沙漠干热环境腹部肠管枪弹伤后血清内毒素与肝脏环氧化酶-2的表达研究

目的:探讨沙漠干热环境下腹部肠管枪弹伤后血清内毒素和肝脏环氧化酶-2(COX-2)表达之间的关系.方法:沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组健康长白仔猪各42头随机等分为对照组和伤后1h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组,实验组建立腹部枪弹伤肠管穿透模型后,用显色基质鲎试剂法检测各组血清内毒素水平,免疫组化图像分析法测定各组肝组织COX-2的表达.结果:沙漠干热环境和常温环境下,伤后各实验组血清内毒素水平和肝脏COX-2表达水平均高于对照组(P＜0.01),两种环境下内毒素均在8h组达到高峰,分别为(0.971±0.04)EU/ml、(0.627±0.08)EU/ml,沙漠干热环境组内毒素峰值明显高于常温环境组(P＜0.01);除对照组和1h组外,其余各时间组的干热环境内毒素值明显高于常温环境(P＜0.01).在沙漠干热环境组,各实验组肝脏COX-2表达水平明显高于相对应的常温组(P＜0.01),肝脏COX-2的表达水平在沙漠干热环境组和常温纽中的第1个高峰值均出现在伤后2h组,沙漠干热环境组的第2个高峰值出现在伤后8h组,而常温环境组的第2个高峰出现在伤后12h组;血清内毒素水平和肝脏COX-2表达水平在沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组均具有相关性,相关系数分别为0.928和0.847,(P＜0.01).结论:沙漠干热环境下腹部肠管枪弹伤后血清内毒素和肝脏COX-2表达较常温组明显提高,且二者密切相关,提示在沙漠干热环境下腹部肠管枪弹伤后血清内毒素和COX-2在继发性肝损害过程中可能起重要作用.     

沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后IL-6和TNF-α在血清中的变化研究

目的:探讨沙漠干热环境下猪腹部肠管火器伤后血清白介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的动态变化规律.方法:沙漠干热组和常温组各42头长白仔猪随机等分为对照组和伤后1h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组7个时间组,实验各组在建立腹部肠管火器伤模型后分别在相应的时间点采血,采用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定各组动物血清IL-6、TNF-α水平:结果:沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组中的各实验组动物血清IL-6、TNF-α水平均明显高于对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05),沙漠干热环境组的IL-6、TNF-α均明显高于相对应的常温组(P<0.01或P<0.05),沙漠干热环境组血清IL-6在伤后8小时组最高,为(1369.49±31.56)pg/ml,而在常温组中以伤后12h组最高,为(1218.35±74.00)pg/ml.血清TNF-α的高峰值在沙漠干热环境和常温的高峰值均为伤后12h组,分别为(112.73±8.05)pg/ml和(94.36±10.18)pg/ml,且二者具有显著性差异(P<0.05).血清IL-6和TNF-α的水平在沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组均具有相关性,相关系数分别为0.989和0.972(P<0.01).结论:沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后血清IL-6、TNF-α的水平明显高于常温组,且两种因子的水平密切相关,IL-6、TNF-α可能在沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后的继发性机体损害过程中起重要作用.     

姜黄素预处理对沙漠干热环境中暑大鼠心肌细胞凋亡和Caspase-3活性的影响

目的:研究姜黄素预处理对沙漠干热环境不同阶段中暑大鼠心肌损伤、细胞凋亡及半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)活性的影响。方法:选择雄性健康SD大鼠80只,将其随机分为2组(n=40):盐水对照组以及姜黄素预处理组。每组再分为4个亚组(n=10):干热0 min组(即常温组),干热50 min组(轻度中暑组),干热100 min组(中度中暑组),干热150 min组(重度中暑组)。盐水组大鼠给予0.9%生理盐水灌胃,姜黄素组大鼠给予剂量为100 mg/kg姜黄素灌胃,各组大鼠均连续灌胃7天。0 min组置于常温环境中,其余组放置在西北特殊环境人工实验舱内,设置干热环境:温度(41±0.5)℃,湿度(10±1)%,并在相应时间点麻醉大鼠,取血液以及心脏组织。检测血液心肌酶谱磷酸肌酸激酶(CK)、磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平,用TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡率,Caspase-3比色试剂盒检测Caspase-3活性。结果:随着干热环境时间的延长,大鼠血清CK、CK-MB、LDH水平、心肌细胞凋亡率及心肌组织Caspase-3活性均逐渐升高,而姜黄素预处理组在干热环境放置50 min、100 min和150 min时的血清CK、CK-MB、LDH水平、心肌细胞凋亡率及心肌组织Caspase-3活性均明显低于对照组(P0.01)。结论:姜黄素预处理可通过减少心肌细胞凋亡、增加Caspase-3活性,保护沙漠干热环境中暑大鼠心肌损伤。     

沙漠干热环境猪肠管火器伤继发性肾损伤的病理学观察

目的:观察沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器穿透伤后肾脏损害的病理学变化.方法:健康长白仔猪84头随机分为常温组及沙漠干热环境组.每组分为对照组、伤后1 h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组.建立腹部肠管火器穿透伤模型后,分别于伤后各时间点检测各组体温、伤道局部细茼学定量、血液细菌性培养定性、血清中内毒素水平;同时,切取肾组织进行病理组织学及超微结构观察.结果:两组动物均形成肠管穿孔伤,伤后各时间点体温逐渐升高,在相同时间点,沙漠组体温明显高于常温组(P<0.01);伤道血细菌培养:沙漠组伤后4h达到感染临界值与常温组具有显著性差异(P<0.01):8h血浆内毒素水平:沙漠组为0.970±0.04EU/ml与常温组0.63+0.08 EU/ml具有显著性差异(P<0.01).肾病理变化:沙漠组较常温组病变提前且随时间的延长呈进行性加重,以12h组-24h组出现肾小球变质性炎、肾小管急性坏死等病变.结论:沙漠环境腹部肠管火器穿透伤可造成肾损害,进行性发展为急性肾小球变质性炎和急性肾小管坏死,可能导致急性肾功能不全;血液动力学障碍及肠源性内毒素血症可能是肾损害的重要因素.     

沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后肝脏COX-2 的表达与肝细胞凋亡 的关系研究

目的:探讨沙漠干热环境下猪腹部肠管火器伤后肝脏环氧化酶-2(COX-2)的表达与肝细胞凋亡之间的关系。方法:沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组各42头长白仔猪随机等分为对照组和伤后1h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组7个时间组,实验各组在建立腹部肠管火器伤模型后,用免疫组化图像分析法测定各组肝组织COX-2的表达,采用TUNEL法观察肝细胞凋亡情况,并检测血清ALT的变化。结果:沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组中各实验组COX-2表达水平及肝细胞凋亡率均明显高于对照组(P<0.01);在沙漠干热环境组,各实验组肝脏COX-2表达水平明显高于相对应的常温组(P<0.01),肝细胞凋亡率在1h、2h、4h、8h明显高于相对应的常温组(P<0.05或P<0.01);肝脏COX-2的表达水平和肝细胞凋亡率在沙漠干热环境组和常温组中的第1个高峰值均出现在伤后2h组,沙漠干热环境组的第2个高峰值出现在伤后8h组,而常温环境组的第2个高峰出现在伤后12h组;血清ALT的变化趋势与COX-2的表达及细胞凋亡的趋势相似,肝脏COX-2表达水平和肝细胞凋亡率在沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组均具有相关性,相关系数分别为0.973和0.945,(P<0.01)。结论:沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后肝脏COX-2的水平明显高于常温组,COX-2的表达与肝细胞凋亡的变化趋势一致,且密切相关,提示在沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后COX-2可能通过促进肝细胞凋亡在继发性肝脏损害过程中起重要作用。     

沙漠干热环境下猪腹部肠管火器伤后肝脏功能和形态的变化

目的:观察沙漠干热环境下猪腹部火器伤肠管穿透后肝脏功能和形态的变化。方法:沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组各健康长白仔猪42头随机等分为对照组和伤后1h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组,实验组建立腹部火器伤肠管穿透模型后,分别测定各组动物血清中AST水平,并与对照组比较。在光镜下观察各组肝脏组织学变化,电镜下观察肝脏超微结构改变。结果:伤后各组血清AST水平均高于对照组,并于伤后2h出现第1个高峰,沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组分别于伤后8h和12h出现第2个高峰。沙漠干热组和常温组分别于伤后4h和8h开始出现肝细胞的坏死和超微结构的明显变化。结论:沙漠干热环境下腹部肠管火器伤后肝脏结构和功能损伤的发生均较常温组提前,提示在沙漠干热环境下腹部火器伤更要及早对肝损伤采取相应的保护措施。     

姜黄素预处理对沙漠干热环境热射病大鼠肠黏膜的损伤保护作用及对TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的影响

目的:探讨姜黄素预处理对沙漠干热环境热射病大鼠肠黏膜损伤保护作用及对TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的影响。方法:随机将40只雄性SD大鼠分为5组,常温对照组(NC组)、干热对照组(DH组)、低剂量姜黄素预处理组(LDC组)、中剂量姜黄素预处理组(MDC组)、高剂量姜黄素预处理组(HDC组)。NC组和DH组生理盐水灌胃,其他三组按(50、100、200)mg/kg姜黄素灌胃,连续7天。将DH组和姜黄素各组置于西北特殊环境人工实验舱中,设置温度:(41±0.5)~℃,湿度:(10±1)%RH,干热暴露150 min建立热射病(重度中暑)模型。麻醉处死后采集回肠组织样本,HE染色观察肠黏膜形态学变化并进行病理损伤评分,Western blotting检测肠黏膜Toll样受体4(TLR4)、核因子-κB(NF-κB)及其抑制蛋白(IκB)的表达。结果:DH组肠粘膜病理损伤评分较NC组显著升高(P0.05);各姜黄素预处理组病理损伤评分较DH组显著降低(P0.05)。DH组较NC组TLR4、NF-κB表达显著升高,IκB表达显著降低(P0.05);各姜黄素预处理组较DH组TLR4、NF-κB表达降低,而IκB表达增加,具有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:姜黄素能够减轻沙漠干热环境热射病大鼠肠黏膜病理学损伤,其机制可能与姜黄素抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路有关。     

沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后肝脏COX-2的表达与肝细胞凋亡的关系研究

目的：探讨沙漠干热环境下猪腹部肠管火器伤后肝脏环氧化酶-2（COX-2）的表达与肝细胞凋亡之间的关系。方法：沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组各42头长白仔猪随机等分为对照组和伤后1h、2h、4h、8h、12h和24h组7个时间组,实验各组在建立腹部肠管火器伤模型后,用免疫组化图像分析法测定各组肝组织COX-2的表达,采用TUNEL法观察肝细胞凋亡情况,并检测血清ALT的变化。结果：沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组中各实验组COX-2表达水平及肝细胞凋亡率均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）;在沙漠干热环境组,各实验组肝脏COX-2表达水平明显高于相对应的常温组（P〈0．01）,肝细胞凋亡率在1h、2h、4h、8h明显高于相对应的常温组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;肝脏COX-2的表达水平和肝细胞凋亡率在沙漠干热环境组和常温组中的第1个高峰值均出现在伤后2h组,沙漠干热环境组的第2个高峰值出现在伤后8h组,而常温环境组的第2个高峰出现在伤后12h组;血清ALT的变化趋势与COX-2的表达及细胞凋亡的趋势相似,肝脏COX-2表达水平和肝细胞凋亡率在沙漠干热环境组和常温环境组均具有相关性,相关系数分别为0．973和0．945,（P〈0．01）。结论：沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后肝脏COX-2的水平明显高于常温组,COX-2的表达与肝细胞凋亡的变化趋势一致,且密切相关,提示在沙漠干热环境腹部肠管火器伤后COX-2可能通过促进肝细胞凋亡在继发性肝脏损害过程中起重要作用。     

姜黄素预处理通过保护线粒体和抗氧化应激减轻干热环境热射病大鼠肝损伤

目的:研究姜黄素预处理对干热环境热射病大鼠肝脏的保护作用及机制。方法:将50只SD大鼠随机分为5组(n=10):常温对照组(Control),干热对照组(HS),50-cur组,100-cur组和200-cur组。Control组、HS组给予生理盐水灌胃,50-cur组、100-cur组、200-cur组分别给予50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg浓度的姜黄素灌胃,每天1次,连续7天。第8天除Control组外,其余4组大鼠转移至西北特殊环境人工实验舱(环境温度41±0.5℃,湿度10±1%)进行实验。实验的第150分钟,检测肛温,麻醉后取材。同时Control组直接检测肛温并麻醉取材。检测血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、肝组织丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的含量和细胞色素C(Cyt-c)的表达情况。电镜观察肝细胞超微结构的变化。结果:(1)第150分钟,各组大鼠体温均超过42℃,达到热射病状态。姜黄素预处理组体温较HS组降低(P0.01)。姜黄素预处理组组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)HS组ALT、AST水平较Control组升高(P0.01)。姜黄素预处理组ALT、AST水平较HS组降低(P0.05),姜黄素预处理组组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)HS组与Control组相比MDA水平升高,SOD、CAT水平降低(P0.01)。姜黄素预处理组与HS组相比MDA水平降低,SOD、CAT水平升高(P0.01),姜黄素预处理组组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(4)电镜下,HS组肝细胞内线粒体增生肿胀,嵴结构紊乱、破坏,部分肝细胞核结构破坏;姜黄素预处理组肝细胞内线粒体增生为主,无嵴结构破坏和胞核的改变。(5)HS组肝细胞质内Cyt-c表达(1.29±0.19)较Control组(0.24±0.02)明显增多(P0.01)。姜黄素预处理组Cyt-c表达(50-cur、100-cur、200-cur分别为0.75±0.08、0.64±0.08、0.48±0.06)较HS组相对减低(P0.05),姜黄素预处理组组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:干热环境热射病大鼠肝脏损伤明显,姜黄素预处理能减轻干热环境热射病导致的肝损伤,其机制可能与保护线粒体和抗氧化应激有关。姜黄素对热射病大鼠肝脏的保护作用具有剂量依赖性。     

沙漠干热环境创伤失血性休克继发性肺损伤及相关炎症因子变化

目的:探讨沙漠干热环境下创伤失血性休克(THS)猪不同时间点继发性肺损伤特点及炎症因子的变化。方法:健康长白仔猪60只,随机分为3组,分别为:干热创伤失血性休克组(DHS组),干热创伤失血性休克假手术组(DHC组),常温创伤失血休克组(NTS组),每组20只。实验前将DHS组和DHC组在干热环境(温度40.5±0.5℃,湿度10%±2%),NTS组在常温环境(温度25.0±0.5℃,湿度35%±5%)分别在相应的环境下暴露3 h后建立模型,再将DHS组、DHC组和NTS组分别随机分成4个亚组(n=5):分别于模型建立成功后0 min,50 min,100 min,150 min安乐处死并取肺组织观察病理学变化,检测肺组织匀浆液内TNF-α、IL-1β含量变化及肺组织内i NOS、COX-2 m RNA表达量的变化。结果:高倍镜下病理切片可见DHS组各时间点肺均有不同程度的损伤,随时间延长呈逐渐加重趋势,病理学评分也不断升高;DHC组与NHC组在各时间点肺组织均未出现明显的病理学变化。DHS组肺组织匀浆液中细胞炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β分别在时间点T0、T1开始升高,峰值分别出现在T2、T3时间点;DHS组肺组织内i NOS、COX-2 m RNA在T0时间点即明显表达,在相同时间点分别和NTS组、DHC组比较,i NOS、COX-2 m RNA相对表达量差异有显著性(P0.05)。结论:沙漠干热环境下,创伤失血性休克猪继发性肺损伤出现时间早、损伤重且肺组织匀浆内炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β发生级联效应,肺组织内i NOS、COX-2在肺损伤过程中可能起关键作用。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.