (13 L:11 D) at 22°C or 27°C (low) and 35°C or 40°C (high) temperatures. A significant body fattening and half-maximal testicular growth occurred in birds under the 12 L, but not under the 11.5 L photoperiod. Further, one of six birds in both temperature groups on 11.5 L, and four and two of six birds, respectively, in low- and high-temperature groups on 12 L showed the Zugunruhe. Buntings on 13 L in both temperature groups showed complete growth-regression cycles in body fattening, Zugunruhe and testis maturation. In birds on 13 L, high temperature attenuated activity levels, delayed onset of Zugunruhe by about 12 days, reduced body fattening and slowed testicular maturation. The effect of temperature seems to be on the rate of photoperiodic induction rather than on the critical day length. It is suggested that a change in temperature could alter the timing of the development of phenologies linked with seasonal migration and reproduction in migratory songbirds.     

孵化温度对双斑锦蛇初生幼体行为和呼吸代谢的影响

以双斑锦蛇(Elaphe bimaculata)为对象,在24 、27和30 ℃下孵化双斑锦蛇卵,研究孵化温度对孵出幼蛇吐信频次、选择体温、二氧化碳代谢量、生长过程中的呼吸代谢、初次摄食个体数和初次摄食量的影响。结果显示:孵化温度对双斑锦蛇孵出幼蛇的各项行为指标均没有显著影响。自幼蛇孵出至体内剩余卵黄消耗完这一时间段内,呼吸代谢产生的二氧化碳量逐步减少到最低值。24 、27和30 ℃孵化温度下孵出幼体呼吸每分钟所产生的CO₂量分别为10.58、12.06和10.88 μL;初次摄食量分别为4.92、4.34和3.60 g,各温度下摄食个体的数目分别约占该温度下孵出幼体总数的46.2%、56.3%和40%。鉴于3个温度处理下孵出幼体的各项指标均无显著差异,24-30 ℃是双斑锦蛇适宜生存的温度区间。     

Thermal variability in body temperature in an ectotherm: Are cloacal temperatures good indicators of tortoise body temperature?

Historically, studies of reptilian thermal biology have compared ambient temperatures (T_a) to body temperatures (T_b) from the animal under study, with T_b usually taken from the cloaca and various instruments being used to measure T_b. The advent of surgically implanted miniature temperature loggers has offered the opportunity to test the efficacy of cloacal T_b as a measurement in thermoregulatory studies. We expected that there was a difference between skin, cloacal, and core T_b's. Temperatures were measured from various positions on leopard tortoises (Stigmochelys pardalis) using thermocouples and miniature temperature loggers, including surgically implanted temperature loggers. Measurements of temperature from various positions on and in the tortoise were significantly different from T_a. Cloacal T_b's were significantly lower than all other body temperatures measured, and core T_b's were significantly different from cloacal T_b, skin and carapace temperatures. In addition, significant differences were found between measures of temperature from other parts of the body. The variations between core T_b, cloacal T_b and other measures of T_b indicated that there are large thermal gradients within the body of a relatively large tortoise at any given time with cloacal T_b not an accurate measure of core T_b.     

两种浒苔无机碳利用对温度响应的机制

为了探讨温度对大型海藻无机碳利用机制的影响,选择了潮间带常见的绿藻缘管浒苔 （Ulva linza）和浒苔（Ulva prolifera）为实验材料,研究了碳酸酐酶抑制剂乙酰唑磺胺（AZ）和己氧苯并噻唑磺胺（EZ）在不同的温度下对藻体光合作用的影响。实验设置6个温度梯度（5、10、15、20、25和30℃）。结果表明,缘管浒苔和浒苔都有很强的无机碳利用能力,而温度对此有显著的影响。但他们之间存在明显的种间差异。缘管浒苔对温度的依赖性要强于浒苔,其对温度的适应范围要窄于浒苔,尤其是在高温下（30℃）,缘管浒苔的最大光合作用能力与最适温度相比下降了56%,而浒苔仅为20%,这表明在高温的情况下,浒苔比缘管浒苔具有更强的生存适应能力,这是浒苔能够在绿潮藻占有绝对优势的原因之一。对缘管浒苔来说,在低温（5℃）和高温（30℃）时,无机碳的转运主要是通过胞外碳酸酐酶的催化作用,而在15℃时,加入胞外碳酸酐酶的抑制剂对无机碳的转运没有明显的影响,这表明在此温度下其他无机碳转运形式可以有效补偿胞外碳酸酐酶的作用。在其他的温度下,胞外碳酸酐酶和其他无机碳转运方式各占一定的比例。而对于浒苔来说,在低温5℃时,其他无机碳转运形式占主要作用,而从10℃开始,胞外碳酸酐酶作用比例显著增加,并且保持在相同的水平上。     

Thermal preference,tolerance and oxygen consumption of adult white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) exposed to different acclimation temperatures

Final temperature preferendum of white shrimp adults were determined with acute and gravitation methods. The final preferendum was similar, independent of method (26.2–25.6 °C). A direct relationship was determined between the critical thermal maxima values and the acclimation temperatures (P<0.05). The end point of Critical Thermal Maxima (CTMax) for adults was defined as the loss of righting response (LRR). The acclimation response ratio (ARR) for adults of white shrimp had an interval of 0.36–0.76, values that agreed with others obtained for crustaceans from tropical and subtropical climates. The oxygen consumption rates increased significantly (P<0.05) from 39.6 up to 90.0 mg O₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ wet weight (w.w.) as the acclimation temperature increased from 20 to 32 °C. The range of temperature coefficient (Q₁₀) of the white shrimp between 23 and 26 °C was the lower 1.60. The results obtained in this work are discussed in relation to the species importance in the reproductive scope and maintenance of breeders.     

Design and Analysis of Temperature Preference Behavior and its Circadian Rhythm in Drosophila

The circadian clock regulates many aspects of life, including sleep, locomotor activity, and body temperature (BTR) rhythms^1,2. We recently identified a novel Drosophila circadian output, called the temperature preference rhythm (TPR), in which the preferred temperature in flies rises during the day and falls during the night ³. Surprisingly, the TPR and locomotor activity are controlled through distinct circadian neurons³. Drosophila locomotor activity is a well known circadian behavioral output and has provided strong contributions to the discovery of many conserved mammalian circadian clock genes and mechanisms⁴. Therefore, understanding TPR will lead to the identification of hitherto unknown molecular and cellular circadian mechanisms. Here, we describe how to perform and analyze the TPR assay. This technique not only allows for dissecting the molecular and neural mechanisms of TPR, but also provides new insights into the fundamental mechanisms of the brain functions that integrate different environmental signals and regulate animal behaviors. Furthermore, our recently published data suggest that the fly TPR shares features with the mammalian BTR³. Drosophila are ectotherms, in which the body temperature is typically behaviorally regulated. Therefore, TPR is a strategy used to generate a rhythmic body temperature in these flies^5-8. We believe that further exploration of Drosophila TPR will facilitate the characterization of the mechanisms underlying body temperature control in animals.