南亚热带格木和红椎凋落叶及细根分解特征

采用原位分解法对南亚热带格木(Erythrophleum fordii)和红椎(Castanopsis hystrix)人工纯林的凋落叶和细根分解动态及凋落叶和细根分解速率之间的相关关系进行了比较研究。结果显示,格木、红椎人工林凋落叶和细根分解系数分别为0.98a~(-1)、0.88a~(-1)和0.65a~(-1)、0.59a~(-1)。格木、红椎凋落物分解主要受凋落物自身化学性质的影响,而与林分内环境条件的关系不显著。分解初期,凋落叶和细根的质量损失均与氮含量显著正相关(R~2分别为0.525和0.549),与C/N比显著负相关(R~2分别为0.764和0.361);而分解后期,凋落叶和细根的质量损失均与氮含量显著正相关(R~2分别为0.565和0.511),与C/N比、木质素含量、木质素/N比显著负相关(R~2分别为0.482和0.574;0.525和0.519;0.523和0.486)。格木、红椎凋落叶分解速率和细根分解速率表现出明显的正相关性,这主要归因于凋落叶、细根基质质量对凋落叶分解速率和细根分解速率的影响具有明显的相似性。     

泰山4种优势造林树种细根分解对细菌群落结构的影响

为了理解细菌群落结构和多样性对森林生态系统细根凋落物分解的影响, 该研究以泰山4种主要优势造林树种刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和赤松(Pinus densiflora)为研究对象, 采用凋落物分解袋法及Illumina Miseq测序平台对细菌16S rDNA V4-V5区扩增产物进行双端测序, 分析了4种树种细根分解对细菌群落结构及多样性的影响。结果表明: (1) 4种植物细根分解速率差异显著, 阔叶树种分解速率显著高于针叶树种, 表现为刺槐>麻栎>油松>赤松。(2) 4个树种细菌序列操作分类单元(OTU)、观测到的物种数、Ace指数和系统发育多样性之间差异显著, 且阔叶树种刺槐和麻栎显著低于针叶树种赤松和油松。4种细根分解的细菌群落结构存在极显著差异。细根初始碳(C)含量、木质素:氮(N)和C:N对细菌群落结构的影响较大。(3)细菌群落相对丰度在5%以上的优势类群是变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门, 且变形菌门、酸杆菌门在4个树种之间差异显著, 特别是阔叶树种变形菌门显著高于针叶树种。在纲水平上, α-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、不明放线菌纲、鞘脂杆菌纲为主要的优势纲, 其中α-变形菌纲、不明放线菌纲在4个树种之间差异显著。(4) Pearson相关性分析表明, 细菌优势门和纲相对丰度受到凋落物初始化学性质的影响, 特别是变形菌门和α-变形菌纲; 变形菌门和α-变形菌纲相对丰度与细根分解速率显著正相关。冗余分析结果也显示, 细根初始N、磷(P)含量和木质素含量对细菌群落结构的影响较大。研究结果有助于理解细菌群落结构和多样性对森林生态系统细根凋落物分解的影响。     

Effects of fine root decomposition on bacterial community structure of four dominated tree species in Mount Taishan,China

为了理解细菌群落结构和多样性对森林生态系统细根凋落物分解的影响, 该研究以泰山4种主要优势造林树种刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和赤松(Pinus densiflora)为研究对象, 采用凋落物分解袋法及Illumina Miseq测序平台对细菌16S rDNA V4-V5区扩增产物进行双端测序, 分析了4种树种细根分解对细菌群落结构及多样性的影响。结果表明: (1) 4种植物细根分解速率差异显著, 阔叶树种分解速率显著高于针叶树种, 表现为刺槐>麻栎>油松>赤松。(2) 4个树种细菌序列操作分类单元(OTU)、观测到的物种数、Ace指数和系统发育多样性之间差异显著, 且阔叶树种刺槐和麻栎显著低于针叶树种赤松和油松。4种细根分解的细菌群落结构存在极显著差异。细根初始碳(C)含量、木质素:氮(N)和C:N对细菌群落结构的影响较大。(3)细菌群落相对丰度在5%以上的优势类群是变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门, 且变形菌门、酸杆菌门在4个树种之间差异显著, 特别是阔叶树种变形菌门显著高于针叶树种。在纲水平上, α-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、不明放线菌纲、鞘脂杆菌纲为主要的优势纲, 其中α-变形菌纲、不明放线菌纲在4个树种之间差异显著。(4) Pearson相关性分析表明, 细菌优势门和纲相对丰度受到凋落物初始化学性质的影响, 特别是变形菌门和α-变形菌纲; 变形菌门和α-变形菌纲相对丰度与细根分解速率显著正相关。冗余分析结果也显示, 细根初始N、磷(P)含量和木质素含量对细菌群落结构的影响较大。研究结果有助于理解细菌群落结构和多样性对森林生态系统细根凋落物分解的影响。     

川西亚高山三种优势树种不同根序碳氮磷化学计量特征

采用Pregitzer的方法对细根进行分级,测定川西亚高山红桦、岷江冷杉和粗枝云杉3种优势树种1~5级细根(直径<2 mm)碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)浓度,并计算它们之间的化学计量比.结果表明:3种优势树种的细根的C浓度、C/N和C/P随根序的升高而升高,N和P浓度随根序的升高而降低,而N/P在不同根序间变化不显著.细根C、N和P浓度及其化学计量比在3个物种之间差异显著,且这种差异随细根根序的不同而变化.3种树种的细根C、N、P浓度及其化学计量比之间存在显著相关关系.     

中亚热带木本植物各器官凋落物分解特性

植物因资源条件的差异形成不同的生态对策以获取养分进行代谢,具有不同的植物功能性状,从而可把植物凋落物分解特性与生态对策联系起来。为探究中亚热带地区木本植物凋落物分解特性与生态对策的关系,选取两种生态系统中的植物物种的地上、地下各器官凋落物(包括细根、粗根、细枝和叶片),采用分解袋法在两种土壤基质中(砂岩与石灰岩)进行为期2a(凋落叶片为1a)的分解实验,同时进行交叉实验。分解1a及2a的各器官凋落物间分解常数的关系采取Pearson相关性分析,并用SMA进行线性回归,结果表明植物各器官凋落物间的分解具有正相关关系,且分解1a后的细根与粗根、细根与细枝及分解2a后的细根与粗根呈现出显著正相关;而比较常绿植物及落叶植物凋落物在两种土壤基质和两种物种来源分解1a后的差异,除枝条外落叶植物凋落物的分解常数都大于常绿植物,在0.05置信水平上呈现出显著差异性。植物各器官凋落物间的分解具有一致性,不同生活型植物的各器官间的分解速率在不同物种来源或不同土壤基质中都表现出相似的差异。     

长白山次生针阔混交林叶凋落物中有机物分解与碳、氮和磷释放的关系

采用分解袋法,研究了长白山次生针阔混交林内9种树种叶凋落物34个月的分解过程.结果表明:在次生针阔混交林中,不同树种叶凋落物的初始N和P浓度存在很大差异,叶凋落物分解速率(k)与初始N浓度和C/N显著相关.有机物剩余百分率与C剩余百分率呈显著的线性正相关关系,与N和P剩余百分率之间呈显著的二项式回归关系. N和P剩余百分率在初期阶段随有机物分解而增加,达到峰值后逐渐降低. 随着有机物剩余百分率的下降,C/N和C/P均呈逐渐降低趋势,各种叶凋落物之间C/N和C/P的差异逐渐减小,分解末期分别趋近于23和350. 随有机物剩余百分率的降低, N/P变化不明显,当有机物剩余百分率低于25%时,不同树种叶凋落物之间N/P差异显著下降. 有机物剩余百分率可用来预测C、N和P的剩余百分率.      

长白山次生针阔混交林叶凋落物中有机物分解与碳、氮和磷释放的关系

采用分解袋法,研究了长白山次生针阔混交林内9种树种叶凋落物34个月的分解过程.结果表明:在次生针阔混交林中,不同树种叶凋落物的初始N和P浓度存在很大差异,叶凋落物分解速率(k)与初始N浓度和C/N显著相关.有机物剩余百分率与C剩余百分率呈显著的线性正相关关系,与N和P剩余百分率之间呈显著的二项式回归关系. N和P剩余百分率在初期阶段随有机物分解而增加,达到峰值后逐渐降低. 随着有机物剩余百分率的下降,C/N和C/P均呈逐渐降低趋势,各种叶凋落物之间C/N和C/P的差异逐渐减小,分解末期分别趋近于23和350. 随有机物剩余百分率的降低, N/P变化不明显,当有机物剩余百分率低于25%时,不同树种叶凋落物之间N/P差异显著下降. 有机物剩余百分率可用来预测C、N和P的剩余百分率.      

干旱胁迫对3种灌木不同器官化学计量特征的影响

采用盆栽控水试验,研究了3个水分处理,即田间持水量(FC)的(75±5)%、(55±5)%和(35±5)%,对丁香、黄刺梅、连翘的叶、茎、极细根(0～1 mm)、细根(1～2 mm)和粗根(>2 mm)化学计量特征的影响。结果表明: 3种灌木相同器官间氮(N)和磷(P)含量以及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P均存在显著差异。随着干旱胁迫的加剧,3种灌木各器官C含量总体上无显著变化;叶片N含量呈增加趋势,茎N含量逐渐下降,极细根和细根N含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势;叶片、茎P 含量呈降低趋势,极细根和细根P含量呈先增加后下降的趋势。3种灌木在干旱胁迫下叶C∶N呈降低趋势,叶和茎C∶P、N∶P均呈增加趋势。干旱胁迫对极细根C∶N和叶C∶P、N∶P影响最大,而对粗根C∶N、N∶P以及极细根C∶P的影响最小。土壤C、N含量与灌木各器官中C、N、P含量无显著相关性,但土壤P含量与叶和根系C、N、P含量均显著相关。土壤中相对缺乏的P是影响灌木器官化学计量特征的最重要因素。干旱对不同灌木不同器官化学计量的影响不同,叶和极细根的化学计量较其他器官对干旱胁迫更加敏感。干旱可能主要通过影响灌木对土壤中养分P的吸收和在不同器官中的分配,进而影响灌木不同器官的化学计量特征,尤其是与P相关的化学计量特征。     

种内竞争和残落物覆盖对杉木和檵木细根形态特征的影响

细根对生态系统养分、水分和碳循环至关重要。然而,目前关于森林生态系统细根可塑性的研究多集中于乔木树种,对灌木少有研究。本研究以杉木(乔木)和檵木(灌木)为研究对象,采用根袋法研究种内竞争和残落物覆盖对2物种1级和2级细根形态特征(比根长、直径和分枝比)及养分吸收能力的影响,揭示种内竞争和林下管理措施(残落物覆盖)对2物种细根塑性和养分吸收策略的影响机制。结果表明:残落物覆盖、种内竞争及二者的交互作用对杉木细根形态特征各指标均无显著影响。残落物覆盖显著提高了檵木1、2级根分枝比,残落物覆盖、种内竞争及二者的交互作用均显著降低了檵木1级根的直径。檵木细根属性的这些变化增加了其细根的养分吸收速率。因此,增加杉木林残落物覆盖使林下檵木细根形态特征的变化更利于土壤养分的高效吸收,进而可能会与同土层中塑性差的杉木细根产生养分竞争。     

干旱胁迫对科尔沁沙地榆树幼苗C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

设置适宜水分、轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫处理(即80%、65%、50%和35%田间持水量),研究干旱胁迫对榆树幼苗不同器官C、N、P化学计量的影响.结果表明:与适宜水分处理相比,干旱胁迫导致C含量在叶、茎、粗根和细根中增加,N含量在叶、茎和粗根中增加,P含量在叶、茎和粗根中下降,在细根中增加,C:N在叶和茎中下降,C:P及N:P在叶、茎和粗根中增加,在细根中下降.各器官间C含量呈显著正相关,而各器官间N与P相关性均不显著.土壤含水量与各器官C含量,叶N含量,细根P含量及C:N,叶、茎和粗根C:P及N:P呈显著负相关,而与细根N含量,叶、茎和粗根P含量,细根C:P及N:P呈显著正相关.因此,干旱胁迫影响榆树幼苗对N、P的吸收及向上运输,幼苗生长主要受N限制;随着干旱胁迫的加剧,叶、茎和粗根生长受P限制作用增强.     

Fine root decomposition rates do not mirror those of leaf litter among temperate tree species

Elucidating the function of and patterns among plant traits above ground has been a major research focus, while the patterns and functioning of belowground traits remain less well understood. Even less well known is whether species differences in leaf traits and their associated biogeochemical effects are mirrored by differences in root traits and their effects. We studied fine root decomposition and N dynamics in a common garden study of 11 temperate European and North American tree species (Abies alba, Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Larix decidua, Picea abies, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus robur, Quercus rubra and Tilia cordata) to determine whether leaf litter and fine root decomposition rates are correlated across species as well as which species traits influence microbial decomposition above versus below ground. Decomposition and N immobilization rates of fine roots were unrelated to those of leaf litter across species. The lack of correspondence of above- and belowground processes arose partly because the tissue traits that influenced decomposition and detritus N dynamics different for roots versus leaves, and partly because influential traits were unrelated between roots and leaves across species. For example, while high hemicellulose concentrations and thinner roots were associated with more rapid decomposition below ground, low lignin and high Ca concentrations were associated with rapid aboveground leaf decomposition. Our study suggests that among these temperate trees, species effects on C and N dynamics in decomposing fine roots and leaf litter may not reinforce each other. Thus, species differences in rates of microbially mediated decomposition may not be as large as they would be if above- and belowground processes were working in similar directions (i.e., if faster decomposition above ground corresponded to faster decomposition below ground). Our results imply that studies that focus solely on aboveground traits may obscure some of the important mechanisms by which plant species influence ecosystem processes.     

降水强度变化对天山云杉地表凋落物和细根分解的影响

为了探明不同降水条件下干旱区山地森林主要优势树种凋落物分解特征,采用野外模拟试验,通过设计3种降水强度处理[ZP（去除降水）、CK（自然降水,对照）、DP（双倍降水）],研究了降水强度变化对天山云杉地表凋落物（叶和枝）和细根分解的影响。研究结果表明：分解24个月后对照凋落叶、凋落枝和细根干重损失率比去除降水损失率分别高24.79%、2.54%和23.09%,比双倍降水损失率低7.04%、0.68%和10.70%,去除降水对凋落叶和细根分解的抑制作用显著,对凋落枝抑制作用较微弱,双倍降水对分解具有促进作用,但仅对细根分解的促进作用显著。对照和双倍降水处理下凋落叶和细根月平均分解率均表现为双峰型曲线,凋落枝为单峰曲线,去除降水处理下地表凋落物和细根月平均分解率相对平缓。木质素和纤维素残留率也表现为去除降水 > 对照 > 双倍降水。不同降水处理下分解过程中N元素释放模式不同,但C释放模式基本一致。相关分析表明,凋落物月分解率与0~10 cm土层温度的相关性不显著（P>0.05）,但与土壤含水量间为线性极显著正相关（P<0.05）。我们研究结果发现云杉凋落物与根系分解对降水强度变化存在明显差异,未来气候变化对土壤碳周转影响应该充分考虑这种器官间差异。     

Slow decomposition and limited nitrogen release by lower order roots in eight Chinese temperate and subtropical trees

Background and aims

Roots of the lowest branch orders have the highest mortality rate, and may contribute predominately to plant carbon (C) and nutrient transfer into the soil. Yet patterns and controlling factors of the decomposition of these roots are poorly understood.

Methods

We conducted a two-year field litterbag study on different root orders and leaf litter in four temperate and four subtropical tree species.

Results

Five species showed slower decay rates in lower- (order 1–2) than higher-order (order 3–5) roots, and all species showed slower decay rates in lower-order roots than leaf litter. These patterns were strongly related to higher acid-insoluble fraction in lower- than higher-order roots, and in roots than in leaf litter, but were unrelated to initial N concentration. Litter N was predominantly in recalcitrant forms and limited amount of N was released during the study period;only 12 % of root N and 26 % of leaf litter N was released in 2 years.

Conclusions

We conclude that the slow decomposition of lower-order roots may be a common phenomenon and is mainly driven by their high acid-insoluble fraction. Moreover, litter N, especially root N, is retained during decomposition and may not be available for immediate plant uptake.     

亚热带典型树种根毛特征及其与共生真菌的关系

根毛和共生真菌增加了吸收面积,提高了植物获取磷等土壤资源的能力。由于野外原位观测根表微观结构较为困难,吸收细根、根毛、共生真菌如何相互作用并适应土壤资源供应,缺乏相应的数据和理论。该研究以受磷限制的亚热带森林为对象,选取了21种典型树种,定量了根毛存在情况、属性变异,分析了根毛形态特征与共生真菌侵染率、吸收细根功能属性之间的关系,探讨了根表结构对低磷土壤的响应和适应格局。结果表明:1)在亚热带森林根毛不是普遍存在的, 21个树种中仅发现7个树种存有根毛, 4个为丛枝菌根(AM)树种, 3个为外生菌根(ECM)树种。其中,马尾松(Pinus massoniana)根毛出现率最高,为86%;2)菌根类型是理解根-根毛-共生真菌关系的关键,AM树种根毛密度与共生真菌侵染率正相关,但ECM树种根毛直径与共生真菌侵染率负相关; 3) AM树种根毛长度和根毛直径、ECM树种根毛出现率与土壤有效磷含量呈负相关关系。该研究揭示了不同菌根类型树种根毛-共生真菌-根属性的格局及相互作用,为精细理解养分获取策略奠定了基础。     

冬小麦生境中土壤养分对凋落物碳氮释放的影响

土壤养分影响植物生长, 进而影响凋落物质量和产量; 凋落物质量和产量影响凋落物分解过程。基于一个生长实验和一个相同环境分解实验, 研究了冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)生境中养分可利用性对凋落物碳(C)和氮(N)释放的影响。结果显示: (1)冬小麦凋落物产量、叶/根C:N比、C释放量和N释放量随土壤养分梯度呈单调变化; (2)土壤养分影响叶凋落物丢失率而不影响根凋落物丢失率; (3)初始叶/根C:N比与其C、N释放量之间存在负相关关系; (4)分解过程降低叶C:N比和根C:N比。结果表明: 生境中土壤养分的提高可加速凋落物C、N归还, 这反过来可能促进冬小麦生长, 因此这种效应是正反馈; 初始C:N比可预测凋落物C、N释放量。     

Complex trait relationships between leaves and absorptive roots: Coordination in tissue N concentration but divergence in morphology

Leaves and absorptive roots (i.e., first‐order root) are above‐ and belowground plant organs related to resource acquisition; however, it is controversy over whether these two sets of functional traits vary in a coordinated manner. Here, we examined the relationships between analogous above‐ and belowground traits, including chemical (tissue C and N concentrations) and morphological traits (thickness and diameter, specific leaf area and root length, and tissue density) of 154 species sampling from eight subtropical and temperate forests. Our results showed that N concentrations of leaves and absorptive roots were positively correlated independent of phylogeny and plant growth forms, whereas morphological traits between above‐ and belowground organs varied independently. These results indicate that, different from plant economics spectrum theory, there is a complex integration of diverse adaptive strategies of plant species to above‐ and belowground environments, with convergent adaptation in nutrient traits but divergence in morphological traits across plant organs. Our results offer a new perspective for understanding the resource capture strategies of plants in adaptation to heterogeneous environments, and stress the importance of phylogenetic consideration in the discussion of cross‐species trait relationships.     

Predicting fine root lifespan from plant functional traits in temperate trees

? Although linkages of leaf and whole-plant traits to leaf lifespan have been rigorously investigated, there is a limited understanding of similar linkages of whole-plant and fine root traits to root lifespan. In comparisons across species, do suites of traits found in leaves also exist for roots, and can these traits be used to predict root lifespan? ? We observed the fine root lifespan of 12 temperate tree species using minirhizotrons in a common garden and compared their median lifespans with fine-root and whole-plant traits. We then determined which set of combined traits would be most useful in predicting patterns of root lifespan. ? Median root lifespan ranged widely among species (95-336?d). Root diameter, calcium content, and tree wood density were positively related to root lifespan, whereas specific root length, nitrogen (N)?:?carbon (C) ratio, and plant growth rate were negatively related to root lifespan. Root diameter and plant growth rate, together (R(2) =?0.62) or in combination with root N?:?C ratio (R(2) =?0.76), were useful predictors of root lifespan across the 12 species. ? Our results highlight linkages between fine root lifespan in temperate trees and plant functional traits that may reduce uncertainty in predictions of root lifespan or turnover across species at broader spatial scales.     

Leaf litter decomposition of 12 tree species in a subtropical forest in Japan

The leaf litter decomposition of 12 tree species was examined for three years in a subtropical forest in Japan to follow the pattern of changes in organic chemical constituents and nitrogen (N) and the relationship between these components. The remaining mass of the leaf litter reached 7–53% of the original mass at the end of the field incubation, and the decomposition constants (k) ranged from 0.37 to 2.39 year^?1. The decomposition constant was significantly negatively correlated with the initial content of acid-unhydrolyzable residue (AUR) for all 12 tree species. A net increase of AUR that lasted for the first 3 to 6 months was noted for leaf litter of four tree species. The absolute amount of total N increased initially and then decreased thereafter in leaf litter of five tree species, whereas total N mass decreased throughout the study period in leaf litter of the other species. Contents of AUR and total N in leaf litter generally increased linearly with the accumulated mass loss of litter during decomposition, resulting in positive slopes of linear regressions. Lignocellulose index and AUR to N ratio of the litter showed convergent trends for 12 tree species as the decomposition progressed. When compared with datasets for an Asian climatic gradient, the decomposition rates in the subtropical forest was intermediate between the rates in tropical and temperate forests, and AUR and N contents in decomposing litter were consistently lower than those in temperate forests, indicating faster loss of AUR and N.