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凉水自然保护区松鼠巢址选择的特征 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
2006 年6 月11 日至9 月27 日和2007 年8 月14 日至9 月21 日采用样线法,并结合定位观察的方法在凉水国家级自然保护区对松鼠的巢址选择进行了定量研究,共获取107 个巢样方和230 个对照样方。对每个样方分别测定了12 个巢树参数和7 个环境参数。统计分析结果表明,松鼠仅在针叶树上营巢,59.8 ± 4. 7% 的巢建于红松上,但对枝叶比红松更为浓密的云杉和臭冷杉有显著的选择性,而且显著倾向于在以云杉、臭冷杉为优势树种的生境中营巢。松鼠选择比较高大(树高21.5 ± 0.4 m)、活动通道比较多(3.6 ±0.1)的树营巢,巢树周围的树木密度(169 ± 4 株/ hm2 )和多样性(辛普森指数0.51 ± 0.01)显著高于对照样方。巢址生境多位于南向的中、下坡位。巢址高12.4 ± 0.4 m,紧贴树干,多朝南。红松树上的巢多建于树冠的中下部,云杉和臭冷杉树上的巢多建于树冠的上部。松鼠巢对包括道路在内的林隙没有显著的回避。 相似文献
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甘肃南部蓝马鸡的巢址选择 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
蓝马鸡(Crossoptilon auritum)是我国特有的雉类,仅分布在青海东部、东北部,甘肃西北部及南部,四川西北部以及宁夏西部。2007和2008年在甘肃南部林区对蓝马鸡巢址进行了研究。在发现的12个蓝马鸡巢中,4巢(33.3%)在乔木下,4巢(33.3%)在岩石上或者岩洞内,2巢(16.7%)在枯枝下,2巢(16.7%)在灌丛下。U检验和T检验表明,坡位、坡度、灌木高度、灌木数量、灌木盖度、0.5m植被盖度、1.0m植被盖度、2.0m植被盖度、干扰度等9个生态因子在巢址(n=12)与对照样方(n=24)中存在显著差异。对13个变量进行逐步判别分析,结果显示,高坡位、高林下植被盖度及低干扰度是蓝马鸡巢址优先选择的生态因子。 相似文献
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1998~2004年6月,对海南鳽(Gorsachius magnificus)的4个巢址进行了研究。研究结果表明,靠近水源、具有一定坡度的高大阔叶林或针阔混交林的水域湿地、山、林环境因子组合的栖息地对海南鳽的巢址选择具有较高的适合程度。水域湿地有利于亲鸟寻找和获得充足的食物,保证雏鸟的生长需要;巢址多选择在坡度大于50。的山坡上。海南鳽对巢树的种类选择似乎不太严格,但可能对巢树和周围植被的物理性状有一定的要求。以高大、枝桠较多、枝叶繁茂的阔叶树或针叶树为特征,筑巢于阔叶林或针阔混交林中,植被覆盖度一般在80%以上,保证巢的稳固性及隐蔽性,以达到保护巢窝的目的。 相似文献
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四川南充农田区乌鸫的巢址选择 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
2007年3~5月在四川省南充市近郊农田区域对乌鸫Turdus merula sowerbyi的巢址选择进行了研究.共调查57个巢址样方,通过主成分分析(PCA)提取到影响乌鸫巢址选择的6个主要因子,其累积贡献率达74.44%, 其中乔木因子的贡献率最高,达26.58%.农田区中,乌鸫在4月中旬开始营巢,营巢树平均高度为16.02±2.29 m,主要巢树种类是白杨. 相似文献
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2017年4和5月,在位于新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘的和田地区民丰县对白尾地鸦(Podoces bidduphi)的巢址选择进行研究。共记录白尾地鸦巢12个,测量了巢参数,用Mann-Whitney U检验分析巢样方与对照样方的差异,用主成分法分析影响白尾地鸦巢址选择的主要因子。结果显示:1)白尾地鸦巢多筑于绿洲边缘的柽柳(Tamarix)灌丛,巢距地面高(109.1 ± 13.2)cm,巢深(8.5 ± 0.5)cm,巢厚(3.8 ± 0.4)cm,内径(13.9 ± 0.9)cm,外径(21.6 ± 1.3)cm;2)巢样方的植被物种数和植被盖度远高于对照样方;3)影响白尾地鸦巢址选择的主要因素为植被物种数及干扰,其中干扰主要指距道路以及距居民点的距离。综上所述,白尾地鸦的巢址选择受食物等生存需求和躲避干扰等安全因素的双重影响,是生存与繁殖权衡的结果。 相似文献
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灰冠鸦雀(Paradoxornis przewalskii)是狭域分布的中国特有鸟种,分布区仅局限于岷山北部。近年来关于该种的新发现为我们提供了其栖息地和现有分布范围的宝贵信息,但该种的繁殖情况还从未有观察与报道。2013年6月10日,我们在四川省唐家河国家级自然保护区内发现1对正在育雏的灰冠鸦雀及其3只新生雏鸟,对其巢址生境和巢的结构进行了详细记录。灰冠鸦雀筑巢于稀疏的岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)和红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)混交林下的浓密缺苞箭竹(Fargesia denudata)丛中,巢址海拔2700 m,位于陡峭阳坡接近林线处。巢为结构精细的杯状巢,高约6.6 cm,深约5.0 cm,巢口内径4.8 cm,外径7.0 cm。巢由干草叶与竹叶编织而成,巢壁外侧装饰有大量绿色苔藓。本报道为灰冠鸦雀野外繁殖的首次记录,为今后深入开展该珍稀鸟种的繁殖生态和栖息地选择研究提供了基本信息。 相似文献
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On the evolution of clutch size and nest size in passerine birds 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Tore Slagsvold 《Oecologia》1989,79(3):300-305
Summary I examined the hypothesis that the clutch size of some altricial birds may be limited by over-crowding of the nestlings in the nest, by comparing data on different species of European passerines. Large-sized birds build, relative to the body, larger nests than small-sized birds, both as regards the inner and the outer nest widths and as regards edge breadth; only inner nestcup depth did not change relatively to body size. Nest size also varied in relation to nesting place. Birds with open nests built off the ground had a rather narrow nestcup, whereas those with a domed nest, or which nest in a cavity, had a wide nestcup. When only open-nesters were compared, birds nesting on, or close to, the ground tended to have a wider nestcup than birds nesting above the ground. Inner nestcup width was correlated with the amount of mosses and lichens used in building the nest; the more of such materials the narrower the nestcup. The three variables: standardised body size, nesting place, and type of nesting material used accounted for 92% of the overall variation observed in inner nestcup width. When controlling for adult body size, clutch size was positively correlated with the size of the nestcup. A multiple regression analysis showed that relative nestcup depth, nest site, and type of nesting materials used, accounted for 64% of the overall variation in clutch size. 相似文献
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Antonios D. Mazaris Yiannis G. Matsinos 《Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology》2006,336(2):157-162
The sandy beaches of Zakynthos Island support the largest single nesting aggregation in the Mediterranean Region of the endangered loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta. The present study attempts to determine possible correlations between a series of habitat variables and nest site selection. Nesting activities, including total and nesting emergences were examined in response to the recorded biotic and abiotic variables. The results of the analysis indicate that beach width is the most critical habitat variable affecting nest site selection. Further analysis of nesting performance implies that sea turtles use multiple environmental cues for nest site selection during the different steps of the nesting processes such as emergence from the surf and nesting. Nevertheless, we caution that a detailed study needs to be conducted over a more extensive period of time to verify these suggestions. 相似文献
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营巢对鸟类的生长繁殖有着重要影响。为此,从2007年3-9月在广东省肇庆江溪村对研究地中的黄腹山鹪莺(Prinia flaviventris)的巢进行标记和测量,并以巢址为中心做5m×5m样方调查,通过主成分分析研究其巢址选择,结果表明:1)黄腹山鹪莺营巢时间始于3月中旬,4月达到高峰,至7月底结束;2)在13种植物上发现44个巢,其中在象草(Pennisetum purpureum)上最多,有27个,其次为加拿大飞蓬(Erigeron canadensis),4个,其他植物皆为1—2个;3)巢皆为不规则的球状巢,巢材除动植物性材料外,均有人工制品;巢内空间与巢整体大小较为一致;4)影响巢址选择的主要因素4种,依次为:距最近水源距离(29.89%)、距最近道路距离(16.45%)、距最近灌木距离(12.92%)、距水面高度(11.69%)。据此认为黄腹山鹪莺的营巢是对草本植物环境的适应,而其尾羽的逆向变化对营巢是有利的,起到增加飞行灵活性和减少筑巢投资的效果。 相似文献
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Abstract
Numerous miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (MITEs) are present in the rice genome but their transposition mechanisms
are unknown. In this report, we present evidence that two novel MITE families may have arisen from Mutator-related transposable elements and thus may use a transposition mechanism similar to that of Mutator elements. Two families of novel MITEs, namely, MDM-1 and MDM-2, were identified by searching for MITEs nested with Kiddo, a previously identified MITE family. MDM-1 and MDM-2 bear hallmarks of Mutator elements, such as long terminal inverted repeats (LTIRs), 9-bp target-site duplications (TSDs), and putative transposase
binding sites. Strikingly, the MDM-1 family has a 9-bp terminus identical to that of a rice Mutator-like element (MULE-9) and the MDM-2 family has an 8-bp terminus identical to that of the maize autonomous Mutator element MuDR. A putative transposase homologous to MURA protein is identified for the MDM-2 family. Thus, these two novel MITE families, with a total copy number of several hundred in rice, are designated Mutator-derived MITEs (MDMs). Interestingly, sequence decay analysis of MDM families revealed a number of insertion site duplications (ISDs) in the alignment gaps, and widespread historical nesting
events are proposed to account for the existence of these ISDs. In addition to its value for discovering new MITEs, the nesting
analysis approach used in this study simultaneously identifies MITE insertion polymorphisms. 相似文献
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GIACOMO SANTINI PAUL M. RAMSAY LORENZO TUCCI LORENZO OTTONETTI FILIPPO FRIZZI 《Ecological Entomology》2011,36(5):625-634
1. The spatial arrangement of individuals and populations may have deep influences on all the biotic interactions within a community. 2. The spatial distribution of nests of the ant Crematogaster scutellaris Olivier was analysed in an olive orchard in central Italy. As this species nests inside tree trunks, the regular structure of this simplified ecosystem may help to reduce the confounding effect of habitat heterogeneity on the spatial distribution of nests. In total, 531 trees were mapped and their shape (size and structure of the trunk) recorded. The presence of C. scutellaris nests in each tree was assessed in spring–summer and autumn 2006 and 2007. 3. The number of occupied trees changed in time, from a maximum of 129 (summer 2006) to a minimum of 60 (autumn 2007). Occupancy of tree was related to its shape, with larger trees being more frequently and more steadily occupied than smaller ones. 4. Nests were spatially aggregated, forming well‐defined clusters, but aggregation was not explained by a corresponding clumping of larger trees. Nests belonging to the same cluster were usually not aggressive to each other, whereas aggression was more common between nests belonging to different clusters. The dynamic nature of the system coupled with the clustered distribution of nests, is consistent with a hypothesis of seasonal polydomy, and suggest that whereas some trees are steadily occupied (core) others are opportunistically colonised when new resources are discovered (satellites). 5. Clusters size distribution was shown to follow a truncated power‐law, a finding consistent with the idea that clusters are self‐organised structures dependent on local interactions. These results suggest that spatial self‐organisation in ant colonies may in principle be more common than previously thought, although the mechanisms generating these patterns still need to be clarified. 相似文献
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Vertebrate species from fish to humans engage in a complex set of preparatory behaviors referred to as nesting; yet despite its phylogenetic ubiquity, the physiological and neural mechanisms that underlie nesting are not well known. We here test the hypothesis that nesting behavior is influenced by the vasopressin–oxytocin (VP–OT) peptides, based upon the roles they play in parental behavior in mammals. We quantified nesting behavior in male and female zebra finches following both peripheral and central administrations of OT and V1a receptor (OTR and V1aR, respectively) antagonists. Peripheral injections of the OTR antagonist profoundly reduce nesting behavior in females, but not males, whereas comparable injections of V1aR antagonist produce relatively modest effects in both sexes. However, central antagonist infusions produce no effects on nesting, and OTR antagonist injections into the breast produce significantly weaker effects than those into the inguinal area, suggesting that antagonist effects are mediated peripherally, likely via the oviduct. Finally, immunocytochemistry was used to quantify nesting-induced Fos activation of nonapeptide neurons in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus and the medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Nest-building induced Fos expression within paraventricular VP neurons of females but not males. Because the avian forms of OT (Ile8-OT; mesotocin) and VP (Ile3-VP; vasotocin) exhibit high affinity for the avian OTR, and because both peptide forms modulate uterine contractility, we hypothesize that nesting-related stimuli induce peptide release from paraventricular vasotocin neurons, which then promote female nesting via peripheral feedback from OTR binding in the oviduct uterus. 相似文献
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In oviparous tetrapods, the nesting-site selection by females is related to the habitat characteristics, which influences nest incubation temperature. Females can directly influence the incubation temperature by choosing certain construction materials or by building nests of different sizes. There are few studies focusing on these aspects in crocodilians that build mound nests. The aim of this study was to determine whether the nest size, its exposure to solar radiation, and the environmental temperature influence the incubation temperature of Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) nests. Artificial nests of two sizes (small and large) were constructed with similar characteristics to natural nests and placed in two locations differing in exposure to solar radiation (shaded and sunny). We used temperature and relative humidity data loggers to record the incubation temperature inside each nest every hour during the species' natural nesting period. Likewise, we recorded the ambient temperature every hour where the experiments were set up with temperature data loggers. We found that nest size and its exposure to solar radiation affected the incubation temperature, with smaller nests in shaded locations having lower incubation temperatures than larger nests in sunny locations. We discuss the importance of nest-site selection and maintenance behaviour of the mound nest by female crocodiles on the incubation temperature of the nest. 相似文献