北京市主城区不透水面时空演变及其热环境效应研究

城市不透水面是表征城市化进程的重要指标,开展城市不透水面研究对生态环境监测及城市建设规划具有重要意义。以北京市主城区为研究区,基于Landsat影像采用支持向量机(SVM)和线性光谱混合分解模型(LSMM)相结合的方法提取研究区2002年、2009年和2017年三期不透水面;同时采用辐射传输方程法反演研究区地表温度,分析北京市主城区不透水面时空格局演变及其与城市热环境的相关性。研究结果表明:2002—2017年,北京市主城区近15年不透水面聚集度较高且呈持续增长趋势,东、西城区不透水面面积占比最高,朝阳区和海淀区不透水面增长速率和增长强度相对较大。北京市主城区不透水面呈放射状扩张趋势且增长集中在四环以外的区域,不透水面盖度高值区面积不断增加。研究区近15年地表温度持续升高,热岛效应加剧,地表温度高值区与城市建筑区空间分布存在一致性。不透水面空间格局与热环境高度相关,不透水面的斑块密度和破碎度与地表温度呈负相关,斑块所占景观比例及最大斑块指数与地表温度呈正相关,可通过合理控制相关景观指标、优化不透水面空间格局控制地表温度。在此基础上提出了缓解城市热岛效应的建议:增加树木、草地等用地类型;将不透水面分割成许多小斑块,减少大面积不透水面区域分布;使用透水性材料等。     

基于Landsat影像的西宁市不透水面时空演变及其增温效应分析

【摘要】深入探讨城市不透水面时空演变及其对城市热环境的影响, 对于促进城市协调发展和优化城市生态系统意义重大。以西宁市2001、2009和2017年Landsat TM/OLI影像为数据源, 利用增强型归一化差值不透水面指数提取不透水面, 采用单窗算法反演地表温度, 分析了西宁市不透水面和地表温度的时空分布特征, 并对二者进行回归分析和对比分析, 研究了不透水面的增温效应。结果表明: (1)2001-2017年西宁市不透水面扩张显著, 总面积由41.58 km2增长到96.23 km2, 年增长率高达8.22%; (2)2001-2017年, 不透水面下垫面温度分布主要以中温区、次高温区和高温区为主, 且中温区、次高温区比例呈下降态势, 而高温区比例持续上升, 高温区面积由2001年5.36 km2增长到2017年的37.91 km2, 年增长率达12.8%; (3)城西区、城中区、城东区高温区的增长主要集中在前期, 而城北区高温区在整个研究期均呈显著增长; (4)不透水面覆盖比例与地表温度正相关, 不透水面比例每增加0.1, 地表温度增加0.7-1 ℃, 城市不透水面增加对地表温度的升高和城市热环境的恶化作用明显; (5)各城区不透水面增温效应存在差异性, 城北区不透水面增温效应最强, 城中区、城西区不透水面增温效应最弱。     

基于不透水面的粤港澳大湾区景观格局时空变化

城市不透水面是反映城市化程度和城市环境质量的关键指标,基于不透水面研究城市景观格局演变具有重要的生态意义.利用遥感数据结合景观格局指数探讨了粤港澳大湾区2006-2016年城市不透水面时空演变状况,分析了基于不透水面的景观格局变化规律.结果表明: 2006-2016年,粤港澳大湾区不透水面扩张显著,总面积从12127.69 km²增至20188.87 km²,年增长速率高达806.12 km²·a^-1,并且在珠江东、西两岸分布形成广佛、深莞高密度聚集区.总体上,湾区内不透水面斑块数量明显增多,斑块密度和边缘密度变大,不透水面的优势度越来越突出,不透水面斑块形状趋复杂化,聚集程度降低,整体景观格局呈无序、破碎化、不规则化的趋势.湾区内各城市不透水面的景观格局演变具有明显差异,其中,澳门、香港的不透水面连通性最强,城市景观趋于稳定性、规则化、聚集性;惠州、江门市的不透水面斑块形状复杂,城市景观趋于破碎化.     

北京、天津和石家庄城市地表覆盖组分与结构特征对地表温度的影响

城市地表覆盖组分与结构特征直接影响城市地表温度和热岛强度,已成为当前城市规划与城市生态学研究的热点之一。本文以北京、天津和石家庄为研究区域,基于Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS遥感影像提取城市地表覆盖,反演城市地表温度,利用城乡梯度分析、多尺度分析及景观格局指数等方法,分析了城市地表覆盖组分与结构特征对地表温度的影响。结果表明:北京、天津和石家庄不透水地表面积分别为1103.86、610.33和326.75 km2,但北京市不透水地表比例最低,为46.70%;城市内裸土的地表温度最高,其次为不透水地表和植被,水体最低;沿城乡梯度方向上,地表温度与不透水地表比例呈显著正相关,与植被比例呈显著负相关,植被覆盖比例每上升10%,地表温度下降0.4～0.6℃;随着空间分析尺度的增大,城市不透水地表和植被比例与地表温度的相关系数呈现先增大后稳定的变化趋势;城市不透水地表、植被的斑块大小、形状以及聚集度对地表温度具有显著影响,聚集度的影响最大。城市绿地在城市热岛调节中发挥着重要作用,建议在城市中合理规划城市不透水地表与植被绿地比例和空间布局,提升城市生态系统服务和人居环境质量。     

广州市中心城区城市不透水地表覆盖结构与地表温度的关联性研究

城市不透水地表作为城市地表的重要组成, 正确认识城市不透水地表覆盖结构对城市热岛的影响, 可为改善城市热环境提供策略。文章基于Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS 和 GF-2 遥感影像, 通过反演地表温度和提取城市不透水地表覆盖信息, 利用GIS空间分析技术、景观格局指数和统计分析方法, 分析了广州中心城区城市不透水地表覆盖结构对城市地表温度的影响特征。主要结果如下: (1)广州中心城区地表温度分布空间异质特征明显, 其地温图呈现斑块镶嵌状, 且有明显的高温、低温区域存在, 其中不透水地表覆盖平均温度最高, 裸地次之, 最低是水域和绿地。(2)多数空间尺度分析结果显示, 随空间分析尺度从630 m×630 m 增至1800 m×1800 m, 不透水地表比例和地表温度均存在正相关关系, 其相关系数(程度)在0.61—0.68(P<0.01)之间。(3)地表温度和不透水地表斑块的最大斑块指数、平均斑块面积指数、平均形状指数和聚集度指数显著正相关(P<0.01), 其中不透水地表的聚集度对地表温度的影响最大, 但基于网格单元分析的景观指数曲线与平均地表温度之间未呈现完全一一对应关系。城市不透水地表显著影响地表温度, 合理调整设计城市不透水空间分布格局, 可有效减弱城市热岛强度。     

城镇化过程中流域不透水面演变格局——以天津于桥水库流域为例

不透水面是衡量流域城镇化发展状况的一个关键指标,其扩展对流域生态水文过程产生重要影响.本文以天津于桥水库流域为例,在ENVI 5.1软件支持下,利用遥感影像获取1984、1994、2004和2013年4个时相的不透水面信息,采用修正后的归一化水体指数剔除水体信息,排除水体对不透水面提取精度的影响,运用线性光谱混合分析法生成流域不透水表面指数(ISA),并对其时空演变格局进行分析.结果表明: 模型均方根误差(RMSE)为0.005,像元精度为85.4%,试验结果准确可靠.1984—2013年,流域内不透水面覆盖度ISA平均值从0.16线性增长到0.23,在全流域范围内的不透水面面积增加了4.9%,其总不透水面面积增加近1倍.不透水面沿城镇区域呈现辐射式增长,沿子流域路网呈现填充式增长.不透水面覆盖度为中等等级的斑块形状不规则,破碎化程度最高.整个流域景观破碎化程度和多样性均逐年增高,人为干扰强度不断增大.     

雄安新区地表覆盖变化及其新区规划的生态响应预测

雄安新区是新近设立的国家级新区,如何在新区建设中坚持生态优先、绿色发展,是即将开展的新区规划必须考虑的问题。绿色生态规划离不开对规划区生态本底的清楚认识,离不开对规划结果的准确预判。因此基于2004、2015年的Landsat影像,采用遥感信息反演技术和RSEI遥感生态指数,评估了该区近11年来的地表不透水面、植被和水体三大覆盖类型的变化,并预测新区建设的生态效应及其对热环境的影响。结果表明,雄安新区近11年地表不透水面、植被和水体的面积虽互有增减,但变化强度都小于5%,总体开发强度不大,本底生态质量较好,稳中略升。定量分析表明,在该区的三大地表覆盖类型中,不透水面对区域生态和地表温度的影响最大。根据所获得的关系模型预测,新区的人口规划和面积方案将对区域生态质量和热环境产生影响,如果按新增不透水面面积占新区面积25%的比例来预测,它将使生态质量下降10%,地表温度上升1.1℃;但如果将不透水面比例控制在20%,则新区的生态质量反而上升3.6%,地表温度下降0.3℃。     

厦门市不透水面景观格局时空变化及驱动力分析

厦门是中国五大经济特区之一、海西经济区的核心城市,城市化水平很高。对不透水面的监测和驱动力分析不仅能增加对城市化进程的了解,而且对城市景观格局研究和城市生态环境建设具有重要意义。本研究利用1978-2018年间的Landsat遥感影像数据,采用全限制性最小二乘法、景观格局分析、坡度梯度分析及相关性分析法,研究厦门市不透水面景观时空变化特征及其与社会经济因素的关系。结果表明: 1978-2018年,厦门市不透水面面积增加348.96 km²,年均增加8.72 km²;不透水面动态度在2005-2010年达到最大,为9.0%;厦门市86.6%以上的不透水面分布在坡度6°以内,2010-2018年有向更大坡度扩展趋势。随着坡度的升高,不透水面占比减小,斑块密度随之减小且形状趋于规整连续,不透水面景观破碎化程度不断增加。厦门市不透水面的增加与地区经济总量和人口显著相关。研究期间,厦门市不透水面空间格局变化显著,在未来城市规划过程中,应协调好不透水面的扩张范围和速度,避免过高比例的不透水面带来生态环境问题,以满足厦门市可持续发展的需要。     

基于分形网络演化算法和混合光谱分解的兰州市中心城区热岛的时空格局

利用1993年、2001年和2011年的Landsat TM/ETM+热红外遥感影像反演兰州市中心城区地表真实温度,采用面向对象的分形网络演化算法对地温图进行分割,获取热场基元,通过G*指数的空间聚集分析提取热岛范围,在景观级别上选取景观指数,从数量、形状和结构3个方面表征城市热岛空间格局变化,借助混合像元分解技术提取不透水面和植被盖度,探讨城市不透水面和绿地格局与城市热岛的相关性.结果表明:近20年来,兰州中心城区热岛效应大大增强,热岛比例指数提高了1.4倍,城市扩展和热岛增强具有时空一致性;热岛景观斑块数量和密度增加,形状指数和分离度增大,景观趋于破碎化,空间连接性降低;热岛景观等级以低温度等级斑块类型向高温度等级斑块类型转换为主;地表温度与植被盖度呈较显著线性负相关,与不透水面比例呈显著对数正相关.     

城市地表热力景观格局时空演变——以长春市为例

城市热环境问题是城市气候和区域气候研究中的热点,其对城市空气质量和公共健康等有着深远影响,严重威胁城市的可持续发展。以长春市为例,基于3期Landsat ETM+影像数据(2006、2010和2014),应用覃志豪单窗算法和线性光谱混合模型获取长春市区夏季地表温度、长春市不透水面盖度和植被覆盖率,构建热力景观动态度指数,分析了2006—2014年长春市热力景观格局的时空变化特征,并探讨地表温度与不透水面盖度和植被覆盖率的关系。结果表明:研究区城市热环境整体呈恶化趋势,地表平均温度年均增长0.15℃;热力景观整体变化更为剧烈,2006—2010年热力景观综合动态度为45.39%,2010—2014年热力景观综合动态度为52.64%;城市地表高温等级热力斑块面积和数量都增大,并向郊区扩张,热力景观整体呈现破碎化;低温等级为长春市变化最为剧烈的地表温度等级,城市地表热力性质复杂化。此外,统计分析表明:长春市的不透水面每增加1%,地表温度上升0.06—0.07℃;植被覆盖率每增加1%,地表温度下降0.07—0.08℃,植被对地表温度的影响力大于不透水面。     

Theoretical Analysis of the Base Stacking in DNA: Choice of the Force Field and a Comparison with the Oligonucleotide Crystal Structures

Abstract

It follows from previous studies that changes in the base pair vertical separation (BPVS) influence the architecture of DNA much more than any other conformational parameter. This inspired us to compare BPVS in the available oligonucleotide crystal structures with the optimum values provided by nine different empirical potentials employed in the theoretical studies of DNA conformation. This comparison shows that BPVS is reproduced by three fields in all steps of the highly resolved o] i go nucleoli de crystal structures while the remaining six empirical potentials, including AMBER, GROMOS and CHARMM, provide systematic deviations. We further find that the base pairs are poorly stacked (mostly compressed) in some other refined DNA crystal structures. Our analysis indicates that this poor stacking originates from improperly determined positions of the bases. The approach described in the present communication can be used to identify DNA structures which are not accurate enough for studies of the relationships between the base sequence and DNA conformation.     

Interfacial effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (EM-ELF) on the vaporization step of carbon dioxide from aqueous solutions of body simulated fluid (SBF)

Spontaneous processes in an aqueous solution of body simulated fluid (SBF) were monitored in closed vessel for a period of 1 month at 310 K, at atm pressure, and initial pH of 7.2, both with and without exposure to a square pulsed extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (EM-ELF) of 250 microT, repeated at 75 Hz. The most important findings are that the SBF surface tension (gamma), evaluated under the EM-ELF field, is lower than the corresponding value measured without EM-ELF at any time. Furthermore, the pH of the exposed SBF is always more basic than that of the unexposed solution. As a consequence, when the EM-ELF is applied, calcium phosphate salts do not precipitate from the SBF solution for a period as long as 30 days. Behind all these experimental evidences there is only one mechanism: the vaporisation from the SBF-air interface of the CO(2)(aq) dissolved into the aqueous electrolyte solution. Thermodynamic analysis of these results establish that, at any given time, the difference, Delta, between the measured surface tensions with and without EM-ELF applied, gives the work of the electromagnetic forces to change the extent at which the CO(2)(aq) adsorbs at the liquid-air interface. It has been demonstrated that the work supply per second and per unit of area by the electromagnetic forces, 3.73 x 10(-10) mJ/s cm(2), is very near to the experimental slope in the plot Delta vs. t 1.7 x 10(-10) mJ/s cm(2). This leads to the conclusion that the EM-ELF fields have an interfacial effect on the concentration value of the CO(2) (aq) at the SBF-air interface. Because of that, the EM-ELF field is enhancing the CO(2) vaporisation rate; thus any other steps, which are a consequence of this mechanism, are changing. These results allow explanation of previous experiments concerning the precipitation of calcium carbonate from flowing hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution in the temperature range 353-373 K at a pressure of 0.1 MPa under the effect of static magnetic fields.     

Surface modification of polymers: chemical, biological and surface analytical challenges

Surface modification methods can optimise the biocompatibility or the specificity of biointeraction of a biosensor or medical device. With only the surface modified, the manufacture and implantation protocol remain unchanged. This review article summarises some of the chemical, surface analytical and biological challenges associated with surface modification of biosensors and biomedical devices.     

Clinical applications of high-density surface EMG: A systematic review

High density-surface EMG (HD-sEMG) is a non-invasive technique to measure electrical muscle activity with multiple (more than two) closely spaced electrodes overlying a restricted area of the skin. Besides temporal activity HD-sEMG also allows spatial EMG activity to be recorded, thus expanding the possibilities to detect new muscle characteristics. Especially muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) measurements and the evaluation of single motor unit (MU) characteristics come into view. This systematic review of the literature evaluates the clinical applications of HD-sEMG. Although beyond the scope of the present review, the search yielded a large number of “non-clinical” papers demonstrating that a considarable amount of work has been done and that significant technical progress has been made concerning the feasibility and optimization of HD-sEMG techniques. Twenty-nine clinical studies and four reviews of clinical applications of HD-sEMG were considered. The clinical studies concerned muscle fatigue, motor neuron diseases (MND), neuropathies, myopathies (mainly in patients with channelopathies), spontaneous muscle activity and MU firing rates. In principle, HD-sEMG allows pathological changes at the MU level to be detected, especially changes in neurogenic disorders and channelopathies. We additionally discuss several bioengineering aspects and future clinical applications of the technique and provide recommendations for further development and implementation of HD-sEMG as a clinical diagnostic tool.     

肠毒素大肠杆菌定居因子CS6蛋白的纯化和抗体制备

将大肠杆菌E519／66A在CFA固体培养基上培养,收菌后经热水浴脱蛋白、硫酸铵分级盐析、超速离心及S-200柱纯化,获得了相对分子量约14600的高纯度CS6蛋白。用其免疫家兔,然后颈动脉采血。ELSIA法检测血清,测得效价为1：32000。Westem印迹证实CS6抗原蛋白可特异性结合抗CS6多克隆抗血清。本研究建立了分离纯化肠毒素大肠杆菌定居因子CS6抗原蛋白的有效方法;获得了高纯度的野生型定居因子抗原CS6蛋白及相应的多克隆抗血清。对于进一步研究肠毒素大肠杆菌腹泻疫苗具有重要意义。     

地表反照率不同计算方法对干旱区流域蒸散反演结果的影响——以新疆三工河流域为例

地表蒸散是维持地球表面水量平衡和热量平衡的重要环节,SEBAL模型作为一种快速且有效的反演地表蒸散的遥感物理模型方法,在地表蒸散研究中得到广泛应用。地表反照率作为影响地表能量平衡的重要因素,同时也是SEBAL模型的重要输入参数,因此不同的地表反照率计算方法对SEBAL模型的反演结果有重要影响。以新疆三工河流域为研究区,利用Landsat8 OLI/TIRS数据,以应用最为广泛的Smith地表反照率计算法和Liang地表反照率计算法两种方法计算地表反照率,并输入SEBAL模型中反演日蒸散量,比较分析两种地表反照率计算方法对蒸散反演结果的影响,得出以下结论:(1)两种地表反照率计算方法下经SEBAL模型得到的日蒸散量与实测值拟合程度均较高,不同年份下线性拟合决定系数大于0.75,但是使用Smith方法计算出的地表反照率结合SEBAL模型得到的日蒸散量与实测值拟合程度更高;(2)通过RMSE等精度指标比较两种地表反照率计算方法下基于SEBAL模型反演的日蒸散量,结果显示,Smith地表反照率计算方法下反演的日蒸散量精度略高;(3)Smith地表反照率计算方法下最终得到的区域日均蒸散量高于使用Liang地表反照率计算方法最终得到的区域日均蒸散量,夏季差异最大,差异为0.64 mm/d,其他季节差异较小,差异约为0.2 mm/d。(4)进一步比较研究日内两种地表反照率计算方法得到的地表反照率,结果显示,Smith地表反照率计算法得到的地表反照率均值均小于同时期Liang地表反照率计算法得到的地表反照率均值。     

Electrokinetic determinations of enzymatic susceptibilities of cell surface-associated RNA

Earlier investigations suggested, using electrokinetic evidence, that RNA is present at the surfaces of some types of cultured and freshly isolated cells. In this report, further investigations of the nature of cell surface RNA of cultured Ehrlich ascites (EAT) cells are reported. These experiments were carried out by determining the changes in electrophoretic mobility of EAT cells after treatment with several highly purified nucleases, neuraminidase, and hyaluronidase. The results suggested that cell surface RNA is located at surface sites separate from those susceptible to neuraminidase and hyaluronidase, that α and ω termini of RNA are absent from the electrokinetic surface, and that the RNA present at the cell surface might exist predominantly in a double-stranded form. A model is proposed in which cell surface RNA strand termini are buried out of the electrokinetic surface, but where RNA extends from these buried termini into the electrokinetic surface in loops.     

Measurement of surface area of stones

The surface area of stones can be quickly, accurately, and precisely estimated from linear regression equations of area on a two-dimensional term of the form (xy + yz + zx) where x, y, and z are either the axial dimensions or the axial perimeters of stones. Dimension measurements are made with calipers, and perimeters are measured with a tape measure or a mapping wheel. The best fit slopes for the equations are determined from a representative sample of stones whose surface areas are measured by mapping. Estimates of surface areas of river-worn cobbles by these methods had mean percentage absolute errors of about 4%, considerably better than other methods examined.     

Interaction between calcium ions and surface charge as it relates to calcium currents

Summary Calcium ions affect the gating of Ca currents. Surface charge is involved but to what extent is unknown. We have examined this, using isolated nerve cell bodies ofHelix aspersa and the combined microelectrode-suction pipette method for voltage-clamp and internal perfusion. We found that Ba and Sr currents produced by substitution of these ions for extracellular Ca ions are activated at less positive potentials than Ca currents. Mg ions do not permeate the Ca channel and changes in [Mg]₀ produce shifts in the activation-potential curves that are comparable to the effects of changes in [Ba]₀ or [Sr]₀. Inactivation of Ba currents also occurs at less positive potentials. Perfusion intracellularly with EGTA reduced inactivation of Ca currents as a function of potential, but did not shift the inactivation-potential curve. Hence, Ca current-dependent inactivation which is blocked by intracellular EGTA probably does not involve a similar change of intracellular surface potential. The voltage shifts of activation and inactivation produced by extracellular divalent cations used singly or in mixtures can be described by the Gouy-Chapman theory for the diffuse double layer with binding (Gilbert & Ehrenstein, 1969; McLaughlin, Szabo & Eisenman, 1971). From the surface potential values and the Boltzman distribution, we have computed surface concentrations that predict the following experimental observations: 1) saturation of current-concentration relationships when surface potential is changing maximally; 2) the increase in peak current when Ca ions are replaced by Sr or Ba ions; and 3) the greater inhibitory effect of Mg onI _Ba thanI _Ca. Theory indicates that surface charge cannot be screened completely even at 1m [Mg]₀ and thus that Ca channel properties must be evaluated in the light of surface charge effects. For example, after correction for surface charge effects the relative permeabilities of Ca, Ba and Sr ions are equivalent. In the presence of Co ions, however, Ca ions are more permeable than Ba ions suggesting a channel binding site may be involved.