四川省康定市两栖动物多样性及其时空分布格局

为了全面掌握四川省康定市两栖动物多样性现状及其时空分布格局, 本研究系统选取61个10 km × 10 km调查网格, 每个网格设置至少3条样线, 分别于2016年9月、2017年5月和7月进行实地调查。所有调查网格中, 有11个网格未调查到两栖动物, 有1个网格调查到的两栖动物物种数最多达到了10种。调查共发现两栖类动物2,639只, 隶属于2目5科7属14种, 其中优势度最高的是中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans), 其次是倭蛙(Nanorana pleskei)和高原林蛙(Rana kukunoris), 优势度最低的是九龙齿突蟾(Scutiger jiulongensis)。不同月份两栖动物物种数和个体数调查结果显示: 5月份调查到的个体数最多, 共发现966只; 9月份调查到的物种数最多, 有13种。不同月份间两栖动物的物种相对多度结果显示: 5月和7月调查到的优势物种均为中华蟾蜍, 9月份为倭蛙。大部分两栖动物分布在海拔3,000-4,000 m之间; 四川湍蛙(Amolops mantzorum)和中华蟾蜍的海拔分布跨度较大, 分布范围在海拔1,300-3,600 m之间; 刺胸齿突蟾(Scutiger mammatus)和九龙齿突蟾等物种海拔分布范围较窄, 刺胸齿突蟾分布在海拔3,200-3,300 m之间; 九龙齿突蟾仅在海拔3,600 m左右。比较影响物种丰富度分布格局的5项环境因子发现, 年均降水量和植被类型数与物种丰富度显著相关, 其次是平均海拔, 而年均温和植被覆盖指数相关性相对较弱。本研究摸清了康定市两栖动物的多样性及其分布格局, 为康定市生物多样性保护提供基础数据。     

江西武夷山国家级自然保护区两栖动物多样性及海拔分布特点

区域物种多样性评价是全球生物多样性研究的重要部分。研究两栖动物物种丰富度的海拔分布格局能为物种多样性的保护提供科学依据。为了解江西武夷山国家级自然保护区(简称保护区)两栖动物多样性及海拔分布特点,于2014年7月22日—8月4日,选取22条样线开展调查,同时将保护区海拔300~2161 m区间按200 m的间隔分为10个海拔段,对两栖动物的海拔分布特点进行研究。结果表明:1)保护区现已记录两栖动物29种,隶属2目9科22属,以蛙科为主,占两栖物种总数的37.9%;2)崇安湍蛙(Amolops chunganensis)为保护区新纪录;3)两栖动物物种多样性大致呈先平台后递减的海拔分布特点,这可能主要受生境复杂性的影响。此外,本研究采用Stevens法和逐种法对Rapoport法则进行了验证,结果表明,保护区的两栖动物很难判断是否支持Rapoport法则。     

白水江自然保护区两栖爬行动物物种丰富度和种域海拔梯度格局及对Rapoport法则的验证

物种丰富度和种域宽度沿海拔梯度分布格局及其形成机制一直是生物地理学和生物多样性讨论的重要议题之一。海拔Rapoport法则认为,物种丰富度随海拔升高而逐渐变低,种域宽度逐渐变宽。本文基于白水江保护区两栖爬行动物物种的海拔分布数据,分析了白水江保护区两栖爬行动物物种丰富度及其种域宽度的海拔梯度格局;采用常用的4种验证方法,验证了不同类群、不同区系物种丰富度和不同阶元丰富度与其分布中点间的关系,并检验了Rapoport法则的适应性。结果表明:(1)白水江保护区两栖爬行动物物种丰富度随海拔升高呈逐渐下降趋势,大体符合单调递减模式,水分可能是决定两栖动物物种分布格局的主要环境因子,而决定爬行动物物种分布的环境因子主要是温度,这可能由这两种类群动物不同的生理需求所致。(2)两栖爬行动物物种(特别是狭域种)主要分布在低海拔,因此保护两栖爬行动物应该把重点放在低海拔段。(3)Stevens方法、Pagel法和逐中法验证结果支持海拔Rapoport法则,中点法由于受中域效应的影响,物种种域与海拔梯度呈先升后降的单峰分布模型。因此,验证方法对Rapoport法则的验证结果具有重要的影响。Rapoport法则验证的研究方法亟待改进,物种丰富度和种域的海拔梯度格局及其形成机理需要更多的案例比较研究,以形成普遍性的认识。     

秦岭两栖、爬行动物物种多样性海拔分布格局及其解释

物种多样性和种域宽度沿环境梯度的分布格局及其成因机制一直是生物地理学和生态学讨论的重要议题。本研究采用多元回归模型和方差分离的方法判断面积、水分和能量、边界限制对秦岭两栖、爬行动物及其不同区系成分的物种丰富度海拔梯度分布格局的影响。结果表明, 秦岭两栖爬行动物及其不同区系成分的物种丰富度均呈单峰分布格局, 但峰值分布的海拔段有所差异。形成这种格局是各种因素相互作用的结果, 3种假设的独立解释力较低。水分能量动态假设对两栖、爬行动物物种的丰富度格局有很强的解释能力, 但水分和能量的解释力中有很大一部分属于边界限制、面积的协同作用, 在解释两栖动物的海拔分布格局时, 边界限制与水分和能量之间存在较强的共线性, 而在解释爬行动物的海拔分布格局时, 面积与水分和能量之间存在较强的共线性。同时, 本研究采用Stevens法和逐种法对Rapoport法则进行了验证。结果表明, 爬行动物物种种域的海拔梯度格局基本上支持Rapoport法则, 两栖动物很难判断是否支持Rapoport法则。     

北京市两栖爬行动物空间分布格局及影响因素

基于遥感和野外调查数据,研究北京市两栖爬行动物空间分布格局及其影响因素。结果显示,北京记录两栖爬行动物2纲3目10科17属22种,其中,保护物种15种,占物种总数的68.19%。物种分布整体呈现由西北向东南递减的空间特征,西北部山区丰富度和相对多度较大,门头沟和延庆物种丰富度最大(14种),占调查物种总数的66.67%,优势种为中国林蛙、黑斑侧褶蛙、中华蟾蜍和山地麻蜥;门头沟、怀柔、房山分布了全市71.54%的种群数量;200-500 m海拔段物种丰富度最高(18种),主要生境为森林灌丛;物种数在6种以上的网格有11个,包括大滩、怀九河、百花山、拒马河、密云水库等。总体来看,物种种类和数量相较之前呈现减少趋势,而土地用途转换具有重要影响。1980-2018年,建设用地表现出以东西城为核心向外围扩张的趋势,侵占的农田占生态系统总转换面积的42.85%;城六区和平原区的主要物种为黑斑侧褶蛙和中华蟾蜍,少有中国林蛙分布。进一步分析两栖动物1500 m的迁徙距离内,森林灌丛和农田为主要的生境类型,城市扩张侵占了部分农田;同时,污染物的排放引起水体水质下降,特别是北运河水系,造成两栖动物的繁殖率降低和栖息地破坏。目前,北京市各类保护地虽覆盖两栖爬行动物种类的90.91%和数量的60.45%,但在怀柔宝山镇白河上段、密云水库来水的潮河上段辛庄桥、平谷洳河大兴庄镇-峪口镇等地,仍然存在较大的保护空缺。对此,建议开展长期定位观测,构建生物多样性观测网络,并探索建立高强度土地利用下的生物多样性保护机制,从而实现生物资源可持续利用。     

白水江自然保护区两栖、爬行动物物种丰富度的海拔梯度格局的解释:水分能量动态假设和生境异质性假设

采用线性回归模型和方差分离方法,利用水分能量动态假设和栖息地异质性假设解释了白水江自然保护区两栖、爬行动物物种丰富度的海拔分布格局。水分能量动态假设对白水江自然保护区两栖爬行动物物种丰富度的海拔分布格局的解释力较强,同时,水分能量动态假设和栖息地异质性假设之间存在着较强的共线性。年均降水量(PAN)进入了两栖动物物种丰富度海拔分布格局的最优线性回归模型,未进入爬行动物物种丰富度海拔分布格局的最优线性回归模型,但潜在蒸散量(PET)及其二次方(PET2)全部进入了爬行动物的最优线性回归模型,说明水分对两栖动物的重要性和温度对爬行动物的重要性。方差分离结果表明,栖息地异质性假设对两栖、爬行动物物种丰富度海拔分布格局的独立解释力较低,而水分能量动态假设的独立解释力较高。对于广域种,可能受到边界限制的影响,水分能量动态假设和栖息地异质性的解释力并不高。     

大熊猫国家公园荥经片区两栖爬行动物多样性及海拔分布格局北大核心CSCD

大熊猫国家公园荥经片区(102°19′~102°55′E,29°28′~29°56′N)位于四川省雅安市荥经县境内,该区域属亚热带季风气候,动植物资源丰富。为进一步了解该区域两栖爬行动物资源情况,于2021年5月、7月和9月在区内设置6个研究点,在其中布设33条有效样线,对两栖爬行动物的多样性和海拔分布特征进行调查,并通过访问调查与文献查阅方法对实地调查结果进行补充。结果表明,大熊猫国家公园荥经片区现有两栖爬行动物4目18科67种,其中两栖动物2目9科31种,爬行动物2目9科36种。东洋界物种占绝对优势,其中,两栖动物除黑斑侧褶蛙(Pelophylax nigromaculatus)以外全为东洋界物种,爬行动物中东洋界物种有26种,广布种仅有9种。6个研究点的Shanoon-Winner多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和生态优势度指数变化趋势基本一致,由高到低排序为,新庙、泡草湾、泥巴山、云雾山、大石坝、安靖。对区域内两栖动物的栖息地类型进行比较发现,陆栖-山区高原型生境中生活的两栖动物种类最多。两栖动物的丰富度随海拔梯度的升高呈现逐渐降低的趋势,爬行动物由于所发现的数量有限,并未发现明显的海拔分布特征。     

雅鲁藏布江河岸植物物种丰富度分布格局及其环境解释

沿环境梯度物种多样性的分布格局及其环境影响因子的研究是生态学研究的重点内容之一。雅鲁藏布江是我国海拔最高的大河, 目前还没有针对其流域的河岸植物群落物种丰富度分布格局的系统研究。作者沿海拔梯度从雅鲁藏布江上游源头区至下游共设置了15个海拔样带, 在每个海拔样带随机取6个5 m×5 m样方, 共对90个样方的河岸植物群落物种组成和植被类型进行了调查, 共记录到238种维管束植物。DCA排序结果表明物种组成变化主要受海拔和经度控制。CCA排序区分出5种大的植被类型, 即高寒草甸或高寒草原、高山草原、两种亚高山灌丛草原和林缘灌丛植被。各植被类型的分布和变化主要受海拔和经度影响。雅鲁藏布江河岸植物物种丰富度沿海拔和经度梯度呈浅“U”形分布格局, 物种丰富度与年均降水量和植被盖度成显著正相关。     

湖南小溪国家级自然保护区两栖爬行动物多样性与区系特征

本底资源是保护区建设与发展的基础,也是生物多样性深入研究与保护重要的参考资料。湖南小溪国家级自然保护区是我国中南地区具有代表性的原始次生林区,生物资源相对丰富。自2014年以来,对区内的两栖爬行动物资源、多样性及区系进行了较为系统的调查与研究。结果表明:区内现有两栖爬行动物2目16科40属63种,其中两栖动物1目7科15属33种,爬行动物1目9科25属30种;无声囊泛树蛙Polypedates mutus和老山树蛙Rhacophorus laoshan是湖南省两栖动物新记录;核心区的物种多样性指数和均匀度指数均高于缓冲区和实验区;动物区系成分缺乏古北界种类,以东洋界种类为主(48种,占76.2%),广布种有15种(23.8%);平均动物区系相似性比较发现,其与湖南省内其他6个保护区(森林公园)属于周缘关系。鉴于保护区两栖爬行动物资源的丰富性、典型性与代表性,应加强研究和保护。     

澜沧江流域水生昆虫群落分类多样性和功能多样性海拔格局的空间尺度依赖性

群落分类多样性和功能多样性的海拔格局研究, 是了解生物多样性空间分布现状、揭示多样性维持和变化机制的重要途径。当前对水生昆虫分类多样性和功能多样性沿海拔梯度分布格局, 及其尺度依赖性依旧缺乏深入研究。本文基于2013-2018年在云南澜沧江流域500-3,900 m海拔梯度共149个溪流点位的水生昆虫群落调查数据, 利用线性或二次回归模型探索并比较了局部尺度(点位尺度)和不同区域尺度(100 m、150 m、200 m、250 m海拔段)的分类多样性指数(物种丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数和物种均匀度指数)和功能多样性指数(树状图功能多样性指数(dbFD)、Rao二次熵指数(RaoQ)和功能均匀度指数(FEve))的海拔格局。结果表明, 在局部尺度, 物种丰富度指数和dbFD指数沿海拔梯度均无显著分布特征, Simpson多样性指数、RaoQ指数、物种均匀度指数和FEve指数沿海拔梯度呈现U型或者单调递减趋势。在区域尺度, 随着区域海拔带宽度的增加, 物种丰富度指数沿海拔呈不显著的单调递减格局, 但dbFD指数沿海拔分布由U型转变为单调递减趋势; Simpson多样性指数和RaoQ指数沿海拔梯度由显著U型趋势转变为无显著分布特征; 物种均匀度指数沿海拔梯度无显著分布特征, 但FEve指数呈显著增加的海拔格局。综上, 群落分类多样性指数和功能多样性指数沿海拔梯度分布存在局部和区域尺度的空间差异, 但区域尺度下二者海拔格局随海拔带宽度的增加存在一定程度的一致性。     

Plant diversity patterns and their relationships with soil and climatic factors along an altitudinal gradient in the middle Tianshan Mountain area, Xinjiang, China

Patterns of plant diversity along the altitudinal gradient of Tianshan in central Xinjiang, China were examined. Plant and environment characteristics were surveyed from higher, south of Bogeda peak, to lower, north of Guerbantonggute desert. There were a total of 341 vascular plant, 295 herbage, 41 shrub, and seven tree species in the sampled plots. The plant richness of vegetation types generally showed a unimodal pattern along altitude, with a bimodal change of plant species number at 100-m intervals of altitudinal samples. The two belts of higher plant richness were in transient areas between vegetation types, the first in areas from dry grass to forest, and the second from forest to sub-alpine grass and bush. The beta diversity varied with altitudinal changes, with herbaceous species accounting for most species, and thus had similar species turnover patterns to total species. Matching the change of richness of plant species to environmental factors along altitude and correlating these by redundancy analysis revealed that the environmental factors controlling species richness and its pattern were the combined effects of temperature, precipitation, soil water, and nutrition. Water was more important at low altitude, and temperature at high altitude, and soil chemical and physical characters at middle altitudes. This study provides insights into plant diversity conservation of Bogeda Natural Reserve Areas in Tianshan Mountain. Nomenclatures: the scientific name for plants follows Flora of China (Compiling Committee of Flora of China).     

三江并流地区干旱河谷植物物种多样性海拔梯度格局比较

在滇西北三江并流地区典型干旱河谷段, 在怒江、澜沧江和金沙江的东、西坡共设置了6条海拔梯度样带, 通过标准样地的植物群落调查, 分析各条样带植物的物种丰富度、物种更替率的海拔梯度格局, 并比较了地理和植被变量对分布格局的解释。干旱河谷植被带位于海拔3,000 m以下, 以灌丛和灌草丛为主, 其在各河谷的分布上限自西向东依次升高。植物物种丰富度的分布主要与海拔、流域、经纬度和植被带有关, 沿纬度和海拔梯度升高而显著增加的格局主要表现在草本层和灌木层, 灌木物种丰富度还呈现自西向东显著增加的趋势。怒江的灌木和草本种物种丰富度显著高于金沙江和澜沧江, 三条江的乔木种丰富度差异则不显著。森林带的样方草本物种丰富度显著低于灌草丛带样方, 并且还拥有后者没有的乔木种。不同样带的植物物种更替速率呈现了不一致的海拔梯度格局, 但均在样带海拔下部的灌草丛群落与海拔上部森林群落之间的交错带出现峰值。森林-灌草丛植被交错带在怒江样带处于海拔1,900-2,100 m处, 在澜沧江河谷位于海拔2,300-2,400 m, 在金沙江河谷位于海拔2,700-2,900 m。所有海拔样带的森林段或灌草丛段相对于同一样带不同植被段之间的物种更替程度为最小, 不仅小于同一流域不同样带相同植被段之间物种更替率的均值, 更小于所有样带相同植被段之间的更替率均值。在三条河流6条海拔样带的12个植被带段之间的物种更替变化中, 空间隔离因素可以解释34.2%, 而植被类型差异仅能解释不到0.5%。本研究结果显示了环境差异对不同植被类型物种丰富度的首要影响, 和各河流之间的空间隔离对植物群落构建和物种构成的主要作用。     

Species Diversity and Altitudinal Gradient Patterns of Evergreen Broad leaved Forest in MeihuashanNational Natural Reserve,Fujian Province

In China, evergreen broad leaved forests (EBLFs) is one of the most important vegetation types which was widly distributed in subtropical area, and it plays a very important role in the global biological diversity and natural environment conservation also. In order to reveal species diversity and altitudinal gradient patterns of evergreen broad leaved forest in Meihuashan National Natural Reserve, Fujian Province. Five altitude transects were set up at a vertical interval of 200m between 375m and 1300m above sea level in the EBLFs distribution areas, and twenty four quadrats(14400m2) had been surveyed. Species richness(S), species richness index (dGl), Simpson index (D), Shannon Wiener index (H′), Pielou evenness index (J) had been used for analysis of species diversity and altitudinal gradient pattern of EBLFs. The average value of S, dGl, H′,J and D were 64.42, 10.75, 5.75, 3.50, 0.58 respectively. The difference of community species diversity index(S, dGl, D, H′, and J) was extremely significant between transects, and the altitudinal gradient patterns of species diversity presented the unimodal variable trend, with a peak in the mid altitude(700m-900m). The species richness and Shannon Wiener index of different layer were ranked as shrub layer (include young tree and the plants between layers)>arbor layer>herb layer. The species richness of tree and shrub layer, and Shannon Wiener index of tree layer were significantly different between at transects, and trends of altitude gradient was similar to community. The Shannon Wiener index of shrub layer and herb layer, and the species richness of herb layer did not change significantly along elevation gradient. Therefore, plant species diversity distribution pattern presented a unimodal variable trend along an elevation gradient, and supported “mid domain model” in EBLFs of Meihuashan National Nature Reserve.     

福建梅花山常绿阔叶林植物物种多样性及其海拔梯度格局

常绿阔叶林是福建梅花山国家级自然保护区地带性植被。采用样带与典型群落调查法对区内的常绿阔叶林14400m2样地展开调查,并对植物多样性海拔梯度格局进行分析,结果表明：（1） 群落植物物种丰富度、Gleason丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数的均值分别为64.42、10.75、5.75、3.50、0.58,且这5种指数在各样带间差异极为显著,并随海拔的升高均呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在海拔700m~900m。（2） 群落各层次的植物物种丰富度、Shannon Wiener指数均呈现灌木层（包括幼树和层间植物）〉乔木层〉草本层的特征。乔木、灌木层物种丰富度与乔木层Shannon Wiener指数在海拔梯度上的样带间差异极显著,变化趋势与群落相似;灌木层与草本层Shannon Wiener指数以及草本层物种丰富度随海拔梯度变化不明显。因此,梅花山自然保护区常绿阔叶林植物物种多样性的海拔梯度格局呈现单峰分布,并支持中间高度膨胀模式（mid domain model）。     

Species Diversity and Life-Form Patterns in Steppe Vegetation along a 3000 m Altitudinal Gradient in the Alborz Mountains, Iran

Biodiversity pattern and life-form spectra were studied along a 3,000 m altitudinal gradient from a semi-desert area to the alpine peak of Tochal Mountain. The gradient is located on the southern slopes of Central Alborz with a Mediterranean continental climate. DCA ordination was applied to 1,069 relevés and 7 quantitative variables to discover the relation of diversity and altitude. A biodiversity pattern was obtained by relating values for species richness and Shannon-Wiener’s index to 100-m altitudinal sections. Altitude was determined as the major ecological gradient. Both diversity indices are negatively correlated with altitude and show a decreasing trend beyond a peak in species richness at 1,800–1,900 m a.s.l. towards a very low diversity in the high alpine zone. The biodiversity peak does not match with the potential tree line in the area (2,500–3,000 m a.s.l.). The high diversity in foothills can be related to habitat heterogeneity, longer suitable climatic conditions, and diverse disturbance factors, while unfavorable conditions at high-altitude alpine and low-altitude desert areas reduce the number of species at both extremes. Life-form patterns clearly change along altitudinal gradient. Annuals with decreasing trend, and hemicryptophytes and chamaephytes with increasing trend along the altitudinal gradient are notable patterns of life form in the area. Temperature, soil moisture and nutrients are the main factors that explain the ecological influence of altitude on species diversity and life-form patterns in the semi-arid steppe vegetation of the area.     

伊犁河谷北坡垂直分布格局及其与环境的关系——一种特殊的双峰分布格局

针对伊犁河谷北坡山地的植物多样性和土壤因子沿海拔的分布方式进行研究。对研究地海拔1000-2200m植物和环境特征进行调查,选取群落样地总数为44个,共调查到植物种155种,其中乔木7种、灌木18种、草本130种,调查到的群落类型完全涵盖了研究区所有沿海拔上升的群落类型。通过NLFS高级模拟显示总的物种丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数都与海拔呈现先升高后降低,再升高的一个特殊分布格局。出现了两个较高的物种丰富度地带,其中一个是低山荒漠到落叶阔叶林,另一个是山地草原到针叶林带。土壤养分和盐分也表现出了类似多样性的分布格局。通过PCA和相关分析表明,环境因子控制着物种丰富度和它的分布方式。水分在低海拔比较重要,在高海拔温度比较重要,而由于逆温层的作用,在较高海拔的针叶林带物种多样性出现了上升。物种丰富度与土壤总盐呈现显著负相关关系(r=-0.343),与土壤全盐也呈现显著负相关关系(r=-0.341)。Simpson指数与土壤pH值呈现显著负相关关系(r=-0.465)。Shannon-Wiener指数与土壤电导率呈现显著负相关关系(r=-0.367)。Pielou均匀度指数与土壤电导率呈现极显著负相关关系(r=-0.477),总之,多样性指数和土样盐分表现出了强相关性。这个研究为伊犁河谷植被与植物资源的保护和利用提供重要的科学依据,为河谷区山地植被与环境关系提供基础科学理论,为山地退化植被的修复提供参考案例和可借鉴的基础性数据。     

Influence of altitude on the distribution pattern of flora in a protected area of Western Himalaya

IntroductionDistribution pattern and diversity of flora was compared along an altitudinal gradient using the stratified random sampling design for identifying major plant communities of Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary of Garhwal Himalaya, India. The reconnaissance of flora is presented, along with the analysis of the distribution of species, genera, and families within five (5) altitudinal zones. Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary which is situated in the Indian Himalayas harbours a rich variety of flora and fauna. The Himalayas are recognized for diverse vegetation distributed over a wide range of topographical conditions.ResultsThe analysis of diversity within five (5) altitudinal zones was carried out and a total of 324 plant species, representing 219 genera belonging to 92 families, were found. The dominant family was Asteraceae; the co-dominant family was Rosaceae, followed by Lamiaceae and Ranunculaceae. Eight (8) families were observed in all the altitudinal zones, while forty (40) families were observed in a single altitudinal zone, and the remaining forty-four (44) families were found in more than one (1) altitudinal zone. Most of the tree species were contagiously distributed, but a few of them were randomly distributed in all the altitudinal zones. The shrubs and herbs were contagiously distributed in all the altitudinal zones. The correlation analysis (P < 0.05) between altitude and number of species showed that altitude is negatively correlated with tree (r = −0.96), shrub (r = −0.61), and herb species (r = −0.20). As per the cluster analysis of tree layer, altitudinal zone - III (2450–2650 m) and altitudinal zone - IV (2900–3100 m) were found most similar. Altitudinal zone–V (3350–3550 m) was found to be dissimilar from the other zones for herbs.ConclusionsAlthough species composition varies with altitude, but there is a complex relationship between species richness and altitudinal gradient. A decreasing pattern in both species richness and family richness for trees, shrubs and herbs, was recorded with increasing altitude. The predominant factors underlying this variability in plant species and biogeography appear to be climatic and specific to each taxonomic group.     

湖南莽山国家级自然保护区两栖动物资源调查与分析

为掌握野生动物资源现状,促进自然保护区的有效管理,2008～2011年,作者每年在湖南莽山国家级自然保护区(以下简称莽山自然保护区)对10条调查样带(长3～6 km,单侧宽5 m)内的两栖动物资源进行实地调查,同时将该保护区海拔400～1 800 m的区域按200 m均匀地分为7个海拔小带,对两栖动物垂直分布特点进行研究。结果显示,莽山自然保护区现已记录两栖类36种,隶属2目7科。其中以蛙科17种和角蟾科6种为多;其动物区系组成以34种东洋界种类占明显优势,并以17种华中区与华南区共有种为主;有国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物1种,中国特有种12种。寒露林蛙(Rana hanluica)、棘腹蛙(Paa boulengeri)和中国雨蛙(Hyla chinensis)为莽山自然保护区两栖动物新纪录。莽山自然保护区两栖动物垂直分布现象较明显,大致以海拔1 400 m为分界点,两栖动物物种组成有较大变化;海拔600～800 m小带的物种数最多。最后基于历史资料,分析了两栖动物多样性的历史变迁。     

Precipitation controls seed bank size and its role in alpine meadow community regeneration with increasing altitude

The Tibetan Plateau has undergone significant climate warming in recent decades, and precipitation has also become increasingly variable. Much research has explored the effects of climate change on vegetation on this plateau. As potential vegetation buried in the soil, the soil seed bank is an important resource for ecosystem restoration and resilience. However, almost no studies have explored the effects of climate change on seed banks and the mechanisms of these effects. We used an altitudinal gradient to represent a decrease in temperature and collected soil seed bank samples from 27 alpine meadows (3,158–4,002 m) along this gradient. A structural equation model was used to explore the direct effects of mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT) on the soil seed bank and their indirect effects through aboveground vegetation and soil environmental factors. The species richness and abundance of the aboveground vegetation varied little along the altitudinal gradient, while the species richness and density of the seed bank decreased. The similarity between the seed bank and aboveground vegetation decreased with altitude; specifically, it decreased with MAP but was not related to MAT. The increase in MAP with increasing altitude directly decreased the species richness and density of the seed bank, while the increase in MAP and decrease in MAT with increasing altitude indirectly increased and decreased the species richness of the seed bank, respectively, by directly increasing and decreasing the species richness of the plant community. The size of the soil seed bank declined with increasing altitude. Increases in precipitation directly decreased the species richness and density and indirectly decreased the species richness of the seed bank with increasing elevation. The role of the seed bank in aboveground plant community regeneration decreases with increasing altitude, and this process is controlled by precipitation but not temperature.