浙江金华市区地面苔藓植物分布与环境因子关系研究

金华市区地面苔藓植物共计有26科、68属、132种。计测了30个样点中主要苔藓植物的盖度和7种环境指标,应用典范对应分析(ccA)对所获得的数据进行了分析,作出了反映苔藓植物分布与环境关系的双向排序图,并讨论了主要的地面苔藓植物的生态分布特点。依据环境因子与前两个排序轴的相关系数大小,发现影响本地区地面生苔藓植物分布的主要环境因子分别为林冠层郁闭度、土壤水分、交通频度、草本层盖度、土层厚度和土层松散程度。     

北京百花山自然保护区地面生苔藓植物与生态环境的关系

运用典范对应分析法,定量分析了北京百花山自然保护区37个森林植被样地中33种主要地面生苔藓植物与生态环境之间的关系,结果表明：该区森林植被样地与环境因子的关系呈现多元化特点：相同植被聚为一组、环境因子相似的植被聚为一组、植被相同环境因子不同归为不同组和生境特殊的植被自成一组。得出该区多数地面生苔藓植物的分布与乔木郁闭度的相关性最大且与人为干扰程度密切相关,少数种类与草本层盖度和灌木盖度呈正相关。此外凋落物盖度、海拔、苔藓植物的生长基质也直接影响苔藓植物的分布。     

武汉市城区苔藓植物多样性和分布及与环境因子的关系

对武汉市7个中心城区和部分远郊城区共26个样点73个样地的苔藓群落进行调查,采集苔藓植物样本共431份。经鉴定调查区内共有苔藓植物20科35属91种,其中狭叶小羽藓（Haplocladium angustifolium（Hampe et C.Muell.）Broth.）和钝叶绢藓（Entodon obtusatus Broth.）等为优势种,分布于其中的24个样点。多样性指数分析结果显示,位于青龙山国家森林公园的α多样性Patrick和Shannon-Wiener指数最高,说明该样点苔藓植物群落的复杂程度高,群落所含信息量大。Patrick指数与环境因子的Pearson相关性分析结果显示,土壤含水率和与主要干道距离是显著影响地面生苔藓植物多样性的环境因子,而显著影响树附生苔藓植物多样性的环境因子仅与距主要干道距离相关。用典范对应分析法（CCA）研究26个样点中苔藓植物的盖度与主要环境因子的关系,结果发现人为干扰程度、草本盖度、与城市主要干道的距离等对地面生和树附生苔藓植物的分布都有显著影响。其中地面生苔藓植物的分布受人为干扰和草本盖度影响最为显著;而树附生苔藓植物的分布受附生树干胸径及与主要干道距离影响最为显著。研究结果表明武汉市区苔藓植物的多样性和分布受人为干扰较大,树附生苔藓对汽车尾气等因素更为敏感。     

北京市区苔藓植物空间分布与环境关系的研究

在2006年10月至2007年10月期间,对北京市五环路内及附近部分区域的苔藓群落进行了调查,共调查了31个地点、164个样地,采集苔藓植物标本327份。经整理鉴定,调查区有苔藓植物12科24属55种,其中阔叶小石藓（Weisia planifolia）和立碗藓（Physcomitrium sphaericum）等种类为调查区的广布种。通过对调查区同类型、不同地点苔藓植物多样性指数分析,发现北京市苔藓植物的分布特点为城西、城北苔藓植物多样性高于城东、城南。用典范对应分析法（CCA）分析27个样地中的20种地面生苔藓植物的盖度与主要环境因子的关系,结果表明,土壤含水量、距主干道距离、人为踩踏、土壤pH值、林木郁闭度等环境因子对北京市苔藓植物的分布有显著影响,其中土壤含水量、土壤pH值对苔藓植物分布的影响最为显著,北京市区大多数常见苔藓种类喜生于土壤含水量较高、偏酸性的环境。     

北京百花山自然保护区不同植被地面生苔藓植物物种多样性

采用相似性系数和物种多样性指数对北京百花山自然保护区8种植被内地面生苔藓植物的物种多样性进行了研究,得知8种植被中地面生苔藓植物有13科31属65种（含种以下的单位）,优势科6科,优势种12种。不同植被中苔藓植物的物种组成、优势科和优势种不同,丛藓科和真藓科植物在草甸和灌丛内占绝对优势,而森林植被内的绢藓科为绝对优势科;油松林和落叶阔叶混交林的物种相似性最高为51.63,草甸和荆条灌丛与大部分植被的物种相似为0。地面生苔藓植物的分布与其生长的基质相关性最大,另外水分条件、小生境、草本层盖度和凋落物盖度等也影响地面生苔藓植物的分布。白桦林和落叶阔叶混交林应成为生物多样性保护的重点植被类型。     

新疆博格达山地面生苔藓植物物种多样性研究

采用相似性系数和物种多样性指数对新疆博格达山地面生苔藓植物的物种多样性进行了研究．结果表明,博格达山地区苔藓植物区系具有丰富性和复杂性的特点,共有地面生苔藓植物32科73属186种(含变种、变型);山地荒漠带和山地草原带苔藓植物物种相似性最高,为0．6809,山地森林带和高山垫状植被带相似性最低,仅为0．1342;山地森林带苔藓植物在整个博格达山地面生苔藓植物群落中占据优势地位;山地森林带苔藓植物物种多样性最为丰富,为该山地苔藓植物多样性的分布中心,是苔藓植物多样性保护的关键地区．     

新疆石人沟山区岩面生地衣群落分布格局的环境解释

地衣作为真菌和绿藻/蓝绿藻的成功共生体,广泛分布在陆地生态中的各种栖息地。岩面生地衣作为陆地生态系统的主要组成部分,在干旱和半干旱地区陆地食物链中具有重要地位,同时对岩石的生物腐蚀和土壤的形成有重要作用。岩面生地衣的多样性和分布格局强烈地受到海拔、湿度、温度、降水量、太阳辐射强度和基物的特征(岩石类型、岩石大小、岩石的化学成分和营养成分)等多种因素的影响。为了研究乌鲁木齐县石人沟山区岩面生地衣群落与基物间的关系,该研究在乌鲁木齐县石人沟山区设立16个样地,计测样地中岩面生地衣的盖度,包括坡度、坡向、光照强度等7个环境因子,采用典范对应分析法(CCA)对各群落的物种分布格局与环境因子的关系进行了探讨。结果表明:石人沟山区的岩面生地衣共有27种,隶属于7目9科15属。其中,黄枝衣目、茶渍目和鸡皮衣目的种类较多,占该地区岩面生地衣总数的74.07%。CCA排序结果显示坡度、坡向、光照强度、湿度、岩石pH值是5个影响岩面生地衣种类分布格局的主要环境因子,并显示了岩面生地衣与样地间的对应性。     

重庆主城区地面苔藓植物群落特征及其与环境的关系

通过对重庆主城区44个样地的地面苔藓植物进行样方调查,应用物种多样性指数和典范对应分析(CCA),研究了该地区苔藓植物种类组成、物种多样性和群落与环境因子的关系.结果表明： 石生群落共有苔藓植物25科43属86种;土生群落共有苔藓植物22科28属46种.相比公园、风景区和缙云山国家级自然保护区,大学校园的石生和土生苔藓植物物种多样性水平较高.双向指示种分析结果将石生群落划分为3种类型,土生群落划分为2种类型.典范对应分析显示,林冠郁闭度是影响公园和大学校园内石生苔藓植物的主要环境因子;海拔、相对湿度和人为干扰程度是影响自然保护区和旅游景区内石生苔藓植物的主要环境因子.土壤〖JP2〗pH值、人为干扰程度和林冠郁闭度是影响公园和大学校园土生苔藓植物的主要环境因子;海拔、相对湿度和土壤含水量是影响自然保护区和旅游景区内土生苔藓植物的主要因子.     

百里杜鹃国家森林公园苔藓植物分布及对环境因子关系研究

为了研究百里杜鹃国家森林公园苔藓植物的物种多样性, 对该公园中5 种典型植物配置杜鹃林苔藓植物进行调查, 计测了50 个样方中的苔藓植物。结果表明: 共采集到地面生苔藓植物16 科, 25 属, 47 种, 进行物种多样性比较,苔藓植物的Shannon-Wiener 和种间相遇机率指数较低, Simpson 指数则较高, 说明各种杜鹃林下总的物种丰富度均较低。优势度集中在少数种类如黄牛毛藓Ditrichum pallidum、曲尾藓Dwranum scoparium、葫芦藓Funaria hygrometrica、大灰藓Hypnum plumaeforme 等物种上; 采用典范对应分析CCA (Canonical Correlation Analysis)对5 个样24 种主要优势苔藓植物与环境因子间关系进行分析, 发现人为干扰度是影响苔藓植物分布和物种丰富度的主要影响因子, 其他影响因子依次为林木郁闭度、林木密度、海拔高度、坡位、坡度和坡向。     

不同生境对藏东南地面生苔藓多样性和生物量的影响

为解析苔藓在藏东南森林生态系统中的重要生态作用, 以及森林干扰对林内地面生苔藓的影响, 该研究以藏东南色季拉山地面生苔藓植物为调查对象, 选取林分、坡向、坡度和地势组成等相似的7块100 m × 100 m的样地, 每块样地以林窗为中心, 在其东、南、西、北4个方向选取林窗、林缘和林下3种不同生境设置50 cm × 50 cm的样方, 每块样地共12个样方, 共计168个样方。通过对每个样方进行苔藓植物调查采集, 研究了西藏色季拉山苔藓多样性和不同生境条件下地面生苔藓单位面积生物量特征。主要结果: (1)研究区共有苔藓植物24科63属110种。其中, 优势科有8个, 分别是丛藓科、曲尾藓科、金发藓科、提灯藓科、真藓科、紫萼藓科、青藓科和灰藓科。苔藓各科分布规律明显, 曲尾藓科和真藓科广泛分布于各个海拔, 金发藓科、真藓科和提灯藓科分布在海拔3 700-4 300 m, 而丛藓科多分布在4 300 m以上。(2)林窗生境较林缘和林下复杂, 它干扰了苔藓物种组成和群落结构, 其苔藓种类最多、结构最复杂, 而林下的苔藓种类最少, 群落结构最简单。林窗地面生苔藓生物量最高, 其次为林缘, 林下苔藓生物量最低。(3)地面生苔藓生物量大小不仅受其物种组成、盖度、体形和群落结构的影响, 而且是众多因子共同作用的结果, 而非某一因子起主导作用。     

Reinvestigation on species richness and environmental correlates of bryophytes at a regional scale in China

Aims The aim of this article is 4-fold: (i) to update species richness of bryophytes for each of the Chinese provinces based on the most current knowledge on distributions of bryophytes in China, (ii) to provide a set of analyses based on the updated species richness data and the environmental variables used in a recent article on species richness of bryophytes in China, (iii) to expand the analysis presented in the recent article by relating species richness of bryophytes to over 15 additional climatic variables and (iv) to determine the degree to which the relationships between bryophyte species richness and environmental variables that were reported in the recent article might have been biased.Methods Over 180 literatures with national, provincial and local species lists of bryophytes in China were used in this study. Taxonomy and nomenclature of bryophytes in China were standardized according to The Plant List. Correlation and regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between species richness or species density of bryophytes in Chinese provinces and environmental variables.Important findings On average, each Chinese province possesses 700.6 species of bryophytes, which is 112.1 species more than previously reported. With the updated species richness data reported in this study, stronger relationships between species richness of bryophytes and environmental variables have been found, compared with those found in a recently published study for China. When single environmental variables were considered, precipitation-related variables were, on average, more strongly correlated with species richness and species density than were temperature-related variables. Environmental variables were on average correlated more strongly with species density than with species richness of bryophytes at the regional scale in China. Our study showed that measures quantifying the average and variation of environmental conditions within each Chinese province explained 82.7% and 71.1% of the variation in species richness of liverworts and mosses, respectively, and explained 86.5% and 70.7% of the variation in species density of liverworts and mosses, respectively.     

Species richness of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens in dry grasslands: The effects of environment, landscape structure and competition

We studied the relative importance of local habitat conditions and landscape structure for species richness of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens in dry grasslands on the Baltic island of Öland (Sweden). In addition, we tested whether relationships between species richness and vegetation cover indicate that competition within and between the studied taxonomic groups is important. We recorded species numbers of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens in 4 m² plots (n=452), distributed over dry grassland patches differing in size and degree of isolation. Structural and environmental data were collected for each plot. We tested effects of local environmental conditions, landscape structure and vegetation cover on species richness using generalized linear mixed models. Different environmental variables explained species richness of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens. Environmental effects, particularly soil pH, were more important than landscape structure. Interaction effects of soil pH with other environmental variables were significant in vascular plants. Plot heterogeneity enhanced species richness. Size and degree of isolation of dry grassland patches significantly affected bryophyte and lichen species richness, but not that of vascular plants. We observed negative relationships between bryophyte and lichen species richness and the cover of vascular plants. To conclude, effects of single environmental variables on species richness depend both on the taxonomic group and on the combination of environmental factors on a whole. Dispersal limitation in bryophytes and lichens confined to dry grasslands may be more common than is often assumed. Our study further suggests that competition between vascular plants and cryptogams is rather asymmetric.     

Latitudinal diversity gradients in bryophytes and woody plants: Roles of temperature and water availability

It remains unclear whether the latitudinal diversity gradients of micro- and macro-organisms are driven by the same macro-environmental variables. We used the newly completed species catalog and distribution information of bryophytes in China to explore their spatial species richness patterns, and to investigate the underlying roles of energy availability, climatic seasonality, and environmental heterogeneity in shaping these patterns. We then compared these patterns to those found for woody plants. We found that, unlike woody plants, mosses and liverworts showed only weakly negative latitudinal trends in species richness. The spatial patterns of liverwort richness and moss richness were overwhelmingly explained by contemporary environmental variables, although explained variation was lower than that for woody plants. Similar to woody plants, energy and climatic seasonality hypotheses dominate as explanatory variables but show high redundancy in shaping the distribution of bryophytes. Water variables, that is, the annual availability, intra-annual variability and spatial heterogeneity in precipitation, played a predominant role in explaining spatial variation of species richness of bryophytes, especially for liverworts, whereas woody plant richness was affected most by temperature variables. We suggest that further research on spatial patterns of bryophytes should incorporate the knowledge on their ecophysiology and evolution.     

上海地区早春非耕地杂草分布与环境因子关系的统计生态学研究

野外调查发现上海地区早春非耕地杂草共106种,隶属于29科88属．计测了261个样地1305个样方中杂草的生态重要值和6种主要环境因子,应用典范对应分析作出了反映106种杂草与6种环境因子关系的二维排序图,应用双向指示种分析对106种杂草进行了有生态学意义的定量分类．根据6种环境因子与前两个排序轴相关系数的大小,发现土壤水分、土壤翻耕程度、人迹出没程度、交通影响程度是影响上海地区早春非耕地杂草分布的主要环境因素;根据双向指示种分析,结合典范对应分析的结果,可以从106种早春中分出五个生态类群,即类群Ⅰ：湿生淤泥海边滩涂杂草类群,类群Ⅱ：相对干燥海边滩涂杂草类群,类群Ⅲ：干扰相对较小的人工林地杂草类群;类群Ⅳ：干旱、开阔、干扰较重环境中的杂草类群;类群Ⅴ：湿润、开阔、干扰较重的弃耕农田环境中的杂草类群．     

哀牢山湿性常绿阔叶林地生、树干及树枝 附生苔藓生活型组成及其水分特性

为探讨林内不同垂直高度生境下及不同生活型苔藓植物水分特征的差异,该文对哀牢山湿性常绿阔叶林内地生苔藓、林下树干附生和林冠层树枝附生苔藓优势或常见种的生活型组成、持水力、失水特征和水分利用效率进行了研究。结果表明:地生、树干附生和树枝附生苔藓植物类群分别以交织型、扇型、悬垂型苔藓植物占据优势;地生、树干附生、枝条附生苔藓植物的饱和持水率分别为476%DW、210.98%DW、238.95%DW;地生苔藓植物的持水率和失水速率均高于附生苔藓,树干附生苔藓植物持水率低于树枝附生苔藓,而失水速率高于树枝附生苔藓。在不同生活型苔藓的水分特性上,交织型苔藓具有较高的持水率和失水速率,保水性能较弱,其次为悬垂型苔藓,扇型苔藓的持水率最小,失水速率也较快;地生和树干附生苔藓的水分利用效率均显著高于树干附生苔藓,交织型和扇型苔藓的水分利用效率显著高于悬垂型苔藓。在三种生境下,地生苔藓持水力高,水分利用效率较高而保水能力低;枝条附生苔藓持水力低,水分利用效率低而保水能力较高;树干附生苔藓水分利用效率较高而持水力和保水能力均较差。因此,不同生境下苔藓植物生活型组成及其水分变化特性在一定程度上反映了它们对不同生境的适应策略。     

Bryophyte and lichen diversity: A comparative study

Abstract We describe the regional species richness, variation in species richness and species turnover of bryophytes and lichens from 36 sites in lowland forests of southeastern Australia. The analyses subdivided the two major taxa into their constituent sub-groups: mosses, liverworts, and crustose, fruticose and foliose lichens. They also explored correlations between selected environmental variables and patterns of diversity. On a regional scale, there were 77 species of bryophytes and 69 species of lichens, giving a total of approximately one-third of the total number of vascular plant species in the region. Mean species richness was higher for lichens than bryophytes. Also, the two taxa were negatively correlated because lichens favoured dry sites and bryophytes favoured moist ones. Species turnover was greater for bryophytes than lichens, largely due to the distribution of liverwort species. Foliose lichens showed higher levels of turnover than crustose lichens. Multiple regression and canonical correspondence analysis showed that both taxa and all sub-groups responded to the same three variables: vascular plant cover, time since last fire and topographic position. Other variables, including time since logging and intensity of logging, explained little variation in bryophyte or lichen diversity. The data suggest that the strategies for the conservation of bryophyte and lichen biodiversity will be different, to reflect the different patterns of species richness and species turnover.     

黑龙江兴凯湖沼泽地苔藓植物群落初步研究

2009年夏在黑龙江兴凯湖沼泽地中随机选取47个1m×1m样方,进行苔藓植物及相应维管植物群落调查,并测量记录环境因子,以分析苔藓植物多样性,探讨影响苔藓植物生长与分布的主要环境因子。结果表明：所调查的沼泽地中共有苔藓植物5科、6属、7种,其中粗叶泥碳藓（Sphagnumsquarrosum）和中位泥碳藓（S.magellanicum）为优势种。CCA分析结果显示,粗叶泥炭藓和中位泥炭藓多分布于水位埋深大的生境中,且前者常出现于以细叶苔草（Carexrigescens）为主的群落中,而后者则主要出现于以芦苇（Phragmitesaustralis）-小叶章（Deyeuxiaangustifolia）为主的群落中;中位泥炭藓能生长于沼泽地pH4·4~6·5的所有生境中,粗叶泥碳藓则局限生长于pH5·3左右的生境中,而大湿原藓（Calliergonellacuspidata）、万年藓（Climaciumdendroides）、地钱（Marchantiapolymorpha）和镰刀藓（Drepanocladusaduncus）等4种苔藓植物生长于水体pH值为6·3左右的生境中。研究认为,沼泽地的水位埋深、水pH值和维管植物群落特征是影响这7种苔藓植物生长和分布的主要因子。     

贵州施秉喀斯特世界自然遗产提名地苔藓植物区系特征

由于地理环境优越、海拔跨度大、生境异质性高、人为影响小等原因,贵州施秉喀斯特世界自然遗产提名地的苔藓植物丰富,共有50科128属286种（含变种和亚种）,其中苔类17科23属43种,藓类33科105属243种。其优势科、属均反映了该区系的温带向热带过渡的性质。区系地理成分分析结果显示,该区苔藓植物北方温带成分、热带成分和东亚成分分别占37．12％、31．82％和30．30％,其中中国特有分布型占12．12％,反映了施秉喀斯特苔藓植物区系具有温热并重、东亚色彩浓厚、特有性较高的特征。通过对施秉喀斯特与其它五个区域的苔藓区系进行对比发现．施秉苔藓区系丰富度高,与同为云贵区的香纸沟、马岭河、罗平喀斯特地区亲缘关系最近。