丫蕊花属植物花粉和种子微形态特征比较及其分类学意义

采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜,对4种丫蕊花属植物(丫蕊花、小果丫蕊花、云南丫蕊花和高山丫蕊花)的种子微形态特征及表面纹饰等进行观察,并对除云南丫蕊花外的3种丫蕊花属植物花粉形态、大小、表面纹饰等微形态特征进行观察和比较分析,并讨论了花粉及种子微形态特征的进化生物学意义,为丫蕊花属植物物种间的分类学鉴定提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)丫蕊花属植物花粉形态多为长球形,少数为超长球形,赤道面观为椭圆形,极面观为圆形,花粉大小为(22~36.5)μm×(11.5~24)μm,花粉外壁纹饰为刺状颗粒。(2)丫蕊花的花粉较大,极轴明显长于其余种,小果丫蕊花极轴长度最小。(3)花粉外壁刺状颗粒纹饰在4种丫蕊花之间存在差异性特征。(4)丫蕊花属植物种子细梭形,两端具纤维状长尾,种皮表面纹饰为复网纹纹饰。(5)云南丫蕊花的种子最大,种脊显著;小果丫蕊花种子最小。(6)组成种子表面网纹纹饰的网脊、网壁及网眼的表面特征等在各物种间存在一定差异。     

中国冷蕨属孢子形态研究

采用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对中国产冷蕨属(Cystopteris Bernh.)8种植物的孢子进行详细的观察与比较。结果表明:(1)冷蕨属孢子均为单裂缝,两侧对称,极面观为椭圆形,赤道面观为肾形。但不同种孢子在大小和周壁纹饰等方面均有差异。(2)依据周壁表面纹饰将冷蕨属植物分为3种类型:第一种类型是刺状纹饰(或以刺状纹饰为主),主要有冷蕨(Cystopteris fragilis)、西宁冷蕨(C.kansuana)、膜叶冷蕨(C.pellucida)、藏冷蕨(C.tibetica)、欧洲冷蕨(C.sudetica)和宝兴冷蕨(C.moupinensis);第二种类型是瘤状纹饰,主要有高山冷蕨(C.montana);第三种类型是颗粒状纹饰,主要有皱孢冷蕨(C.dickieana)。依据孢子纹饰的类型支持高山冷蕨作为独立类群,同时发现颗粒状纹饰是皱孢冷蕨的明显特征。     

中国热带、亚热带栎属植物花粉形态多样性及其古气候意义

本研究利用扫描电子显微镜对栎属(Quercus L.)植物中18个种[10种属于栎亚属(Quercus),8种来源于青冈亚属(Cyclobalanopsis)]的花粉进行了详细的外壁纹饰研究。这些栎属植物广泛分布于中国热带和亚热带地区。结果显示,落叶类型栎亚属花粉外壁具有瘤状或分散的瘤状纹饰,常绿类型栎亚属花粉具有棒状或聚合棒状纹饰,青冈亚属花粉具有皱波状、刺状或聚合棒状纹饰。花粉外壁纹饰特征可为栎属花粉化石的属内种级分类提供有效的鉴定依据。大量的现代栎属花粉研究显示,具有棒状纹饰的花粉多源自于分布在高海拔地区的常绿类型栎亚属植物,而具有皱波状和刺状纹饰的花粉多来源于相对低海拔地区分布的青冈亚属植物。在古环境重建中,栎属化石花粉的形态多样性不仅可以帮助我们可靠地区分关键地层中的常绿和落叶栎属植物,也可能成为指示不同海拔高度的潜在的古气候指标。     

金花茶组植物花粉扫描电镜研究(一)

植物花粉的形态特征具有种属特异性。本文用扫描电子显微镜报道了金花茶组８种植物花粉的形态特征。结果表明,８种金花茶组植物的花粉外壁纹饰可分为三大类型：疣状纹饰（块状纹饰）类型、脑纹状纹饰（蠕虫状纹饰）类型及拟网状纹饰类型。不同种植物花粉外壁纹饰存在一定差异,三大类型花粉外壁纹饰存在一定的演化关系,可为种间分类及演化关系提供依据。     

山茶属的花粉形态及其分类学意义

本文对山茶属(Camellia L.)18个组27个代表种的花粉进行了光学显微镜、扫描电镜和大部分进行了透射电镜的观察,并对花粉大小、形状、外壁纹饰和超微结构等作了综合的比较。结果表明,其形状和大小差异不很明显。花粉壁的层次、厚度和不同层次的比例,如复盖层与柱状层以及外壁外层与外壁内层的比例等也没有显著的差异。但花粉壁的纹饰特征在扫描电镜下显示出较大的差异,具有较重要的分类学价值。根据其纹饰特征,可以把山茶属花粉大致区分为六个类型:皱疣状纹饰;粗瘤状纹饰;颗粒状至皱-颗粒状纹饰;穴-网状纹饰;皱沟状纹饰及皱波-念珠状纹饰。孢粉学上区分的类型不完全与各个学者从植物形态上划分的组相一致。其中管蕊茶 Camellia lanceolata的纹饰非常特殊(粗瘤状),其外壁表面很象牛心果(Annona reticulata)的外形特征,为其重新分类提供孢粉学依据。     

山茶属油茶组和短柱茶组叶解剖特征及其分类学意义

在光学显微镜下观察了山茶属Camellia油茶组sect.Oleifera和短柱茶组sect.Paracamellia 21种（张宏达系统）植物叶解剖特征。结果表明：叶表皮细胞形状均为不规则形;垂周壁式样浅波状或波状,对两组分类具有重要作用。气孔器只存在于叶的下表皮,均为环列型。基于17个叶解剖学及细胞学性状,应用PAST软件对两组进行聚类分析和主成分分析,结果表明：能将两组植物进行明显区分,并且各组中亲缘关系较近的种聚在一起。本研究结果支持将大姚短柱茶C.teniiSealy归入离蕊茶组sect.Corallina;支持狭叶油茶C.lanceoleosa H.T.Chang ＆ J.S.Chiu与窄叶短柱茶C.fluviatilis Hand.-Mazz.,短柱茶C.brevistyla Coh.St.与钝叶短柱茶C.obtusifolia H.T.Chang和粉红短柱茶C.puniceiflora H.T.Chang,长瓣短柱茶C.grijsii Hance与陕西短柱茶C.shensiensis H.T.Chang的合并;建议将褐枝短柱茶C.phaeoclada H.T.Chang作为细叶短柱茶C.microphylla（Merr.）Chien的亚种。研究证明山茶属植物的叶解剖性状在属内分类中具有重要的分类学意义。     

蜘蛛抱蛋属植物花粉形态及系统学意义

用扫描电子显微镜对国产 1 4种蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的花粉形态进行了观察 ,该属植物的花粉形态有长球形和球形 2种 ;外壁纹饰可分为 3大类型 :( 1 )皱波状纹饰 ;( 2 )小芽孢状纹饰 ;( 3)瘤棒状纹饰。它们的演化趋势是 :皱波状纹饰→芽孢状纹饰→瘤棒状纹饰     

中国葱属Daghestanica组植物的花粉和种子微形态学研究及其分类学意义

该研究采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜,对中国葱属Daghestanica(Tscholok.)N.Friesen组6种植物的花粉与种子微形态特征进行观察和对比分析,以揭示该组植物花粉及种子微形态特征的系统分类学意义,为Daghestanica组植物物种间的分类学鉴定提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)中国葱属Daghestanica组植物花粉形态为长球形,赤道面观为椭圆形,极面观为圆形,左右对称,花粉大小为(17.84~29.84)μm×(12.23~19.18)μm,花粉外壁纹饰为皱缩网纹纹饰;花粉外壁穿孔在Daghestanica组6种植物之间具有差异性特征。(2)野黄韭的花粉较大,极轴明显长于其余种,金头韭极轴长度最小。(3)中国葱属Daghestanica组植物种子卵形,种皮表面纹饰为梯形;种皮细胞多边形,排列相对疏松,表面具疣突,垂周壁是弧线和直线混合型。(4)种皮细胞的形态、排列以及次级纹饰等在各物种间存在一定差异。研究表明,中国葱属Daghestanica组花粉和种子微形态学特征可作为该组植物系统分类鉴定的依据。     

壳斗科栎属青冈亚属的花粉形态及其系统学意义

对栎属青冈亚属17个种及炭栎花粉形态进行扫描电镜观察。结果表明:青冈亚属和炭栎花粉均为三拟孔沟,球形至长球形,(15～28.0)μm×(15.0～25.6)μm。花粉外壁纹饰可划分为3种:(1)蠕虫状(包括皱波状)、(2)聚合颗粒状、(3)棒状或小刺状。各纹饰在组间镶嵌分布。棒状及小刺状纹饰为栎属花粉较为原始式样,并为青冈亚属与高山栎组及部分巴东组(sect.Cerris)共有,推测其间具有较其它栎类更为接近的亲缘关系,可能为广义栎属中较为基础的类群,而与栎亚属sect.Quercuss.s.,Lobatae和Protobalanus关系较远。花粉形态对广义栎属系统分类价值仅适用于较高分类阶元。     

国产省藤属植物的花粉形态学

对国产棕榈科省藤属(Calamius L.)15种植物的花粉进行了光学和扫描电镜观察,其中12种为首次报道。省藤属的花粉均为两沟型花粉,外壁覆盖层多为网状纹饰(大喙省藤C．macrorrhynchus)或具穿孔(华南省藤C.rhabdocladus)。首次发现省藤属花粉的外壁纹饰存在穿孔和外壁疣状突起的类型(阔叶鸡藤C.pulchellus)以及皱波状突起的类型(长鞭省藤C.flagellum)。花粉的大小、形状、外壁纹饰、外壁是否有突起,外壁厚度和网状纹饰网眼的大小,对于省藤属的种级分类有较大的意义。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.