农田氮素非点源污染控制的生态补偿标准——以江苏省宜兴市为例

农田氮素流失引起的非点源污染已成为国内外农田生态环境资源可持续利用及农业可持续发展的瓶颈,对其进行有效控制愈显迫切.对非点源污染的控制不能简单地照搬点源污染的方法,须针对非点源污染本身具有的强烈外部性及复杂、广泛、不易监测等特征,探究与非点源污染特征规律相对应的对策.生态补偿作为应对全球生态危机和环境污染的一种公共政策工具,对于内化外部效应具有良好的效果.以农户减少一定程度的氮肥施用量获得政府补偿为切入点,论证了农户减少氮肥用量到最佳生态经济施氮量是获得补偿的依据;以宜兴市为实证对象,运用意愿调查评估法和成本-收益法相结合的方式测算了农户参与农田氮素非点源污染控制的生态补偿标准.研究表明:(1)宜兴市主要粮食生产的最佳生态经济施氮量为375.6 kg/hm2,农户参与农田氮素非点源污染控制的补偿额度理论值为620.0-7098.0元/hm2;(2)68.3％的受访农户愿意接受补偿而减少氮肥用量,受偿意愿与种田经验、受教育程度等因素正相关;(3)愿意接受补偿的农民中50.7％选择氮肥量减少到最佳生态经济施氮量,农田氮素非点源污染控制的补偿标准为620.0元/hm2.     

农业非点源污染模拟不确定性研究进展

随着点源污染控制水平的提高,非点源污染问题日益突出.农业非点源污染由于具有涉及范围广、控制难度大、模拟过程不确定因素多等特点,已成为当前水环境污染防治研究的热点与难点.本文围绕农业非点源污染模拟的不确定性问题,介绍了国内外常用的农业非点源污染模型及其不确定性来源,着重讨论了模型结构、参数和输入信息不确定性的研究方法及其应用进展;提出了今后的研究趋势,指出定量分析非点源污染的不确定性,获取影响非点源污染负荷的关键因子,可以有针对性地进行非点源污染的预防和管理,对于提高非点源污染研究水平和制定有效的污染防治措施均具有重要意义.     

农业非点源污染关键源区识别方法研究进展

在农业非点源污染研究中,识别污染发生的关键源区非常重要.在介绍输出系数法、污染指数法和非点源污染模型法等主要农业非点源污染关键源区识别方法的基础上,分析了输出系数取值、污染指数因子权重分级以及非点源模型法参数获取等方面存在问题,并从野外观测、现有不同识别方法的结合、多角度识别方法的研究以及新技术的应用与集成等方面对未来关键源区识别研究进行了展望,以期为农业非点源污染评价与控制提供借鉴.     

流域单元景观格局与农业非点源污染的关系

农业非点源污染日益成为影响地表环境的主要污染方式之一,正确理解景观格局和农业非点源污染过程的关系是进一步认识农业非点源污染发生机制的关键。本文应用去趋势典范对应分析方法（DCCA）对石头口门水库控制流域13个流域单元的景观格局与农业非点源污染关系进行定量分析。结果表明:DCCA排序前2轴分别与森林比率、植被指数、景观聚集度指数、多样性指数和耕地及居民建设用地比率显著相关,累计解释了景观格局与农业非点源污染关系的92%,证明此方法对研究目标具有较高显示度。各流域单元农业非点源污染养分径流输出特征沿景观因子梯度具有明显空间变异。     

农业非点源污染控制中的最佳管理措施及其发展趋势

农业非点源污染是最主要的一类非点源污染,容易造成水体的富营养化,降低环境的质量,已经成为构成目前水质环境恶化的一大威胁。农业非点源污染具有随机性、广泛性等特点,因此对农业非点源污染的控制相对比较困难。最佳管理措施通过工程措施、耕种措施和管理措施共同作用控制农业非点源污染,可以取得良好的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。其中工程措施有梯田与山边沟,草沟与植被过滤带、人工湿地、节水灌溉系统等,耕种措施有保护性耕作、等高线种植、合理轮作等,管理措施包括有害生物综合治理、综合肥力管理、农田灌溉制度等。最后,本文还对最佳管理措施的发展趋势作了展望。     

城市非点源污染控制的景观生态学途径

城市非点源污染是伴随城市快速发展而出现的新问题.城市土地利用的特殊性、不透水层面积的增加,使城市非点源污染不同于农业非点源污染,而控制难度更大.治理城市非点源污染的常用方法是最佳管理措施(BestManagementPractices,BMPs),主要采取一些局部修复措施在地表径流迁移过程中控制污染物.但城市土地利用格局的改变对非点源污染的影响十分显著,结合局部的BMPs和区域的景观规划是控制城市非点源污染的一个理想途径.城市非点源污染控制的景观生态学途径首先需要了解城市景观格局对非点源污染源、污染物迁移过程和受纳水体的影响,明确非点源污染与景观格局的关系,判定造成非点源污染的主要原因和关键环节.在此基础上,根据城市非点源污染控制要求,针对性地重新组合原有景观格局或引入新的景观要素以构建新的景观格局,并将BMPs融入规划之中,将景观规划与管理有机结合,增强城市景观异质性,实现对城市非点源污染的有效控制.     

流域非点源氮素流失空间分异特征的多时间尺度分析

流域非点源污染关键源区的定位是控制和治理流域非点源污染的重要问题,为进一步揭示时间尺度对流域非点源氮素流失空间分异特征的影响,通过构建山美水库流域SWAT模型,在对各个子流域的总氮(TN)流失强度进行模拟的基础上,从多年平均、多年月平均、场次暴雨洪水过程等3种时间尺度,对氮素流失的空间分异特征和关键源区进行分析,并通过多元线性相关分析,对自然和人为因素的影响进行研究.结果表明： 不同时间尺度下流域氮素流失空间差异均十分显著,氮素流失空间分异程度以多年月平均最高,场次暴雨洪水过程最低;桃溪亚流域氮素流失量最大,是非点源氮污染关键源区.不同时间尺度下,土地利用类型均是影响流域非点源氮素流失空间分布的主要因素,而降雨、径流等自然因子对氮素流失空间分异的影响仅表现在不施肥月份和部分不施肥场次的暴雨洪水过程,这种规律与土地利用及施肥具有显著空间变化、而降雨径流的空间变异程度低有关.     

基于“源-汇”生态过程的长江上游农业非点源污染

景观空间格局是农业非点源污染的主要影响因素之一,关于二者的相互关系缺乏定量研究.针对长江上游的农业非点源污染问题,应用基于"源-汇"生态过程理论提出的景观空间负荷对比指数,选取9个典型的行政单元,探讨了长江上游流域景观空间格局和非点源污染之间的定量关系.结果表明,景观空间负荷对比指数对非点源污染负荷有显著的响应关系,说明景观空间负荷对比指数可作为非点源污染空间风险评价的有用方法之一.在此基础上,进一步分析了长江上游典型行政单元景观空间负荷对比指数时空演变规律.探讨了指数演变时空差异原因,认为该指数主要受到区域景观的坡度、与污染出口相对距离、高程、土地利用类型比重和农业与农村经济政策的影响.最后提出了长江上游非点源污染空间风险控制与管理的对策.     

关键源区识别:农业非点源污染控制方法

非点源污染的控制难度大、成本高,必须首先识别流域内的关键源区。对国内外应用的关键源区识别方法从指标筛选、指标体系建立到关键源识别等关键技术环节进行了系统的评述,以促进该方法在我国农业非点源污染控制中的应用。     

滨河湿地不同植被对农业非点源氮污染的控制效果

滨河湿地作为连接河流水体和陆地的一个功能过渡界面区,是河流生态系统与陆地生态系统进行物质、能量、信息交换的一个重要过渡带,也是保护河流水体的最后一道屏障,对水质净化和农业非点源污染控制起着非常重要的作用。以黄河湿地国家自然保护区孟津扣马段为研究对象,采取野外定位观测试验和稳定同位素示踪(人工富集15N源的同位素稀释法)相结合的方法,研究了滨河湿地土壤对农业非点源氮的持留作用、渗漏到地下水中的农业非点源氮和湿地不同植被对滞留在土壤中的农业非点源氮的吸收作用。结果显示:通过地表径流进入滨河湿地的农业非点源氮在3个实验样方的垂向和侧向都发生了渗漏。滨河湿地土壤对农业非点源氮的滞留作用主要发生在0—10cm,相当于一个过滤器的功能。3种受试植被土壤表层的滞留量为芦苇(0.045mg/g)藨草(0.036mg/g)水烛(0.032mg/g),分别占到土壤滞留氮的59.2%、56.3%和56.1%。滞留在土壤中的农业非点源氮污染存在一个相对较长的效应。滨河湿地特殊的氧化还原条件导致强烈的土壤微生物反硝化作用以及滨河湿地植被对氮素的吸收作用,使得0-10cm土层土壤外源氮变化速度最快,1个月后,滞留芦苇、水烛、藨草样方中15N下降了77.8%、68.8%和8.3%;3个月后,芦苇、藨草、水烛样方中的15N下降了93.3%、72.2%和37.5%。滨河湿地复杂的水文过程,使得滞留在土壤表层的农业非点源氮迁移转化更为复杂多变。监测数据显示,在实验设计的浓度和强度范围内农业非点源氮没有对地下水造成影响。不同植被和同一植物的不同生长时期对滞留在土壤中氮的吸收能力差别较大,吸收量依次为芦苇嫩芽(9.731mg/g)老芦苇(4.939mg/g)藨草(0.620mg/g)水烛(0.186mg/g)。通过对生物量计算得出滨河湿地芦苇、水烛和藨草对农业非点源氮的吸收能力分别为氮吸收量96.11、3.76、0.32kg/hm2。可见,滨河湿地作为连接河流与陆地的缓冲带,通过截留、过滤、植物吸收等过程能有效的削减农业非点源氮对临近地表水体污染,对农业非点源氮污染控制起着非常重要的作用。合理的滨河湿地保护与利用模式对河流水环境保护具有重要的意义。     

Nitrogen Source Activates TOR (Target of Rapamycin) Complex 1 via Glutamine and Independently of Gtr/Rag Proteins

The evolutionary conserved TOR complex 1 (TORC1) activates cell growth in response to nutrients. In yeast, TORC1 responds to the nitrogen source via a poorly understood mechanism. Leucine, and perhaps other amino acids, activates TORC1 via the small GTPases Gtr1 and Gtr2, orthologs of the mammalian Rag GTPases. Here we investigate the activation of TORC1 by the nitrogen source and how this might be related to TORC1 activation by Gtr/Rag. The quality of the nitrogen source, as defined by its ability to promote growth and glutamine accumulation, directly correlates with its ability to activate TORC1 as measured by Sch9 phosphorylation. Preferred nitrogen sources stimulate rapid, sustained Sch9 phosphorylation and glutamine accumulation. Inhibition of glutamine synthesis reduces TORC1 activity and growth. Poor nitrogen sources stimulate rapid but transient Sch9 phosphorylation. A Gtr1 deficiency prevents the transient stimulation of TORC1 but does not affect the sustained TORC1 activity in response to good nitrogen sources. These findings suggest that the nitrogen source must be converted to glutamine, the preferred nitrogen source in yeast, to sustain TORC1 activity. Furthermore, sustained TORC1 activity is independent of Gtr/Rag. Thus, the nitrogen source and Gtr/Rag activate TORC1 via different mechanisms.     

真菌发酵生产EPA及DHA影响因素的研究进展

对真菌发酵生产EPA及DHA的影响因素进行综述 ,介绍了菌种、碳源、氮源、C/N比、pH值、温度、发酵时间、通气量、代谢途径的调控、种龄和接种量等因素对EPA及DHA产量的影响。     

Metabolic behaviour of aflatoxin producing strain and non-toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus to different sources of nitrogen and glucose concentration

The effect of different nitrogen sources and varying glucose concentration on aflatoxin production by a toxigenic and non-toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus was studied. Greatest production (3.8 ppm) of aflatoxin B₁ was produced in a synthetic medium when casamino acids were supplied as the nitrogen source. Optimum sugar concentration for aflatoxin B₁ production ranged between 3 and 10 g/100 ml. There was no appreciable difference in the metabolic behaviour between toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of A. flavus when dry mycelial weight, total proteins, non-protein nitrogen and reducing sugar were the criteria.     

Enhancing mainstream nitrogen removal by employing nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation processes

Due to serious eutrophication in water bodies, nitrogen removal has become a critical stage for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) over past decades. Conventional biological nitrogen removal processes are based on nitrification and denitrification (N/DN), and are suffering from several major drawbacks, including substantial aeration consumption, high fugitive greenhouse gas emissions, a requirement for external carbon sources, excessive sludge production and low energy recovery efficiency, and thus unable to satisfy the escalating public needs. Recently, the discovery of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria has promoted an update of conventional N/DN-based processes to autotrophic nitrogen removal. However, the application of anammox to treat domestic wastewater has been hindered mainly by unsatisfactory effluent quality with nitrogen removal efficiency below 80%. The discovery of nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-DAMO) during the last decade has provided new opportunities to remove this barrier and to achieve a robust system with high-level nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater, by utilizing methane as an alternative carbon source. In the present review, opportunities and challenges for nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation are discussed. Particularly, the prospective technologies driven by the cooperation of anammox and n-DAMO microorganisms are put forward based on previous experimental and modeling studies. Finally, a novel WWTP system acting as an energy exporter is delineated.     

Molecular and physiological interactions of urea and nitrate uptake in plants

While nitrate acquisition has been extensively studied, less information is available on transport systems of urea. Furthermore, the reciprocal influence of the two sources has not been clarified, so far. In this review, we will discuss recent developments on plant response to urea and nitrate nutrition. Experimental evidence suggests that, when urea and nitrate are available in the external solution, the induction of the uptake systems of each nitrogen (N) source is limited, while plant growth and N utilization is promoted. This physiological behavior might reflect cooperation among acquisition processes, where the activation of different N assimilatory pathways (cytosolic and plastidic pathways), allow a better control on the nutrient uptake. Based on physiological and molecular evidence, plants might increase (N) metabolism promoting a more efficient assimilation of taken-up nitrogen. The beneficial effect of urea and nitrate nutrition might contribute to develop new agronomical approaches to increase the (N) use efficiency in crops.     

甲壳素脱乙酰酶产生菌产酶条件的优化

采用斜面培养和液体发酵培养产甲壳素脱乙酰酶的真菌构巢曲霉,并且研究了产酶条件。结果表明,构巢曲霉的最适产酶条件为：发酵培养基初始pH值为6.5、发酵时间为96h、培养温度为31℃、碳源浓度为2%、氮源浓度为2%、金属离子浓度为0.01mol/L、接种量为6%。     

森林生态系统DOM的来源、特性及流动

可溶性有机物质（Dissolved Organic Matter)是森林生态系统主要的可移动碳库及重要的养分库。系统综述了森林生态系统DOM的来源,组成,性质,季节动态;DOM释放与存留机制及影响因素,森林生态系统DOM的流动及干扰对DOM动态影响等,已有研究表明DOM的森林生态系统C、N、P循环,成土作用,污染物迁移等方面起着重要作用。今后森林生态系统DOM的研究应集中于以几方面：（1）确定森林生态系统中DOM源和汇;（2）评价森林水文条件对DOM释放与存留的调节作用;（3）探讨全球气候变化对森林生态系统DOM的影响;（4）可溶性有机氮（Dissolved Organic Nitrogen),可溶性有机磷（Dissolved Organic Phosphorus)动态与可溶性有碳（Dissolved Organic Carbon）动态的差别。     

酵母SOD形成的生理学研究

对筛选出的一株ＳＯＤ高产菌株Ｙ－２１６形成ＳＯＤ的生理条件作了初步研究。结果表明：碳源、氮源、碳氮配比和金属离子等营养条件及培养温度、时间和通气量等培养条件,均对该菌株生物量与ＳＯＤ含量有较大的影响。同时通过对几种酵母的测定,发现酵母菌对氧的抗性越大其ＳＯＤ含量也就越高。     

Sources and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal(loid)s in Agricultural Soils of Huzhou,China

To identify sources of heavy metal(loid) (HM) contamination in agricultural soils of Huzhou, surface soil samples were sampled from 89 different agricultural regions in 2012. Concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s, along with pH, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and soil organic matter (SOM), were determined. Ecological risk was then assessed using a modified Hakanson ecological risk index, and the sources of contamination were determined using principal component analysis (PCA). Mean concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s were 10.26, 23.21, 83.75, 22.81, 0.25, 61.86, 33.03, and 0.15 mg kg^?1 for As, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg, respectively. Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Hg, and Pb were correlated positively with TP and there were obvious positive correlations among Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, and Cd. Risk index (RI) values varied from 39 to 1246 with a mean value of 137. Enrichment of Pb, Zn, Cu, and especially Cd can be attributed to excessive use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers containing heavy metals, as well to surface irrigation and natural soil formation. While the ecological risk of most agricultural soils in Huzhou is low, it is recommended that the use of phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers be restricted and production technology be improved to reduce the heavy metal(loid) concentrations. Results suggest that the Chinese environmental quality standard for soil should be revised to better address heavy metal(loid) contamination.     

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) synthesis by recombinant Escherichia coli harbouring Streptomyces aureofaciens PHB biosynthesis genes: effect of various carbon and nitrogen sources

Recombinant Escherichia coli (ATCC:PTA-1579) harbouring poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) synthesising genes from Streptomyces aureofaciens NRRL 2209 accumulates PHB. Effects of different carbon and nitrogen sources on PHB accumulation by recombinant E. coli were studied. Among the carbon sources used glycerol, glucose, palm oil and ethanol supported PHB accumulation. No PHB accumulated in recombinant cells when sucrose or molasses were used as carbon source. Yeast extract, peptone, a combination of yeast extract and peptone, and corn steep liquor were used as nitrogen sources. The maximum PHB accumulation (60% of cell dry weight) was measured after 48 h of cell growth at 37 degrees C in a medium with glycerol as the sole carbon source, and yeast extract and peptone as nitrogen sources. Scanning electron microscopy of the PHB granules isolated from recombinant E. coli revealed these to be spherical in shape with a diameter ranging from 0.11 to 0.35 pm with the mean value of 0.23 +/- 0.06 pm.