白细胞介素对大鼠离体垂体前叶细胞增殖的影响

本工作采用大鼠垂体前叶（ＡＰ）细胞原代培养方法,以３ＨＴｄＲ掺入率反映细胞增殖水平,研究了ＩＬ１和ＩＬ６对ＡＰ细胞增殖的影响。结果表明：（１）ＩＬ１（１－１００ｎｇ／ｍｌ）促进雄性大鼠和雌性大鼠ＡＰ细胞的增殖。（２）低浓度的ＩＬ６（０．１ｎｇ／ｍｌ）抑制雄性大鼠的ＡＰ细胞的增殖,而较高浓度的ＩＬ６（１－１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ）则表现为刺激作用。（３）ＩＬ６（０．１－１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ）促进雌性大鼠ＡＰ细胞的增殖。上述结果说明ＩＬ１和ＩＬ６除直接调控ＡＰ细胞的分泌外,也参与调节ＡＰ细胞增殖活动。     

伏核在躯体传入冲动抑制防御性心血管反应中的作用及机制

损毁伏核可明显削弱电刺激腓深神经（ＤＰＮ）对兴奋下丘脑背内侧核诱发的升压反应和心肌缺血的抑制作用（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）。电刺激伏核可引起明显的降压效应。中脑中央灰质腹侧部（ｖＰＡＧ）微量注射纳洛酮可明显衰减伏核的减压效应;损毁ｖＰＡＧ甚至可翻转伏核的减压效应,引起轻度升压（Ｐ＜０．０１）。损毁弓状核后伏核的减压效应基本消失,弓状核内微量注射纳洛酮明显衰减伏的的减压效应。故ＤＰＮ传入冲动可能     

丹皮酚对心肌细胞自律性和延迟后除极的影响

目的与方法：采用常规玻璃微电极技术研究丹皮酚对离体心肌细胞自律性（ＡＭ）、延迟后除极（ＤＡＤ） 及触发活动（ＴＡ）的影响。结果：１．８×１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ丹皮酚灌流组,肾上腺素（Ａｄｒ）的阈浓度空白对照组为（１．２８±０．５７）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,药后为（１．５６±０．５３）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ（ｎ＝９,Ｐ＞０．０５）;用（１．８×１０－ ３） ｍｏｌ／Ｌ丹皮酚（Ｐａｅ）灌流组,Ａｄｒ 浓度由空白对照组的（１．２２ ±０．６２）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ升高到（６．２２±２．１１）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ（ｎ＝９,Ｐ＜０．０１）。１．８×１０－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ｐａｅ 能明显抑制哇巴因（Ｏｕａ）诱发的ＤＡＤ的幅值,当基本刺激周长为５００,４００,３００ 和２００ ｍｓ 时,其ＤＡＤ幅值从（５．５±２．０）ｍＶ,（７．３±２．１）ｍＶ,（８．０ ±２．４）ｍＶ和（９．２±１．９）ｍＶ减小到（３．０±１．１）ｍＶ、（３．６±１．７）ｍＶ,（４．３±２．０） ｍＶ和（５．９ ±１．６） ｍＶ,Ｐ＜０．０１。当基本刺激周长为２００ ｍｓ时,ＴＡ 数目由５．５±１．０ 降至０．７±０．３（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：丹皮酚能抑制心肌细胞ＡＭ、ＤＡＤ及ＴＡ,具有抗心律失常作用     

损毁或刺激垂体和下丘脑弓状核对大鼠痛觉调制的影响

用局限性损毁和刺激垂体的方法,观察了垂体与下丘脑弓状核（ＡＲＣ）在痛觉调制中的关系。实验结果表明,损毁垂体中间叶和前叶能降低基础痛阈,取消刺激ＡＲＣ即刻出现的镇痛作用。刺激垂体的相同部位能提高基础痛阈,并出现有一定潜伏期的镇痛作用,这个镇痛作用能被损毁ＡＲＣ所阻断。     

刺激下丘脑弓状核或垂体前叶对丘脑束旁核神经元伤害性反应的抑制

采用电生理学方法,观察电刺激大鼠下丘脑弓状核（ＡＲＣ）或垂体前叶（ＡＬ）,对丘脑束旁核（Ｐｆ）神经元伤害性反应的影响。实验结果表明,电刺激ＡＲＣ能抑制Ｐｆ神经元的伤害性放电,这种抑制很快出现,也很快恢复,称为即时抑制。电刺激Ａ辄能抑制Ｐｆ神经元的伤害性放电,这种抑制的出现有一定的潜伏期,并持续较长时间,称为延迟抑制。摘除垂体减弱刺激ＡＲＣ的即时抑制,而损毁ＡＲＣ则减弱刺激ＡＬ的延迟抑制。地塞米松预     

有氧运动对高胆固醇血症大鼠肝脏低密度脂蛋白受体活性调节的影响

本文研究了实验性高胆固醇血症大鼠肝脏低密度脂蛋白受体（ＬＤＬＲ）活性变化及有氧运动时ＬＤＬＲ活性调节的影响。发现,高脂（ＨＣ）组肝组织匀浆ＬＤＬＲ活性较正常对照（ＮＣ）组降低３７％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,同时血清总胆固醇（ＴＣ）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬＣ）及血清载脂蛋白Ｂ（ＡｐｏＢ）均显著高于ＮＣ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）;高脂＋运动（ＨＥ）组ＴＣ、ＬＤＬＣ及ＡｐｏＢ均明显低于ＨＣ组,而ＬＤＬＲ活性则较ＨＣ组增高２６％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果提示：（１）高胆固醇负荷时细胞可通过下行调节影响ＬＤＬＲ活性;（２）运动可能通过增加对细胞内胆固醇利用和降解,反馈作用于下行调节过程影响ＬＤＬＲ的合成,增加对ＬＤＬＣ摄取而显著改善血脂水平。     

迷走神经兴奋对HRV的影响及其机制的初步分析

实验在氯醛糖加氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的新西兰兔上进行。记录血压、心率、心电图和心率变异性（ＨＲＶ）频谱分析。电刺激减压神经（ＤＮ）,疑核（ＮＡ）和右侧迷走神经（ＲＶ）外周端,均引起心率和血压下降（Ｐ＜０．００１）,总变异性（ＴＶ）、低频成分（ＬＦ）、高频成分（ＨＦ）、ＬＦ／ＨＦ比值（ＬＦ／ＨＦ）和极低频成分（ＶＬＦ）增大（Ｐ＜０．０５－０．００１）。静脉注射阿托品可使上述反应显著减小（Ｐ＜０．０５－０．０１）,而静脉注射心得安仅可阻断ＤＮ和ＮＡ所致ＬＦ的增大（Ｐ＜０．０５）。以上结果表明：迷走神经是ＨＲＶ的主要调节者之一;ＨＦ由迷走神经单独介导;ＬＦ受迷走神经和交感神经共同调制;迷走神经参与ＶＬＦ波的形成     

三种钠尿肽抑制大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖效应的比较

本文比较了心房钠尿肽（ＡＮＰ）、Ｃ－型钠尿肽（ＣＮＰ）、血管钠肽（ＶＮＰ）抑制肺动脉平滑肌细胞（ＰＡＳＭＣｓ）增殖的效应。用蛋白激酶Ｃ激动剂佛波酯（ＰＭＡ）刺激体外培养大鼠ＰＡＳＭＣｓ的增殖,以总蛋白含量和ＭＴＴ比色ＯＤ值为指标,观察三种钠尿肽对ＰＭＡ刺激大鼠ＰＡＳＭＣｓ增殖的影响。结果表明,ＰＭＡ（１０＾－９－１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）ＰＡＳＭＣｓ的总蛋白含量和ＭＴＴＯＤ值,     

下丘脑穹窿周围区不同部位兴奋对心肌Po_2及ECG－ST的影响

电刺激下丘脑穹窿周围区（ＰＦＡ）的下丘脑背内侧核（ＤＭＨ）,下丘脑腹内侧核（ＶＭＨ）与下丘脑外侧区（ＬＨＡ）均可引起心肌Ｐ０＿２下降与血压升高,而以ＤＭＨ所致的心肌Ｐ０,下降最明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）。心得安可取消电刺激ＬＨＡ所致的心肌ＰＯ＿２下降,部分取消电刺激ＶＭＨ引起的心肌ＰＯ＿２下降,而不改变电刺激ＤＭＨ所致的心肌ＰＯ＿２下降（Ｐ＞０．０５）。ＤＭＨ、ＶＭＨ微量注射谷氨酸钠（０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ０．５μｌ）均可诱发升压反应和ＥＣＧ－ＳＴ压低,而ＬＨＡ微量注射谷氨酸却导致降压反应,对ＥＣＧ－ＳＴ无明显影响。上述结果提示ＤＭＨ为ＰＦＡ各区诱发心肌缺血缺氧的主要核团。兴奋ＤＭＨ、ＶＭＨ所致的心血管效应主要由胞体兴奋诱发,而电刺激ＬＨＡ所致的升压反应主要为兴奋过路纤维引起,该区胞体兴奋主要导致降压反应。     

神经激肽A注入大鼠外侧网状核或中缝大核产生的镇痛效应

本工作采用核团内微量注射的方法,以甩尾反射潜伏期（ＴＦＬ）为痛阈指标,在浅麻状态下的大鼠上,对神经激肽Ａ（ＮＫＡ）在外侧网状核（ＬＲＮ）和中缝大核（ＮＲＭ）中的作用作了探讨。研究结果表明,ＮＫＡ（０．５μｇ／０．５μｌ）注入ＬＲＮ后的１０ｍｉｎ内大鼠ＴＦＬ明显延长（ｎ＝１２,Ｐ＜０．００１）,同样剂量ＮＫＡ注入ＮＲＭ后的５ｍｉｎ内,ＴＦＬ也明显延长（ｎ＝１３,Ｐ＜０．００１）,提示ＮＫＡ可能是ＬＲＮ和ＮＲＭ内参与痛觉的一种神经调质。     

beta-Endorphin: deletion of a single amino acid residue abolishes immunoreactivity but retains opiate potency.

Two synthetic analogs of camel β-endorphin, one with omission of Leu-14 and the other with omission of Asn-20, have been assayed for immunoreactivity by radioimmunoassay, opiate activity in the guinea pig ileum preparation and analgesic potency in mice. It was found that the omission analogs had no immunoreactivity, but retained significant biological activities. As far as we are aware, this is the first instance in which deletion of a single amino acid residue in a biologically active peptide abolished immunoreactivity.     

Immunocytochemical identification and ontogeny of adenohypophyseal cells in a cave fish,Phreatichthys andruzzii (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae)

The morphogenesis of the pituitary gland and the chronological appearance of adenohypophyseal cells were investigated for the first time in the Somalian cave fish Phreatichthys andruzzii by immunocytochemistry. The adult adenohypophysis contained: a rostral pars distalis, with prolactin (PRL) cells arranged in follicles and adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) cells, a proximal pars distalis with somatotropic (GH), β‐thyrotropic (TSH), β‐gonadotropic type I (FSH) and type II (LH) cells and a pars intermedia with α‐somatolactin (SL), α‐melanotropic (MSH) and β‐endorphin (END) cells. All regions were deeply penetrated by neurohypophyseal branches. At hatching (24 h post‐fertilization) the pituitary was an oval cell mass, close to the ventral margin of diencephalon. The first immunoreactive cells appeared as follows: PRL at 0·5 days after hatching (dah), GH and SL at 1·5 dah, END at 2 dah, TSH, ACTH and MSH at 2·5 dah, FSH at 28 dah and LH at 90 dah. The neurohypophysis appeared at 5 dah and branched extensively inside the adenohypophysis at 130 dah, but there was no boundary between rostral pars distalis and proximal pars distalis at this stage. The potential indices of prolactin and growth hormone production increased until 28 and 60 dah, respectively. The potential index of growth hormone production correlated positively with total length. Activity of PRL and GH cells, measured as ratio of cell area to nucleus area, was significantly higher in juveniles than in larvae.     

Gonadotropes in a novel rat pituitary tumor cell line,RC-4B/C. Establishment and partial characterization of the cell line

Summary An epithelial cell line (RC-4B/C) was established from a pituitary adenoma obtained from a 3-yr-old (ACI/fMai × F344/fMai)F1 male rat. Before Year 5 in vitro, RC-4B/C cells could not be viably recovered from cryogenic storage. Recovery of viable cells from cryogenic storage in Year 5 was associated with a more transformed phenotype, including the appearance of endogenous C-type rat retroviral particles. The ultrastructural appearance of the cells was similar to that of differentiated anterior pituitary cell; the cultured cells contained numerous, electron dense, secretory granules, Golgi complexes, and extended arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Immunocytochemical study showed that all cell types present in the rat anterior pituitary gland were present in the cell line. The percentage of luteinizing hormone beta (LHβ) cells in the cell line was higher (19.9%) and that of growth hormone cells was lower (12.2%) than in normal male rat pituitary, whereas the cell line contained a comparable percentage of follicle stimulating hormone beta (FSHβ), prolactin (PRL), ACTH, and thyrotropin beta cells. Radioimmunoassay data demonstrated the PRL content of the cells was comparable to that of normal male rat pituitary gland, whereas the content of LH and FSH was 70- and 800-fold lower, respectively. Assay of specific receptor sites for gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) using Scatchard plots of the data established the RC-4B/C cells contained GnRH receptor sites of the same affinity as in the pituitary gland, but of twofold lower capacity. These data suggest the RC-4B/C cell line warrants further study as a model for the induction and maintenance of the gonadotropic function of the pituitary gland. An abstract of portions of these results was presented at the 8th International Congress of Endocrinology, Kyoto, Japan, 1988. This work was supported in part by grants DK-17631 (E.H.L.), CA-24145 (W.G.B.), CA-31102 (H.G.B.), AG-01753 (D.E.H.) and HD-1778 (M.T.D.) from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and by a grant from the Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer, France (M.J.). The NIH is not responsible for the contents of this publication nor do the contents necessarily represent the official views of that agency. Jolanta Polkowska was a recipient of a Foundation Simone et Cino del Duca grant.     

Comparison of glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunits of laboratory animals

The common alpha-subunit of glycoprotein hormones (CGalpha) is a core protein shared by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). In order to obtain a molecular basis for an efficient superovulation technique applicable to a wide range of animal species and to discuss the phylogenetic aspect based on molecules related to the reproductive system, we determined cDNA sequences of CGalpha in seven laboratory animals: the guinea pig, Mongolian gerbil, golden hamster, mastomys, Japanese field vole, the JF1 strain of Mus musculus molossinus, and rabbit. Comparison of the inferred CGalpha amino acid sequences of these animals and other mammals (human, mouse, rat, cow, pig, and sheep) showed that the signal peptides and the first ten residues at the N-terminus of the apoprotein were variable, while the rest of the apoproteins were highly conserved. In particular, all rodents had a leucine residue at the apoprotein N-terminus, except the guinea pig, which had a phenylalanine residue, as in the cow, pig, sheep, and rabbit. Phylogenetic trees constructed from amino acid sequences suggest a closer relationship between the guinea pig and artiodactyls than to rodents, confirming the taxonomic peculiarity of the guinea pig.     

Molecular cloning of three nonhuman primate follicle stimulating hormone beta-subunit cDNAs

The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) beta-subunit cDNAs were cloned and sequenced for an old world primate, the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), and two New World primates, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea). The cDNA and predicted amino acid sequences of the rhesus monkey FSH beta-subunit were related most closely to the human FSH beta-subunit (> 96% identity). The common and pygmy marmosets have identical FSH beta-subunit cDNAs, whereas the marmoset FSH beta-subunit diverges from the rhesus and human molecules with less than 93% identity. These results have significance for the implementation of assisted reproductive technologies in the nonhuman primate as well as the evolution of genes encoding reproductive hormones.     

An immunohistochemical study of epithelial cells in the posterior lobe and pars tuberalis of the human adult pituitary gland

Summary Pituitary glands were examined using reference staining (hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff and alcian blue) and the peroxidase-labeled antibody method, for 1) invading anterior cells in the posterior lobe, 2) intermediate colloid forming follicles, and 3) pars tuberalis cells.The results showed: 1) that the majority of cases possessed invading anterior cells of various amount. Most of these cells were positive for ACTH^1–18, ACTH^17–39 and -MSH. However, on a few occasions, scattered GH, PRL, FSH, FSH, LH and even TSH cells were also present. 2) Colloid forming follicular cells were mostly ACTH cells, but also contained occasional other hormone-secreting cells. Hormone negative cells were correlated with salivary type epithelium. Well established acinic type salivary glands and ciliated epithelium were negative for any hormones immunohistochemically. 3) Pars tuberalis cells were predominantly gonadotrophs but also included TSH and ACTH cells. Some cells appeared to contain both FSH and LH. When these cells underwent squamous metaplasia, they seemed to lose their hormone secreting activity.Part of this study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Cancer Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan     

Quantitative autoradiographic determination of angiotensin-converting enzyme binding in rat pituitary and adrenal glands with 125I-351A, a specific inhibitor

We describe a quantitative autoradiographic technique which allows measurement of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme [ACE] (kininase II, peptidyldipeptide hydrolase, EC 3.4.15.1) levels in discrete areas of pituitary and adrenal glands in individual animals. Tissue sections were incubated with 125I-351A, a specific ACE inhibitor, and results were obtained with computerized densitometry and comparison to 125I standards. There were high levels of ACE in both the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary, with no detectable binding in the intermediate lobe. The maximum binding capacity (Bmax) was 920 +/- 62 fmol/mg protein for the anterior pituitary and 1162 +/- 67 fmol/mg protein for posterior pituitary. The binding affinity constant (Ka) was 0.95 +/- 0.11 X 10(9) M-1 and 1.20 +/- 0.19 X 10(9) M-1 for the anterior and posterior lobes, respectively. In the adrenal gland, there were two distinct areas of specific binding, the adrenal medulla and the adrenal capsule-zona glomerulosa area. The Bmax for the adrenal medulla was 652 +/- 80 fmol/mg protein and 294 +/- 53 fmol/mg protein for the adrenal capsule-zona glomerulosa. The Ka for 351A was 1.04 +/- 0.19 X 10(9) M-1 and 1.74 +/- 0.40 X 10(9) M-1 for medulla and adrenal capsule-zona glomerulosa respectively. The results support the existence of local ANG systems active in both the pituitary and adrenal glands.     

免疫酶双重染色中抗体洗脱的进一步研究

本实验进一步检查了三种常用的洗脱方法从切片上除去免疫酶组织化学染色后的抗体的效果。结果表明,PAP法染色后,氧化法的抗体洗脱完全,效果可靠;酸洗法和酸洗/二甲基甲酰胺法的效果视不同抗体而不同,二甲基甲酰胺单用或用于酸洗后似无效。所用方法均不能从ABC法染色的垂体组织切片上完全除去抗体复合物。因之,将ABC法用于第一抗体来源于同一动物种的双重染色中,来显示第一种抗原时,要特别注意排除假性双标记。