山西嗡蜣螂属一新种及波鳃金龟属二新种记述（鞘翅目：金龟总科）

本文记述山西省金龟科嗡蜣螂属１新种：中华嗡蜣螂Ｏｎｔｈｏｐｈａｇｕｓ ｓｉｎｉｃｕｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．及鳃金龟科婆鳃金龟属２新种：五台婆鳃金龟Ｂｒａｈｍｉｎａ ｗｕｔａｉｅｎｓｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;粗婆鳃金龟Ｂｒａｈｍｉｎａ ｒｕｉｄａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存于中科院动物研究所及山西省农科院植保研究所。     

山西嗡蜣螂属一新种及婆鳃金龟属二新种记述(鞘翅目:金龟总科)

本文记述山西省金龟科嗡蜣螂属１新种：中华嗡蜣螂Ｏｎｔｈｏｐｈａｇｕｓｓｉｎｉｃｕｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．及鳃金龟科婆鳃金龟属２新种：五台婆鳃金龟Ｂｒａｈｍｉｎａｗｕｔａｉｅｎｓｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;粗婆鳃金龟Ｂｒａｈｍｉｎａｒｕｉｄａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存于中科院动物研究所及山西省农科院植保研究所。     

中国正鳃金龟属暨四新种记述(鞘翅目:鳃金龟科)

本文记述中国新纪录正鳃金龟属Malaisius Arrow(1941)及4个新种——云南松正鳃金龟Malaisius pinae,介正鳃金龟M.intermedius,背黑正鳃金龟M.melanodiscus及闽正鳃金龟M.fujianensls。结合4新种之特征,重新描述了本属属征,指出正鳃金龟属与歪鳃金龟属Cyphochilus Waterheuse近缘。     

五种鳃金龟幼虫描述（鞘翅目）

对日胸突鳃金龟Hoplosternus japonicus Harold,坦狭肋鳃金龟Holotrichia tonkinensis Moser,白云鳃金龟替代亚种Polyphylla alba vicaria Semenov,大皱鳃金龟Trematodes grandis Semenov和二色希鳃金龟Hilyotrogus bicoloreus(Heyden)5种幼虫首次进行了形态描述,绘制了特征图,并编制了幼虫分类检索表。     

四个齿爪鳃金龟类群分类地位的RAPD分析

本应用RAPD技术对齿爪鳃金龟属（Holotrichia)的四个类群进行了分类地位的研究,结果表明,不同类群间的平均遗传距离分别为：华北大黑鳃金龟的登种群与南京种群间为0．346,登种群与东北大黑锶金龟间为0．375,南京种群与东北大黑鳃金龟间为0．359,矮臂锶金龟与登种群,南京种群和东北大黑鳃金龟间分别为0．552,0．545和0．534。对RAPD指纹图谱进行UPGMA聚类分析,系统发育树将以上四个类群分为了差异显的两大类,综合各项研究指标,东北大黑鳃金龟与华北大黑鳃金龟之间的差异为种群水平的变化,东北大黑鳃金龟与华北大黑鳃金龟属同种昆虫,按照动物命名法规,东北大黑鳃金龟应为华北大黑鳃金龟的同物异名。     

丽腹弓角鳃金龟的发生与防治

丽腹弓角鳃金龟ＴｏｘｏｓｐａｔｈｉｕｓａｕｒｉｖｅｎｔｒｉｓＢａｔｅｓ属鞘翅目,鳃金龟科（Ｍｅｌｏｌｏｎｔｈｉｄａｅ）,是西藏分布广泛,对农作物为害严重的一种多食性昆虫［１～３］。自１９９５年起,经过调查,基本摸清了其在我区的分布、为害情况、生活习性及防治措施。１分布及危害丽腹弓角鳃金龟在西藏主要分布在林芝、昌都、山南、拉萨和日喀则等地区。其为害区主要在海拔３８００ｍ以下的山地、河谷地带,特别是在靠近河边的地带危害最为严重。该虫主要危害苹果、梨、红豆草、蚕豆等植物幼嫩的叶片。在林芝危害日趋严重,…     

东北与华北大黑鳃金龟分类地位的研究（鞘翅目：鳃角金龟科）

采用RAPD技术和杂交方法对东北大黑鳃金龟（Holotrichia diomphalia Bates1888)和华北大黑鳃金龟（H.oblita(Faldermann1935)的分类地位进行了研究。作者应用40条引物,采用UPDGA法对华北大黑的南京和文登种群。东北大黑的沈阳种群。以及其外群矮臀鳃金龟（H.ernesti Reitter)进行了RAPD分析。所建立的系统发育树显示,东北大黑具有与华北大黑两个地理种群相同的分类地位。同时,作者对两种金龟甲进行了正反交的杂交试验。试验共得到21头正交F1代成虫,3头反交F1代成虫,F1代生活正常,采用东北大黑与F1代回交的方法研究F1代的可育性,2001年6月10日的检查结果显示,四个处理均得到大量回交杂种一龄幼虫和少量二龄幼虫,F1代的雌雄虫均具有正常的生殖力。以上结果表明;两种金龟的次异名。为无效名。     

鳃金龟科两属属征修订及3新种记述（鞘翅目：金龟总科）

本文对鳃金龟科的索鳃金龟属Sophtops和黄鳃金龟属Metabolus的属性作了修订,并记述3个新种。     

重要地下害虫东北大黑鳃金龟研究进展

东北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia diomphalia是我国东北地区重要的蛴螬类地下害虫,主要危害麦类、玉米、豆类等大田作物,以及薯类、花生等经济作物。华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita和江南大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia gebleri是华北及江南地区的主要蛴螬类害虫。近年来,传统分类学、杂交实验以及分子生物学的研究都证明,3种鳃金龟是同一个物种的不同地理种群,这些研究成果使东北大黑鳃金龟从一个区域性害虫转变成为分布范围从东北到长江流域的广布害虫。本文综合介绍了东北大黑鳃金龟(包括华北大黑鳃金龟、江南大黑鳃金龟)近二十年来的研究成果,包括分类学、发生规律、防治措施,以及生理生化及分子生物学等,并对东北大黑鳃金龟的综合治理研究进行了展望。     

双结菠萝鳃金龟的生物学特性及防治

<正> 双结菠萝鳃金龟Asactopholis bituberculata Moser属鞘翅目、金龟子总科、鳃角金龟科,是我国首次发现的一种菠萝重要害虫。近年来,它的幼虫在我场严重为害菠萝植株地下部分。调查表明,受害区一般每亩虫口密度为8750～     

Morphology of the regiones ethmoidalis and orbitotemporalis in Galea musteloides Meyen 1832 and Kerodon rupestris (Wied-Neuwied 1820) (Rodentia: Caviidae) with comments on the phylogenetic systematics of the Caviidae

The present study describes the fetal regions ethmoidalis and orbitotemporalis of the cranium of Galea musteloides and Kerodon rupestris and compares them with Galea spixii and Cavia porcellus . The fetal crania of these representatives of the Caviinae were serially sectioned and 3D plate reconstructions were built. For a broader scope, serially sectioned heads of the caviomorph taxa Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris and Dasyprocta leporina were also examined. The ethmoidal and orbitotemporal regions of the cranium provides characters that are pertinent to the discussion of systematics of the Caviinae. Nine cranial characters were identified as being significant and discussed phylogenetically. Taking the monophyly of the Cavioidea as given, two characters are autapomorphic for the genus Galea: the reduction of the crista semicircularis and the lacrimale forming the 'arco antorbitario' (Kraglievich 1930). Cavia is the sister group of Galea; synapomorphic characters are the extent of the processus palatinus medialis of the praemaxillare and the presence lamina pterygoidea of the alisphenoid. There were no apomorphic characters of the structural complexes examined that could support the Caviinae. The reduced and nonperforated alisphenoid is an autapomorphic feature of the Caviidae. The division of the nasoturbinale is evidence for a sistergroup relationship of the Hydrochaeridae and the Caviidae. Autapomorphic characters for the Cavioidea include the ventrolateral opening of the organon vomeronasale and the lateral prolongation of the lacrimale.     

The structure and function of the scutellum of the Grarnineae

NEGBI, M., 1984. The structure and function of the scutellum of the Gramineae. Four kinds of scutella, of which only the first is universally known, can be distinguished in the Gramineae. (1) The scutellum sew stricto , the kind most commonly described in textbooks. In this scutellum the only growth activity during germination is the development of every epithelial cell into a separate elongated papilla. These papillae are involved in secretion of hydrolases, gibberellins and other hormonal factors which in their turn activate the aleurone layer; and in absorption of the mobilized endosperm reserves. (2) The kind characteristic of Auma is found in several genera. In this the scutellar tip elongates during germination, reaches the distal end of the endosperm sac and develops papillae over its whole surface. (3) The kind found in Cizuniu in which the scutellar tip elongates and extends to the far end of the caryopsis during embryo development, but not during germination. In this scutellum only the abaxial surface faces the bulk of the storage endosperm and probably only this surface becomes papillate. Several bamboo genera have the kind of scutellum characterized by Melocannu . This scutellum has evolved as a storage organ and in mature caryopses the endosperm is reduced. This kind is associated with vivipary and with the presence of storage tissue in the pericarp.
The vascularization and the structure of the scutellar epithelium, as studied mainly in a limited number of species belonging to the first kind, are related to the functions of the scutellum. The scutellum has a prime role in controlling the mobilization of endosperm reserves.     

Population Dynamics and Life Tables of the Mango Mealybug, Rastrococcus invadens Williams, and its Introduced Natural Enemy Gyranusoidea tebygi Noyes in Benin

Life table data for Rastrococcus invadens and its introduced natural enemy Gyranusoidea tebygi were obtained in the field and in the laboratory. The mealybug population's potential rate of increase ranged from 0.066/day to 0.078/day. The potential for increase of the parasitoid was double that of its host. Seasonal fluctuations in abundance of R. invadens were followed from 1988 to 1992 on mango trees in southern Benin. The population density of R. invadens decreased during the rainy seasons and peaked during the dry seasons. Mealybug field sex ratios were extremely variable, and the impact of such variability on the mealybug's potential rate of increase was analyzed. The populations of the exotic encyrtid G. tebygi, introduced into Benin in 1988 for control of the pest, were synchronized with the host populations. The spatial patterns of parasitism distribution in relation to the host population density were either independent or directly density-dependent, both at the tree level and for larger zones. However, reducing the scale of analysis resulted in different types of relationships. The impact of predators was a minor factor in the population dynamics of the mealybug. Four of the six species of hyper-parasitoids attacking mealybugs parasitized by G. tebygi developed high populations. In the two orchards studied, mealybug populations eventually collapsed and disappeared. This fact is discussed as being an indication that the biological control of the mango mealybug by G. tebygi was achieved by non-equilibrium local dynamics, and should be evaluated in a meta-population perspective.     

Evolution of pupation site and interspecific competitive ability in Drosophila hydei

A competition experiment conducted over a period of 50 weeks resulted in stable coexistence of Drosophila hydei and D. melanogaster. In a repeat of this experiment the results for the first 25 weeks were similar to the results of the earlier experiment, but after this time the state of coexistence collapsed and a fairly rapid trend towards competitive exclusion was observed. Extinctions of D. melanogaster occurred in 11 of the 12 experimental cages before termination of the experiment at 50 weeks. At about the same time as the competitive ability of D. hydei increased, an alteration in the range of pupation sites utilized by this species was noted. The change in pupation site was demonstrated to be at least partially heritable, and it appears to be responsible for D. hydei's increased competitive ability. This experiment provides an example of natural selection within a competing population acting against the stability of the overall two-species system.     

Phytogeographical and phenological comparison of the Meuse and the Saône valley meadows (France)

The meadows of the floodplains of the Saône and the Meuse contain similar ecosystems subject to regular winter and spring flooding. The floristic and faunistic biodiversity decreases with the intensification of agricultural practices. The plant communities show the same zonation along a topographic gradient and have similar floristic progression. Thus, the climatic, biogeographic, human and soil factors have determined the floristic particularities of each valley. The floristic affinities of the two floodplains permitted the comparison of the phenological development of fourteen plant species. Many gaps in the development of species have been observed. These could be explained by the climatic differences betwen the two valleys (sub-Mediterranean influences in the Saône and sub-Atlantic in the Meuse), the existence of different types of soils in each valley (sand part more important in the Saône) and the occurrence of specific ecotypes in each valley.     

Ultrastructural study of the male gamete of Glossobothrium sp. (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidea: Triaenophoridae) a parasite of Schedophilus velaini (Perciformes: Centrolophidae) in Senegal

This paper describes the ultrastructure of the male gamete of Glossobothrium sp. (Bothriocephalidea: Triaenophoridae). The mature spermatozoon of Glossobothrium sp. is filiform and possesses two axonemes, a single helicoidal crested body, a parallel nucleus, parallel cortical microtubules and granules of glycogen. In Glossobothrium sp. we describe for first time a 200-250 nm thick crest-like body in the Bothriocephalidean. The anterior part of the spermatozoon exhibits a ring of 27 electron-dense cortical microtubules encircling the first axoneme. This structure persists until the appearance of the second axoneme. When the ring of electron-dense cortical microtubules disappears, the spermatozoon exhibits two bundles of thin cortical microtubules. The posterior part of the spermatozoon contains the posterior extremity of the second axoneme, the posterior extremity of the nucleus and few cortical microtubules. Soon nucleus disappears and the axoneme is disorganized. Thus the posterior extremity of the spermatozoon of Glossobothrium sp. exhibits only singlets produced by the disorganization of the doublets of the second axoneme and few cortical microtubules. This type of posterior extremity of the mature spermatozoon has never been described previously in the Triaenophoridae.     

Influence of Stream Profile and Abiotic Factors on the Performance and Residual Dosages of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis During a 2-Year Experiment

Recently, results of a 3-year study showed the importance of abiotic factors such as water temperature, stream discharge and the hyporheic zone on the behaviour, performance and loss of the residual dosages (amount of the injected dosage left at each station) of two commercial liquid formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis ( Bti ), Teknar HP-D and Vectobac 1200L. Experiments were performed in the same stream and under environmental conditions that allowed comparisons of results between formulations. To improve our understanding of the influence of abiotic factors on the behaviour and the performance of these formulations, a 2-year experiment using the same products was conducted in another river characterized by a much different profile, higher discharges and colder temperatures. A field procedure based on a system of gutters located on the bank of the river already used in the previous 3-year experiment was utilized. Black fly larval mortalities were recorded along the river at different distances (stations) to evaluate the behaviour and the performance of the products while water samples taken at the stations were tested in the laboratory against mosquito neonate larvae to evaluate the residual dosages of Bti at each station. Results showed that higher residual dosages of the Vectobac 1200L were recovered compared to Teknar HP-D along the river. Although higher dosages were recovered, higher mortality was observed only for the Vectobac 1200 L in high discharge conditions. As seen before, the hyporheic zone (interstitial water between the streambed and groundwater) produced a major loss of the dosages in the first meters of the river. But because of the river profile, the hyporheic zone had a lesser effect on the loss of the dosages further in the river resulting in very long carries for both Teknar HP-D and Vectobac 1200L.     

沪农灵芝一号生长过程中子实体各部位糖醇和海藻糖积累及其代谢酶的表达变化

食用菌子实体通常会在生长过程中积累较高含量的糖醇及海藻糖,这些碳水化合物的积累能够促进食用菌的生长,而在灵芝中的同类研究较少,本研究通过高效阴离子-脉冲安培法对沪农灵芝一号子实体发育过程中不同部位的糖类成分的含量变化进行分析,发现灵芝子实体中主要的可溶性糖类成分是阿拉伯糖醇、甘露醇和海藻糖,甘露醇在子实体成熟时的菌盖中的含量达到最高值,阿拉伯糖醇在产孢子期的子实体中含量较高,两种糖醇的含量呈现相反的变化趋势,一种糖醇积累的同时会消耗利用另一种糖醇,而海藻糖在灵芝子实体的整个生长过程中含量处于较低水平,仅在子实体初期的菌基部位检测到较高的含量;同时通过qRT-PCR技术检测灵芝子实体不同部位中这几种糖类的主要代谢酶基因的表达变化,发现这些代谢酶在子实体的菌基部位的表达水平相对其他部位较高,且随着子实体生长这一差异更加显著,这一结果表明灵芝中的糖醇和海藻糖分布差异可能是先由菌基的菌丝体中合成产物并转运到子实体不同部位,再经过一段时间的积累和代谢之后产生。     

The ichthyosaur integument: skin fibers, a means for a strong, flexible and smooth skin

The ichthyosaur skin is examined in order to further our understanding of the adaptation of these animals to the aquatic medium and their locomotory efficiency. Softtissue structures in two excellently preserved specimens of the ichthyosaur Stenopterygius quadricissus and in a partial skull of Ichthyosaurus provide unique data on the integument of advanced or tunniform ichthyosaurs. A system of fibers of three classes based on thickness and in different levels of the integument covered almost the entire surface of the body. The thickest fibers are located deepest in the skin and the thinnest outermost. The latter consist of at least two superimposed layers of fine fibers that extend in opposing directions to form a lattice or orthogonal meshwork. The angles of these fibers vary between 25 ° and 75 ° to the long axis of the animals, depending on their location in the body. The fibers of the two other size classes, lying deeper in the tissue, were observed in single layers. The thickest fibers extend in near parallel rows approximately 60 °-80 ° to the long axis of the animal in the area near the midpoint of the body and 90 ° in the post-dorsal fin region. The intermediate-sized fibers were apparently oriented at ca. 50 °-75 ° to the animal's long axis and were regularly spaced. Of considerable interest is their attachment dorsally to longitudinal fibers. This contrasts with the general condition of helically arranged fibers in fast-swimming marine vertebrates such as tuna and sharks, but compares with the condition in sirenians. Fibers were observed in the dorsal and caudal fins but not in the limbs. The fibers in ichthyosaurs are the thickest so far noted in marine vertebrates. The presence of a complex system of fibers, which includes an orthogonal meshwork of the finest of these, suggests that creasing of the skin would have been minimized, a condition highly important in reducing drag during the locomotion of marine animals.     

Central root cap cells are depleted of endoplasmic microtubules and actin microfilament bundles: implications for their role as gravity-sensing statocytes

Summary Indirect immunofluorescence, using monoclonal antibodies to actin and tubulin, applied to sections of root tips ofLepidium, Lycopersicon, Phleum, andZea, revealed features of the cytoskeleton that were unique to the statocytes of their root caps. Although the cortical microtubules (CMTs) lay in dense arrays against the periphery of the statocytes, these same cells showed depleted complements of endoplasmic microtubules (EMTs) and of actin microfilament (AMF) bundles, both of which are characteristic of the cytoskeleton of other post-mitotic cells in the proximal portion of the root apex. The scarcity of the usual cytoskeletal components within the statocytes is considered responsible for the exclusion of the larger organelles (e.g., nucleus, plastids, ER elements) from the interior of the cell and for the absence of cytoplasmic streaming. Furthermore, the depletion of dense EMT networks and AMF bundles in statocyte cytoplasm is suggested as being closely related to the elevated cytoplasmic calcium content of these cells which, in turn, may also favour the formation of the large sedimentable amyloplasts by not permitting plastid divisions. These latter organelles are proposed to act as statoliths due to their dynamic interactions with very fine and highly unstable AMFs which enmesh the statoliths and merge into peripheral AMFs-CMTs-ER-plasma membrane complexes. Rather indirect evidence for these interactions was provided by showing enhanced rates of statolith sedimentation after chemically-induced disintegration of CMTs. All these unique properties of the root cap statocytes are supposed to effectively enhance the gravity-perceptive function of these highly specialized cells.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Benno Parthier on the occasion of his retirement