新城疫分离毒HN蛋白的抗原性初步分析及分子特性研究

运用针对NDV囊膜糖蛋白(HN)的单克隆抗体(MAbs),对2005～2006年间自我国江苏和广西部分地区的20株NDV分离株进行排谱试验,初步分析了不同毒株之间HN蛋白的抗原表位差异;并应用RT-PCR技术成功扩增了其HN基因整个编码区,经克隆、测序最终获得13株鸡源NDV与7株鹅源NDV HN基因的编码区序列,分析测定核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列,并将鹅源NDV与鸡源NDV相应序列进行了比较.结果单抗排谱试验表明,20株NDV分离株之间HN蛋白的抗原表位存在差异;测序结果表明,测定的HN基因的编码区长度皆为1716nt编码571个氨基酸;分离株中18株基因Ⅶ型NDV分离株之间HN基因编码区核苷酸序列具有较高的同源性,达94.8%～100%;与近几年国内流行的其它基因Ⅶ型NDV之间的核苷酸序列同源性为92.1%～99.6%.对其推导的HN蛋白一级结构中潜在的糖基化位点及HN蛋白细胞受体结合相关区域的氨基酸序列等进行了比较分析.结果显示,单抗排谱差异显著株在部分氨基酸位点发生了突变;同时揭示我国部分地区同期流行的鹅源NDV与鸡源NDV HN基因之间具有较近的亲缘关系.     

三株新城疫病毒强毒株的生物学特性及全基因组序列分析

2009～2011年从北方发病鸡群和鸭群中分离出3株新城疫病毒（Newcastle disease virus,NDV）。通过致病性指数测定及交叉血凝抑制试验初步分析了3个毒株的毒力和相互之间的同源性。选取鸡源分离株SDLY01与新城疫疫苗株（LaSota）进行了交叉保护试验,选取鸭源毒株SD03对樱桃谷鸭进行攻毒实验,同时设计引物对3个毒株进行了全基因组测序,并与36株NDV参考株进行了分子进化分析。结果表明3个分离株F蛋白裂解位点的氨基酸序列均为112R-R-Q-K-R-F117符合强毒株的序列特征,并与致病性指数测定结果相符。交叉血凝抑制试验发现3个分离株与疫苗株LaSota 的抗原同源性较低为82.5%～89.4%,两个鸡源分离株间的抗原同源性为90%,而鸭源毒株SD03与鸡源毒株SDSG01同源性为100%。交叉保护试验和攻毒实验结果显示传统的LaSota疫苗能对SDLY01流行株提供100%免疫保护,但第5天仍检测到排毒;鸭源毒株SD03对樱桃谷鸭不致病,但能检出排毒,排毒期最长为5d。全基因组测序与分析表明3个毒株基因组长度均为15192bp,属于基因Ⅶd型毒株,与同期流行的鹅源及鸭源NDV毒株之间全基因组核苷酸序列具有高度的同源性,揭示鸭源、鹅源NDV与鸡源NDV在遗传学和流行病学上密切相关。     

禽Ⅰ型副粘病毒各种禽源分离株毒力及其相关基因的研究

用测定新城疫病毒(NDV)毒力的经典方法,即鸡胚平均死亡时间(MDT)和脑内接种致病指数(ICPI),对源于鸡、鸽、鹅、珍珠鸡、孔雀、鹌鹑和画眉鸟等7种禽(鸟)源的共14个禽Ⅰ型副粘病毒(APMV-1)广西分离株,分别测定了毒力。同时对分离株F基因的N一端前段和HN基因的e末端片段进行扩增、测序和分析,并绘制系谱树。结果发现,分离株的MDT在36h～75h之间,除1株鸽源毒株gxp22的ICPI值为0外,其余分离株在1．09～1．95之间;除孔雀源的分离株gxpc52在F基因裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列为^112R-RQ-R-R-F^117之外,其它13株均为^112R-R-Q-K-R-F^117,都符合强毒株的特征。所有分离株与国内参考强毒株F48E8和国外参考强毒株HER／33在HN基因e末端终止密码子的位置相同,也符合强毒株的特征。根据F基因核苷酸序列绘制的系谱树发现,近几年来在广西流行的APMV-1毒株的基因型为Ⅶd亚型;根据HN基因核苷酸序列绘制的系谱树表明,广西各种禽源APMV-1分离株可分为2个群。研究的结果表明,根据F基因裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列和HN蛋白翻译的终止密码子的位置判定APMV-1毒力的结果,都与毒株在临床上的致病情况相符。因此,根据F基因和HN基因序列和结构的特征,均可以判定APMV-1临床分离株的体内致病性。     

新城疫病毒HN基因的遗传变异与HI相关性的研究

选取国内1999~2004年分离的新城疫野毒10株,经CEF蚀斑纯化和SPF鸡胚增殖,对其血凝素-神经氨酸酶(HN)基因分别进行克隆和测序,结合在GenBank中发表的LaSota、F48E9和Clone30等参考序列,对其氨基酸序列进行遗传变异分析,绘制系统发育树。利用SPF鸡在隔离器中分别制备上述NDV毒株的单因子阳性血清,进行血凝抑制(HI)交叉试验,计算NDV不同株之间的HI相关系数(r)。利用统计学软件SPSS8.0对NDV不同株之间的HN氨基酸同源率和HI相关系数(r)进行相关比较。结果表明:NDV野毒间氨基酸高度同源,同源性为96.5%~99.8%,而与LaSota、F48E9和Clone30同源率仅为87.4%~89.9%;所有野毒均缺乏1个潜在的糖基化位点;HN基因的氨基酸同源性与HI相关系数显著相关(P<0.01,r=0.55)。     

4株鹅源新城疫病毒融合蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

测定了4株鹅源新城疫病毒(NDV)融合蛋白(F)基因5’端1700核苷酸片段的序列,并由此推导了F蛋白氨基酸序列,并对鹅源NDV的基因型分类地位进行探讨。结果表明,4株病毒F基因的同源性大于97%,与DNV标准强毒株F48E8 F基因的同源性为860%～868%,F基因转录起始序列及起始密码子位置与已知NDV完全相同;F蛋白具有和已知NDV相似的各种功能区,F蛋白前体F0裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列为112RRQKRF117,符合NDV强毒株的特征。对F基因第334～1682位核苷酸之间3种限制性内切酶HinfⅠ、BstoⅠ\,\%Rsa\%Ⅰ酶切图谱的分析表明,4株病毒的基因型与文献报道的I～Ⅷ型有明显差异。     

新城疫病毒分离株的生物学特性鉴定及F蛋白基因序列分析

通过部分生物学特性鉴定、RT-PCR及F基因的序列测定与遗传进化分析,对2005~2006年从我国江苏省和广西省部分地区的发病鸡群和鹅群中分离到的20株新城疫病毒(NDV)进行了研究。各分离株经典毒力测定结果显示:MDT在45.3h~58.2h之间,ICPI在1.61~2.00之间,均为新城疫病毒强毒株特征。血凝解脱及血凝素热稳定性试验显示:各分离株的血凝解脱时间短,血凝素热稳定性较差,符合NDV强毒株的特征。F基因的序列测定表明,分离株之间的核苷酸序列具有79.7%~100%的同源性,与疫苗株LaSota的同源性为78.1%~83.4%;与国内标准强毒株F48E8同源性为80.2%~90.1%。推导其氨基酸序列分析表明,各分离株的F蛋白的裂解位点氨基酸组成为112R-R-Q-R/K-R-F117,具有NDV强毒株特征,与毒力测定结果相符。根据序列所绘制系统进化发生树,表明20株NDV分离株中有18株为基因Ⅶd型,2株为基因Ⅲ型。     

新城疫病毒分离株HN和P基因分子进化及其相关研究

为探讨新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)血凝素-神经氨酸酶(HN)和磷蛋白(P)基因遗传特性以及相互关系,将1997～2005年间国内分离到12株NDV毒株,分别进行HN和P基因克隆测序,结合15个已发表的国内外不同时期的NDV毒株HN和P基因,计算所有毒株HN和P基因的不同核苷酸和氨基酸片段进化距离,利用统计软件进行了不同片段间进化距离的方差分析,HN或P基因核苷酸进化距离与毒株分离时间、HN或P基因片段与其全长间以及HN和P基因全长间的相关分析.统计分析显示:NDV HN或P基因不同核苷酸和氨基酸序列片段变异程度不一样;不同毒株间HN或P基因片段与其全长间以及HN和P基因全长间无论是核苷酸还是氨基酸遗传变异高度相关.以上说明,NDV HN和P基因虽以不同的方式进化,但是HN和P基因遗传变异的趋势是相同的.HN和P基因的变异与分离时间有一定的联系.     

我国分离的盖塔病毒衣壳蛋白基因和3′非翻译区分子特征研究

对我国海南省和河北省分离到的3株盖塔病毒(GETV)(M1、HB0215-3和HB0234)进行衣壳蛋白基因和3′UTR区序列测定,并分析比较该病毒的分子生物学遗传特征。首先应用逆转录聚合酶链反应扩增出病毒衣壳蛋白基因和3′UTR片段,纯化后连接到载体中进行测序,然后用Clastal X和DNASTAR软件对测定的核苷酸和推测的氨基酸序列进行比较分析,用MEGA软件绘制系统发生树。3株病毒衣壳蛋白基因分别由801、804和804个核苷酸组成,分别编码267、268和268个氨基酸,3株病毒之间核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性为97.6%~100%和97.8%~100%,与其他GETV分离株核苷酸同源性在95.4%~99.6%之间。3株病毒3′UTR分别由411、401和401个核苷酸组成,发现中国株存在10个(45~54位)核苷酸缺失和2个(64位、148位)特有的核苷酸位点。进化分析表明盖塔病毒之间的进化关系与分离年代相关,中国境内流行的盖塔病毒是相对独立的一个类群。     

新城疫不同毒株交叉鸡胚中和指数及其与F和HN基因变异的相关性

选取13株国内2001～2004年分离的新城疫流行病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV),经蚀斑纯化,克隆其融合蛋白(F)和血凝素.神经氨酸酶(HN)基因,结合疫苗株La Sota、Clone30和国内标准强毒株F48E9等的基因序列,进行遗传变异分析.利用纯化的病毒制备特异阳性血清,进行鸡胚交叉中和试验,确定不同NDV毒株之间的抗原相关性,并与NDV不同毒株之间的HN和F基因核苷酸(氨基酸)同源性进行相关比较.结果表明:病毒中和指数与HN基因的核苷酸(氨基酸)同源性显著相关(P<0.01,r=-0.35),与F基因呈弱相关(P<0.05,r=0.20),而与F基因前374bp的核甘酸同源性不相关.这表明,NDV的分子变异已经对NDV的抗原性变异产生了影响,研制新型的疫苗成为必然.     

麻疹病毒F基因测序及其进化关系的初步分析

研究麻疹病毒疫苗株S191毒种及其传代的病毒溶血素F(Haemolysin,HL)基因稳定性;对该序列一些重要位点的氨基酸进行比较,推测其功能结构及生物学活性变化;同时对该基因与M蛋白基因之间的非编码序列进行比对分析。利用RT-PCR方法扩增S191减毒株MeV23、26、27代及一株流行株YunnanLC-10的F基因,测序后进行比对分析。S191传代病毒F基因序列之间核苷酸同源性为99.8%,氨基酸同源性为99.5%～99.6%;S191疫苗株与流行株之间核苷酸序列同源性达95.2%;疫苗株与流行株1003nt的非编码区序列同源性为85.0%。S191传代病毒F基因具有较高遗传稳定性,关键功能位点氨基酸未发生传代改变;1003nt非编码区序列变异速度较快。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.