西花蓟马对烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺和噻虫嗪的抗性风险和抗性稳定性

为明确使用新烟碱类杀虫剂烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺和噻虫嗪防治入侵害虫西花蓟马的抗性风险及抗性稳定性,本研究采用芸豆浸药法对西花蓟马敏感种群初羽化雌成虫进行连续筛选获得抗性种群,根据抗性现实遗传力计算公式分析西花蓟马对上述3种杀虫剂的抗性风险,预测其抗性发展速度,并测定抗性稳定性。结果表明: 经过30代抗性筛选,西花蓟马对烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺和噻虫嗪均达到高水平抗性(44.7、45.5和32.7倍)。西花蓟马对噻虫胺、烯啶虫胺和噻虫嗪的抗性发展速度依次降低,抗性现实遗传力分别为0.1503、0.1336和0.1258。对抗性种群在无选择压力下继续饲养10代,西花蓟马对烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺和噻虫嗪的抗性水平均出现一定程度的下降,但均未能恢复到敏感性水平。抗性选育后,西花蓟马若虫与成虫对杀虫剂的敏感性差异显著缩小,西花蓟马敏感种群及抗性种群若虫对上述3种杀虫剂的敏感性显著高于成虫。西花蓟马对烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺和噻虫嗪均存在高抗风险,噻虫嗪的抗性上升速度较慢且抗性稳定性最低。因此,在西花蓟马若虫期使用噻虫嗪有利于西花蓟马防治。     

西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群的抗性机制及交互抗性

为明确西花蓟马对辛硫磷的抗性风险,研究了西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群对其他杀虫剂的交互抗性及其对辛硫磷的抗性机制.交互抗性测定结果表明,西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群对辛硫磷与毒死蜱、高效氯氟氰菊酯和灭多威存在中等水平的交互抗性,对溴虫腈、吡虫啉、甲维盐和多杀菌素存在低水平交互抗性,对啶虫脒和阿维菌素不存在交互抗性.酶抑制剂与辛硫磷的增效剂测定结果表明,胡椒基丁醚(PBO)、三丁基三硫磷酸酯(DEF)和磷酸三苯酯(TPP)对西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群(XK)、田间种群(BJ)和敏感种群(S)均起到了显著的增效作用(P＜0.05),马来酸二乙酯对西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群和敏感种群增效作用均不显著,但对田间种群增效作用显著(P＜0.05).生化测定发现:除田间种群西花蓟马乙酰胆碱酯酶活性提高不显著外,西花蓟马抗辛硫磷种群和田间种群的细胞色素P450含量(2.79和1.48倍)、细胞色素b5含量(2.88和1.88倍)及O-脱甲基酶活性(2.60和1.68倍)、羧酸酯酶活性(2.02和1.61倍)和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性(3.10倍)均显著高于敏感种群(P＜0.05);谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶酶活性也有一定程度提高(1.11和1.20倍),但不显著(P＞0.05).表明其体内解毒代谢酶和靶标酶活性提高是西花蓟马对辛硫磷产生抗性的重要原因.     

西花蓟马抗噻虫胺种群对杀虫剂的交互抗性及机制

噻虫胺是具有内吸和触杀等多种作用方式的新烟碱类杀虫剂,常用于防治入侵害虫西花蓟马。为明确抗性风险,本文研究了西花蓟马抗噻虫胺种群对多种杀虫剂的交互抗性及其机制。经过45代筛选,西花蓟马对噻虫胺产生了高水平抗性(56.8倍)。生物测定结果表明: 西花蓟马高抗噻虫胺种群与噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、三氟氯氰菊酯、甲维盐存在中等水平交互抗性(18.6>RR₅₀>11.3),对辛硫磷及灭多威具有低水平交互抗性,与溴虫腈和多杀菌素不存在交互抗性。胡椒基丁醚(PBO)与磷酸三苯酯(TPP)对杀灭西花蓟马抗噻虫胺种群(CL)、云南田间种群(YN)和敏感种群(S)均有显著增效作用。西花蓟马抗噻虫胺种群细胞色素P₄₅₀含量(3.6倍)、细胞色素b₅含量(2.9倍)及O-脱甲基酶活性(4.9倍)和羧酸酯酶活性(2.5倍)均显著高于敏感种群,表明多功能氧化酶及羧酸酯酶活性增强是西花蓟马对噻虫胺产生抗性的重要机制。     

西花蓟马对吡虫啉的抗性机制及交互抗性研究

为了解西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)对吡虫啉的抗性风险,本文就吡虫啉的交互抗性和抗性机制(增效剂和酶活性)进行了研究。结果表明,经过35代筛选,西花蓟马对吡虫啉的抗性上升到21.26倍。西花蓟马对吡虫啉与阿维菌素和甲维盐存在中等水平交互抗性,与氯氟氰菊酯、灭多威和毒死蜱存在低水平交互抗性。增效剂试验表明,三丁基三硫磷酸酯(DEF)、磷酸三苯酯(TPP)和马来酸二乙酯(DEM)具有显著增效(SR50,DEF=6.38,SR50,TPP=5.52,SR50,DEM=1.60,P<0.05)。生化测定表明:抗吡虫啉品系西花蓟马的羧酸酯酶(5.06倍)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶酶活性(1.63倍)均显著(P<0.05)高于敏感品系,表明羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶酶活性的提高是西花蓟马对吡虫啉产生抗药性的主要原因。     

棉蚜对吡虫啉的抗性选育和现实遗传力分析

【目的】为了评估棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover对吡虫啉的抗性风险,在室内进行了棉蚜对吡虫啉(imidacloprid)的抗性选育和抗性现实遗传力分析。【方法】采用单头反选育法和群体汰选法,分别得到了棉蚜对吡虫啉敏感品系(LC₅₀为0.176 mg/L)和抗性品系(LC₅₀为14.657 mg/L)。采用阈性状分析方法,获得棉蚜对吡虫啉的抗性现实遗传力（h²）。【结果】相对于田间原始种群(LC₅₀为0.346 mg/L),吡虫啉敏感棉蚜品系对吡虫啉的LC50减少了2倍;获得的吡虫啉抗性棉蚜品系,经过40代的选育,得到抗性倍数为室内敏感品系的83.27倍的抗性品系。棉蚜对吡虫啉的抗性现实遗传力(h2)为0.1478。进一步预测其抗性发展速度,基于80%~90%的选择压力,预计抗性增长100倍时,吡虫啉可使用30.2~38.1代。【结论】这些研究说明棉蚜对吡虫啉存在抗性风险。     

甜菜夜蛾对虫酰肼的抗性选育、风险评估及交互抗性

虫酰肼是目前防治甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua（Hübner）的一种主要杀虫剂,为评估其抗性风险,在室内进行了抗性筛选和交互抗性的研究。采用饲料感染法,在甜菜夜蛾饲养75代期间用虫酰肼筛选62代,与起始种群相比抗性上升39.2倍,与室内敏感品系相比抗性上升141.3倍。在筛选的早、中、后期,现实遗传力h²分别为0.1075（F₀～F₂₅）、0.2780（F₂₆～F₅₀）和0.0538（F₅₁～F₇₅）,整个筛选62代现实遗传力为0.1556。抗性种群筛选43次（F55）后停止用药筛选,饲养21代后,与敏感品系相比,抗性水平由63.5倍下降到21倍,抗性下降3倍。说明甜菜夜蛾具有对虫酰肼产生抗性的风险,且抗性衰退缓慢,短期内很难恢复到敏感水平。交互抗性测定结果表明,上述室内选育的抗性品系对甲氧虫酰肼具有71.4倍的高水平交互抗性,对阿维菌素具有13.1倍的中等水平交互抗性,对甲维盐、茚虫威和呋喃虫酰肼分别具有7.0、8.4和4.7倍的低水平交互抗性,但对溴虫腈交互抗性不明显（1.9倍）。结果提示： 间断交替使用虫酰肼可以延缓抗性的发展,但除溴虫腈外,虫酰肼和其他几种新型杀虫剂之间的轮用可能不是甜菜夜蛾抗性治理的有效策略。     

西花蓟马田间种群对常用杀虫剂的抗性现状及防治对策

【目的】西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis在中国是一种严重危害温室蔬菜的入侵害虫。本研究旨在了解该害虫在中国的抗药性现状,为防治该害虫提供理论支持。【方法】采用Munger cell法测定了北京,山东寿光和青岛以及云南晋宁和呈贡等5个地区西花蓟马田间种群对多杀菌素、毒死蜱、阿维菌素、甲维盐、氟氯氰菊酯、溴虫腈、灭多威、吡虫啉和啶虫脒9种杀虫剂的抗药性水平,同时利用这些田间种群测定了多功能氧化酶抑制剂胡椒基丁醚（PBO）、谷胱甘肽S 转移酶抑制剂顺丁烯二酸二乙酯（DEM）和羧酸酯酶抑制剂三丁基三硫磷酸酯（DEF）对多杀菌素、吡虫啉和甲维盐的增效作用。【结果】生物测定结果表明,北京、晋宁及呈贡种群分别对多杀菌素产生了34.45, 47.45和64.45倍的高水平抗性;晋宁种群对灭多威和甲维盐分别产生了16.58和11.03倍的中等水平抗性;呈贡种群对甲维盐、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、溴虫腈分别产生了24.17, 21.69, 20.05, 16.45和10.31的中等水平抗性;青岛种群对啶虫脒和吡虫啉产生了17.70和12.49倍的中等水平抗性;寿光种群没有对任何杀虫剂产生高等或中等水平抗性。增效剂生物测定结果表明,对于吡虫啉和甲维盐,多功能氧化酶抑制剂PBO在所有田间种群上均有显著的增效作用。谷胱甘肽S-转移酶抑制剂DEM在呈贡、寿光和青岛种群中对吡虫啉存在显著增效作用;在北京、呈贡和寿光种群中,DEM对甲维盐存在显著增效作用。羧酸酯酶抑制剂DEF在呈贡、晋宁和青岛种群中对吡虫啉存在显著增效作用;在北京、呈贡和晋宁种群中,DEF对吡虫啉存在显著增效作用。但所有增效剂在各田间种群中对多杀菌素均无显著增效作用。【结论】结果提示：在使用多杀菌素防治西花蓟马时,应与其他杀虫剂轮换使用;此外,可通过添加酶抑制剂来增强甲维盐和吡虫啉对西花蓟马的防效。     

番茄斑萎病毒对多杀菌素抗性西花蓟马发育繁殖和药剂敏感性的影响

【目的】西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)是重要的入侵害虫,是番茄斑萎病毒（TSWV）最有效的传播媒介,TSWV对西花蓟马的生长发育有一定的影响。多杀菌素是防治西花蓟马最有效的药剂之一,但已有田间西花蓟马对多杀菌素产生抗药性的报道。TSWV对抗性西花蓟马是否也有影响及程度如何尚不清楚。本研究通过对此问题进行深入研究,以期为进一步了解TSWV对西花蓟马的影响提供依据。【方法】应用特定年龄-龄期及两性生命表的方法,研究用番茄斑萎病毒处理和未处理的多杀菌素抗性和敏感西花蓟马种群的生物学特性;用叶管药膜法测定不同处理种群对3种药剂（多杀菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和虫螨腈）的敏感性变化。【结果】对于抗性品系,TSWV处理后西花蓟马的发育历期缩短,雌成虫寿命和产卵量略高,但与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05),内禀增长率（r）和净生殖率（R₀）分别为0.0433 d^-1和2.210,显著高于对照组（分别为0.0356 d^-1和1.972）（P ≤ 0.001）。对于敏感品系,TSWV处理后西花蓟马的发育历期缩短,雌雄成虫寿命均显著延长（P ≤ 0.001）,产卵量也略有提高,R₀为4.125,显著高于对照组（3.979）（P ≤ 0.001）。TSWV处理后敏感和抗性西花蓟马对多杀菌素的敏感性没有发生明显变化,对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和虫螨腈的敏感性显著降低。【结论】番茄斑萎病毒对多杀菌素敏感和抗性西花蓟马均有直接有利影响,病毒处理的西花蓟马发育历期缩短,繁殖能力增强,成虫寿命延长,对药剂的敏感性降低。     

西花蓟马对多杀菌素的抗性汰选和遗传方式

在室内进行了西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)种群对多杀菌素的抗性筛选和抗性遗传方式分析。经过2年多的汰选,抗性水平相比较初始种群提高了30倍,与同时测定的敏感品系相比抗性达到80.8倍。抗性遗传方式分析结果表明,正、反交后代显性度分别为0.51和0.43,二者差异不显著,说明西花蓟马对多杀菌素的抗性为常染色体、不完全显性遗传;剂量对数死亡机率值曲线分析结果显示回交后代在死亡率50%处,自交后代在死亡率25%和75%处未出现明显平坡,回交和自交后代实测值卡方检验进一步证实抗性为多基因控制。     

朱砂叶螨对三种杀螨剂的抗性选育与抗性风险评估

为评价朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus对3种杀螨剂的抗性风险,在实验室抗性品系选育基础上,应用数量遗传学中的域性状分析法,研究了朱砂叶螨北碚种群对甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素和哒螨灵3种杀螨剂的抗性现实遗传力,并对3种药剂在不同杀死率下抗性发展的速率进行了预测。结果表明：分别单一连续汰选16代后,朱砂叶螨对甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素的抗性倍数分别达26.54和4.51倍,对哒螨灵表现为敏感性降低（抗性倍数为1.16倍）;朱砂叶螨对甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素和哒螨灵的抗性现实遗传力分别为0.2472,0.1519和0.0160。在室内选择条件下,杀死率为50%～90%时,要获得10倍抗性,甲氰菊酯仅需要13～6代,阿维菌素需要约21～10代;哒螨灵需要约197～89代;在田间选择,三种药剂都将需要更长的时间。抗性筛选16代结果表明,抗性风险较高的是菊酯类的甲氰菊酯,其次是生物源农药阿维菌素,杂环类的哒螨灵抗性风险较小。试验结果可为朱砂叶螨抗性治理提供参考。     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis. Ricardo A. Godoy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. 274 pp.     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Exercise, dobutamine, and combined atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine compared

We compared the cardiovascular effects evoked in conscious dogs by 1) submaximal exercise; 2) infusion of dobutamine (40 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1); and 3) infusion of a combination of atropine (0.15 mg/kg), norepinephrine (0.19 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1), and epinephrine (0.05 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1). Myocardial O2 demand, as estimated by the double product (heart rate X systolic blood pressure), was similar during all three interventions. Cardiac output and heart rate increased significantly (P less than 0.05) during each of the three interventions. Arteriovenous O2 difference and total body O2 consumption, however, increased only during submaximal exercise. Although myocardial blood flow increased similarly during each of the three interventions, blood flow to skeletal muscle and the tongue increased only during exercise. Exercise and the combined infusion of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine produced similar increases in blood flow to the diaphragm and similar decreases in blood flow to the stomach. These changes in blood flow were associated with appropriate changes in vascular resistance. Additionally, blood flow to the brain, kidney, adrenal glands, liver, and intestine did not change during any of the three interventions. Thus, in dogs, submaximal exercise, infusion of dobutamine, and infusion of a combination of atropine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine to evoke a given level of estimated myocardial O2 consumption produce similar increases in cardiac output, heart rate, and myocardial blood flow. In contrast, the changes in total body O2 consumption, arteriovenous O2 difference, regional blood flow, and regional vascular resistance that occur during each of these three interventions are different.     

Incorporating Science,Technology, Fairness,and Accountability in Environmental,Health, and Safety Decisions

The Precautionary Principle is in sharp political focus today because (1) the nature of scientific uncertainty is changing and (2) there is increasing pressure to base governmental action on more “rational” schemes, such as cost-benefit analysis and quantitative risk assessment, the former being an embodiment of ‘rational choice theory’ promoted by the Chicago school of law and economics. The Precautionary Principle has been criticized as being both too vague and too arbitrary to form a basis for rational decision making. The assumption underlying this criticism is that any scheme not based on cost-benefit analysis and risk assessment is both irrational and without secure foundation in either science or economics. This paper contests that view and makes explicit the rational tenets of the Precautionary Principle within an analytical framework as rigorous as uncertainties permit, and one that mirrors democratic values embodied in regulatory, compensatory, and common law. Unlike other formulations that reject risk assessment, this paper argues that risk assessment can be used within the formalism of tradeoff analysis—a more appropriate alternative to traditional cost-benefit analysis and one that satisfies the need for well-grounded public policy decision making. This paper will argue that the precautionary approach is the most appropriate basis for policy, even when large uncertainties do not exist, especially where the fairness of the distributions of costs and benefits of hazardous activities and products are a concern. Furthermore, it will offer an approach to making decisions within an analytic framework, based on equity and justice, to replace the economic paradigm of utilitarian cost-benefit analysis.