长期施肥处理对红壤水稻土微生物群落结构和功能多样性的影响

利用磷脂脂肪酸分析法和微平板测定法研究红壤荒地开垦为水田耕种20年后,不同施肥处理条件下土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性变化,并分析土壤微生物学指标与土壤养分含量变化的关系。结果表明,与不施磷处理相比,施磷处理的水稻年产量、土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、全磷和速效磷含量平均提高了196.6%、11.4%、19.4%、14.0%、100.6%和300.1%;而与未施有机肥处理相比,施有机肥处理上述各指标平均提高了85.4%、23.8%、25.0%、15.0%、38.6%和86.8%。与对照相比,施用磷肥和施用有机肥处理的微生物总磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)含量提高了13.6%~68.9%。磷肥和有机肥的施用也提高了各菌群微生物的PLFA含量。不同施肥处理土壤微生物群落平均吸光度(AWCD)值、Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Mc Intosh指数分别为0.17~0.30、2.79~3.03、0.93~0.94和1.46~2.27。磷肥和有机肥的施用提高了微生物群落的AWCD值和功能多样性指数。主成分分析表明,施用磷肥和施用有机肥的处理微生物群落结构和碳源利用方式明显区别于对照、单施氮肥和施用氮钾肥的处理。逐步回归分析显示,有机碳、全磷、全氮和速效磷是影响土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性的关键因素。磷肥和有机肥的施用有利于促进土壤微生物活性和多样性,提高土壤生物功能和生产力。     

采煤塌陷地不同施肥处理对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析方法,对山西长治襄垣五阳煤矿采煤沉陷区复垦土壤的微生物群落结构进行了研究。结果表明:施肥处理能够不同程度的增加土壤微生物的PLFA总量、细菌PLFA量和真菌PLFA量,其中化肥+有机肥处理下的土壤微生物PLFA总量,细菌PLFA量和真菌PLFA量增加作用比较明显,差异显著于对照处理;对不同施肥处理的复垦土壤微生物群落PLFA进行主成分分析也可得出化肥+有机肥处理下的土壤微生物的群落结构变化比较大,从因子载荷图上进一步分析可知,化肥+有机肥处理下的土壤中代表真菌的不饱和脂肪酸C18∶2ω6t、C18∶3ω6、18∶1ω9t、18∶3ω3的含量较高,这些脂肪酸将化肥+有机肥处理与单施化肥和对照处理区分开来,产生了明显的优势种群。土壤PLFA总量与土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量都有很好的相关性,相关系数分别为0.76,0.85,0.67和0.67。     

秸秆还田配施有机无机肥料对冬小麦土壤水氮变化及其微生物群落和活性的影响

通过田间试验,研究秸秆还田配施不同肥料对冬小麦土壤的培肥效果以及对土壤水氮环境、酶活性及微生物群落结构的影响,为合理的秸秆还田方式与土壤可持续利用提供决策依据。试验于中国科学院禹城综合试验站进行,以冬小麦为研究对象,玉米秸秆全量还田为基础,设置五个处理,分别为(1)单施化肥(TF),(2)70%化肥+普通有机肥(TM),(3)70%化肥+微生物有机肥(TE),(4)70%化肥+微生物促腐菌剂(TJ),(5)70%化肥+微生物有机肥+微生物促腐菌剂(TEJ)。观测冬小麦生长中的水氮条件,分析小麦收获后土壤环境因子、酶活性以及磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)变化特征;采用RDA冗余分析,识别环境因子、酶活性与土壤微生物群落结构之间的相关关系,研究秸秆还田与不同施肥方式组合对土壤的培肥效果。结果表明,相较施用化肥(TF),秸秆还田配施微生物有机肥(TE)显著提高了小麦生育后期的土壤含水率(13.3%—20.5%);施用普通有机肥(TM)能够提高小麦生育后期土壤硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)与铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)含量;且两者均能提高土壤微生物氮(MBN)与可溶性氮(DON)含量以及β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)活性;但对土壤中酸性磷酸酶(AP)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)活性无显著影响。各施肥组合中,TE处理PLFA总量最高(4733.1 ng/g),且微生物群落多样性指数均显著高于TF处理。βG、CBH活性与土壤微生物群落多样性存在正相关关系, MBN与DON与土壤微生物群落多样性关系最为密切,环境因子对微生物群落多样性影响的重要性排序为Moisture NH~+_4-N Avail-P TempNO~-_3-N pHEC。秸秆还田配施有机肥与微生物有机肥能合理调节土壤水氮环境,显著提高土壤微生物的数量与活性,有利于土壤生态环境的改善,其中秸秆还田配施微生物有机肥(TE)效果最为显著。     

长期施肥对黄土旱塬农田土壤微生物丰度的影响

以长武黄土高原农业生态试验站的长期定位试验为平台,通过荧光实时定量PCR (real-time PCR) 技术,研究不同施肥制度下的黄土旱塬农田土壤微生物群落丰度,揭示长期不同施肥制度对土壤微生物群落的影响规律.结果表明: 单施化肥处理细菌数量较CK裸地增加21％,古菌增加32％;化肥配施有机肥处理细菌数量增加37％,古菌数量增加36％.化肥配施有机肥处理显著增加了土壤细菌和古菌的丰度.30年长期施氮肥处理导致氨氧化细菌(AOB)的增幅达7.13倍,而氨氧化古菌(AOA)的增幅仅为0.2倍.AOB对施肥的响应程度较高,尤其是对氮肥具有较高的敏感性.与单施氮肥和氮肥混施有机肥处理相比,施磷肥处理显著增加了固氮酶铁蛋白和甲烷氧化菌含量,撂荒地的固氮酶铁蛋白、亚硝酸还原酶和甲烷氧化菌含量显著高于耕作土壤.结合土壤基本理化性质的相关性分析结果,pH、全氮和有机碳含量是影响土壤微生物群落丰度的重要因子.总之,长期施肥显著改变了黄土旱塬农田土壤各微生物丰度,不同施肥模式、耕作方式对微生物群落丰度具有显著影响.     

不同土地利用方式下酚酸物质与土壤微生物群落的关系

酚酸物质是影响微生物生物量和群落结构的重要因子之一,研究酚酸物质在不同土地利用方式下的变化规律及其与微生物群落结构的关系,有助于更好地理解不同土地利用方式下微生物群落变化的作用机制。以山河屯林业局奋斗林场次生林(SF)、落叶松人工林(LP)、农田地(FL)和撂荒地(AL)为研究对象,测定不同土地利用方式下0—5 cm、5—10 cm和10—20 cm层的土壤总酚、复合态酚、水溶性酚和9种酚酸物质,并采用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)测定这4种土地利用方式的土壤微生物群落。结果表明,各土层的落叶松人工林土壤总酚含量显著高于其他三种土地利用方式。在0—5 cm和5—10 cm土层中,落叶松人工林土壤水溶性酚含量最高,而在10—20 cm土层中,则是次生林显著高于其余三种土地利用方式(P0.05)。在0—5 cm土层中,次生林土壤的总PLFA、真菌含量比农田地和撂荒地分别高14.61%、80.91%和55.63%、156.55%,同时,次生林的土壤真菌∶细菌(F∶B)显著高于落叶松人工林、农田地和撂荒地(P0.05)。0—5 cm层和5—10 cm层的土壤总酚与微生物群落(细菌、真菌)分别呈正相关和负相关关系,而在10—20 cm层,三种土壤酚类物质与微生物群落均未达到显著相关(P0.05)。冗余分析表明,0—5 cm层土壤中的阿魏酸、2,4-二羟基苯甲酸和β-谷甾醇均对真菌群落和F∶B有显著影响(P0.05),而在10—20 cm层中,只有β-谷甾醇影响了微生物群落的生长。土地利用方式的变化改变了表层土壤的酚酸物质含量和微生物群落结构,酚酸物质对表层土壤各类群的微生物量有明显的促进作用,但抑制了深层土壤微生物的生长。     

长期不同施肥对番茄根际土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

研究长期定位施肥对番茄根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,旨在为番茄根际生态过程中的调控提供科学依据和理论指导。以沈阳农业大学长期定位施肥基地的番茄根际土壤为研究对象,采用Biolog-ECO微平板法,分析了11个处理:N(单施氮肥)、K(单施钾肥)、P(单施磷肥)、NP(氮磷肥配施)、NPK(氮磷钾肥配施)、MN(有机肥配施氮肥)、MK(有机肥配施钾肥)、MP(有机肥配施磷肥)、MNP(有机肥配施氮磷肥)、MNPK(有机肥配施氮磷钾肥)、对照CK(不施肥)的土壤微生物群落功能多样性。结果表明:(1)配施有机肥能够显著提高土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮的含量,氮肥的施入会降低根际土壤的pH,各处理间土壤理化性质的差异显著;(2)配施有机肥可以增强番茄根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力,提高微生物群落功能多样性,其中,MNP处理微生物对碳源利用能力最强,微生物活性最高。具体表现为:(1)长期施肥改变了土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力。配施有机肥处理的土壤微生物对6类碳源的总利用能力高于单施化肥处理,以MNP优势最明显;(2)在6类碳源中,氨基酸类碳源利用能力最强,酚酸类碳源利用能力最弱;(3)主成分分析表明,31种碳源对PC1贡献较大的有12种,对PC2贡献较大的有8种;(4)施加肥料的处理的Shannon指数、丰富度指数和优势度指数均高于不施肥的处理,但其均匀度下降。有机肥配施氮磷肥处理的Shannon指数、丰富度指数均显著高于其他处理。综合所有结果,以MNP的施肥较果最佳,能够呈现较高的根际土壤微生物功能多样性。     

长期施肥黄土旱塬农田土壤-微生物-植物系统碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

探讨长期不同施肥制度对农田土壤、植物生态系统的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其生态化学计量比的影响,可为揭示该系统能量平衡和养分循环,实现农业生态系统元素平衡及可持续发展提供参考意义。以位于黄土高原半干旱地区的长武国家黄土高原农业生态实验站长期施肥试验为研究对象,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、单施磷肥(P)、施氮磷肥(NP)、单施有机肥(M)、氮肥配施有机肥(NM)、磷肥配施有机肥(PM)、氮磷肥配施有机肥(NPM)8个处理,分析了黄土旱塬典型农田土壤-微生物-植物生态系统中C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量变化规律。研究结果表明:1)长期单施有机肥和化肥配施有机肥处理可显著提高土壤和有机质C、N、P含量。2)氮、磷肥的输入显著降低了土壤和小麦C∶N、N∶P,施P显著降低了有机态C∶P和小麦C∶P;有机肥配施对微生物生物量和小麦C∶N∶P的影响更为明显。3)长期有机肥配施条件下土壤养分和小麦化学计量比存在较强的相关关系。微生物生物量碳与有机C、N、P呈显著正相关,土壤微生物生物量氮与土壤N、P总量呈显著正相关,微生物生物量磷与土壤C、N、P总量含量呈显著负相关;植株碳含量与微生物...     

Tree species influences soil microbial community diversity but not biomass in a karst forest in southwestern China

中国西南喀斯特森林树种对土壤微生物群落多样性和生物量的影响 陆地生态系统中植物种对土壤微生物群落结构的影响不一，而喀斯特生态系统中植物种对土壤微生物群落结构影响的研究尚未见报道。本研究利用磷酸脂肪酸(PLFA)法，分析了黔中高原型喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林5个优势树种—窄叶石栎(Lithocarpus confinis Huang)、圆果化香(Platycarya longipes Wu)、滇鼠刺(Itea yunnanensis Franch.)、安顺润楠(Machilus cavaleriei H. Lév.)、云贵鹅耳枥(Carpinus pubescens Burkill)—与土壤理化性质对土壤微生物群落组成和生物量的影响。在测试的212个土壤样品 中共检测出132种PLFA，每个样品土壤微生物平均PLFA数量和生物量分别为65.97和11.22 µg g^–1。土壤表层(0–10 cm)的土壤微生物PLFA数量与下层(10–20 cm)土壤接近，但前者土壤微生物生物量显著高于后者(P < 0.05)。树种影响土壤微生物PLFA数量，但对土壤微生物生物量没有影响。云贵鹅耳枥附近的土壤微生物PLFA数量显著高于其他树种(P < 0.05)，而其他树种土壤微生物PLFA数量接近。土壤微生物 生物量与表层土壤的理化性质无显著相关，但与下层土壤的有机碳、全氮和全磷含量呈显著正相关 (P < 0.05)。总之，黔中高原型喀斯特森林真菌/细菌生物量比率低，微生物总生物量低，但微生物群落多样性高。树种对土壤微生物群落多样性产生影响。     

化肥有机替代对连作花生田土壤有机碳和微生物群落的影响

为揭示化肥有机替代措施下连作花生田土壤有机碳(SOC)积累的微生物机制,在连作5年的花生田设置了蚯蚓粪配施化肥(VM)、生物有机肥配施化肥(BF)、全量化肥(CF)和无施入对照(CK)4个处理,采用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)分析了土壤微生物群落组成及多样性,测定了SOC及其组分含量以及花生产量,分析了化肥有机替代、SOC和土壤微生物群落三者间的关系。结果表明：花生连作土壤环境严重恶化并显著影响了花生产量,而有机肥部分替代化肥明显提高了SOC和各组分含量以及土壤微生物生物量,改变了土壤微生物群落组成及其多样性,提高了花生产量,其中VM处理效果最显著(P<0.05)。与CK相比,VM处理的花生产量增加了56%,SOC含量增加了11.4%,土壤总PLFA含量增加了149.4%。冗余分析和逐步回归分析表明,VM和BF处理与SOC及其各组分含量、土壤微生物各类群PLFA含量均呈正相关,尤其VM处理相关性最强(P<0.05);CK和CF处理与除了G⁺/G^-比值以外的其他所有变量均呈负相关;SOC各组分含量与土壤微生物各类群PLFA含量显著相关。...     

长期施肥对黄土旱塬农田土壤有机磷组分及小麦产量的影响

研究长期施肥对黄土旱塬农田土壤有机磷组分及小麦产量的影响,可为提高磷素转化利用率及合理利用肥料提供理论支持。本研究依托长武旱塬农田生态系统长期(1984—2016年)定位试验站,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、单施磷肥(P)、施氮磷肥(NP)、单施有机肥(M)、氮肥配施有机肥(MN)、磷肥配施有机肥(MP)、氮磷肥配施有机肥(MNP)8个处理,研究其对土壤有机磷组分、小麦产量和土壤性质的影响。结果表明: 长期施肥后土壤有机磷含量为244.7～429.1 mg·kg^-1,除N处理外,其余各处理有机磷含量比CK均显著增加了15.4%～47.9%。长期施用磷肥改变了黄土旱塬农田表层土壤(0～20 cm)各有机磷组分含量,MP、MNP处理显著提高了活性有机磷及中活性有机磷含量;N、P和NP处理显著降低了中稳性有机磷含量;N、P、NP、MN、MP、MNP处理均显著提高了高稳性有机磷含量。各处理土壤有机磷组分与总有机磷含量比值为:中活性有机磷>高稳性有机磷>活性有机磷>中稳性有机磷。长期施肥后,与CK相比,氮、磷肥配施,尤其是与有机肥配施,显著增加了小麦生物产量和籽粒产量。土壤指标中,有机质、速效磷和无机磷与小麦产量呈显著正相关。MP、M处理可以显著提高黄土旱塬黑垆土中的速效磷、总磷、总无机磷、活性有机磷和中活性有机磷含量,表明有机肥与磷肥配施可以提高该地区更容易被作物吸收的磷组分。总之,氮磷肥配施并配施有机肥可以提高该地区磷供给,对小麦增产有促进作用,对提高黄土旱塬地区土壤质量有重要意义。     

Changa in the structure and activity of a soil microbial community caused by inorganic nitrogen fertilization

The changes in the structure and activity of a soil microbial community caused by addition of moderate and high rates of the mineral nitrogen fertilizer (KNO₃) were studied in a laboratory incubation experiment. The structure of the microbial community was evaluated from the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile; specific growth rate of the microorganisms was determined by the method of the kinetics of substrate-induced respiration; the total pool of microbial carbon was estimated by the fumigation-extraction method. The amounts of nitrogen fertilizer applied in three treatments of the experiment were 0 (control), 100, and 2000 ??g N/g soil. Even in the absence of additional sources of organic carbon, a considerable portion of the added ¹⁵N (up to 74%) was immobilized. No significant increase in the amount of microbial carbon was observed during incubation. The specific growth rate of the microbial community in soil supplemented with glucose decreased twofold after addition of 2000 ??g N/g soil. In this treatment, the ratio of cyclic fatty acids to their monoenoic precursors also increased, indicating the adaptation of microbial cells to extremely high amounts of nitrogen fertilizer. Moreover, considerable changes in the structure of the soil microbial community, such as an increase in the ratio of fungalto bacterial markers and a decrease in the ratio between PLFA of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, were observed in the treatment with addition of 2000 ??g N/g soil. Our data clearly indicate that mineral nitrogen fertilization of soil under carbon limitation has a pronounced impact on the structure and activity of soil microbial communities.     

26年长期施肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤呼吸的影响

研究长期小麦连作施肥条件下土壤微生物量碳、氮,土壤呼吸的变化及其与土壤养分的相关性。以陕西长武长期定位试验为平台,应用氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4提取法、碱液吸收法和化学分析法分析了长达26a不同施肥处理农田土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮和土壤呼吸之间的差异及其调控土壤肥力的作用。长期施肥及种植作物,均能提高土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,尤其是施用有机肥,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量高于单施无机肥的处理,土壤呼吸量也提高15.91%—75.73%,而施用无机肥对于土壤呼吸无促进作用。土壤微生物生物量碳氮、土壤呼吸与土壤有机质、全氮呈极显著相关。长期有机无机肥配施可以提高土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤呼吸,氮磷肥与厩肥配施对提高土壤肥力效果最好。微生物量碳氮及土壤呼吸可以反映土壤质量的变化,作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标。     

Effects of Manure Compost Application on Soil Microbial Community Diversity and Soil Microenvironments in a Temperate Cropland in China

The long-term application of excessive chemical fertilizers has resulted in the degeneration of soil quality parameters such as soil microbial biomass, communities, and nutrient content, which in turn affects crop health, productivity, and soil sustainable productivity. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid and efficient solution for rehabilitating degraded cropland soils by precisely quantifying soil quality parameters through the application of manure compost and bacteria fertilizers or its combination during maize growth. We investigated dynamic impacts on soil microbial count, biomass, basal respiration, community structure diversity, and enzyme activity using six different treatments [no fertilizer (CK), N fertilizer (N), N fertilizer + bacterial fertilizer (NB), manure compost (M), manure compost + bacterial fertilizer (MB), and bacterial fertilizer (B)] in the plowed layer (0–20 cm) of potted soil during various maize growth stages in a temperate cropland of eastern China. Denaturing gradient electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting analysis showed that the structure and composition of bacterial and fungi communities in the six fertilizer treatments varied at different levels. The Shannon index of bacterial and fungi communities displayed the highest value in the MB treatments and the lowest in the N treatment at the maize mature stage. Changes in soil microorganism community structure and diversity after different fertilizer treatments resulted in different microbial properties. Adding manure compost significantly increased the amount of cultivable microorganisms and microbial biomass, thus enhancing soil respiration and enzyme activities (p<0.01), whereas N treatment showed the opposite results (p<0.01). However, B and NB treatments minimally increased the amount of cultivable microorganisms and microbial biomass, with no obvious influence on community structure and soil enzymes. Our findings indicate that the application of manure compost plus bacterial fertilizers can immediately improve the microbial community structure and diversity of degraded cropland soils.     

Effects of Different Organic Manures on the Biochemical and Microbial Characteristics of Albic Paddy Soil in a Short-Term Experiment

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chemical fertilizer (NPK), NPK with livestock manure (NPK+M), NPK with straw (NPK+S), and NPK with green manure (NPK+G) on soil enzyme activities and microbial characteristics of albic paddy soil, which is a typical soil with low productivity in China. The responses of extracellular enzyme activities and the microbial community diversity (determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis [PLFA] and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis [DGGE]) were measured. The results showed that NPK+M and NPK+S significantly increased rice yield, with NPK+M being approximately 24% greater than NPK. The NPK+M significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and available phosphate (P) and enhanced phosphatase, β-cellobiosidase, L-leucine aminopeptidase and urease activities. The NPK+S significantly increased SOC and available potassium (K) and significantly enhanced N-acetyl-glucosamidase, β-xylosidase, urease, and phenol oxidase activities. The NPK+G significantly improved total nitrogen (N), ammonium N, available P, and N-acetyl-glucosamidase activity. The PLFA biomass was highest under NPK+S, followed by NPK+M and NPK+G treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the PLFA indicated that soils with NPK+M and NPK+S contained higher proportions of unsaturated and cyclopropane fatty acids (biomarkers of fungi and gram-negative bacteria) and soil under NPK+G contained more straight chain saturated fatty acids (representing gram-positive bacteria). PCA of the DGGE patterns showed that organic amendments had a greater influence on fungal community. Cluster analysis of fungal DGGE patterns revealed that NPK+G was clearly separated. Meanwhile, the bacterial community of NPK+M treatment was the most distinct. RDA analysis revealed changes of microbial community composition mostly depended on β-xylosidase, β-cellobiosidase activities, total N and available K contents. The abundances of gram-negative bacterial and fungal PLFAs probably effective in improving fertility of low-yield albic paddy soil because of their significant influence on DGGE profile.     

长期不同施肥方式对日光温室番茄土壤养分和微生物群落结构的影响

为了阐明长期不同施肥方式对日光温室番茄土壤养分和微生物群落结构的影响,以山东寿光12年番茄定位施肥试验土壤为对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析方法,研究了传统施氮(CN)、传统施氮+秸秆(CNS)、优化施氮(SN)、优化施氮+秸秆(SNS)、有机肥+秸秆(MNS)5种施肥方式对土壤主要理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响,...     

The effects of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on soil microbial community and diversity

The effects of mineral fertilizer (NPK) and organic manure on phospholipid fatty acid profiles and microbial functional diversity were investigated in a long-term (21-year) fertilizer experiment. The experiment included nine treatments: organic manure (OM), organic manure plus fertilizer NPK (OM + NPK), fertilizer NPK (NPK), fertilizer NP (NP), fertilizer NK (NK), fertilizer N (N), fertilizer P (P), fertilizer K (K), and the control (CK, without fertilization). The original soil was extremely eroded, characterized by low pH and deficiencies of nutrients, particularly N and P. The application of OM and OM + NPK greatly increased crop yields, soil pH, organic C, total N, P and K, available N, P and K content. Crop yields, soil pH, organic C, total N and available N were also clearly increased by the application of mineral NPK fertilizer. The amounts of total PLFAs, bacterial, Gram-negative and actinobacterial PLFAs were highest in the OM + NPK treatment, followed by the OM treatment, whilst least in the N treatment. The amounts of Gram-positive and anaerobic PLFAs were highest in the OM treatment whilst least in the P treatment and the control, respectively. The amounts of aerobic and fungal PLFAs were highest in the NPK treatment whilst least in the N and P treatment, respectively. The average well color development (AWCD) was significantly increased by the application of OM and OM + NPK, and the functional diversity indices including Shannon index (H ^′ ), Simpson index (D) and McIntosh index (U) were also significantly increased by the application of OM and OM + NPK. Principal component analysis (PCA) of PLFA profiles and C source utilization patterns were used to describe changes in microbial biomass and metabolic fingerprints from nine fertilizer treatments. The PLFA profiles from OM, OM + NPK, NP and NPK were significantly different from that of CK, N, P, K and NK, and C source utilization patterns from OM and OM + NPK were clearly different from organic manure deficient treatments (CK, N, P, K, NP, NK 6 and NPK). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that total N, available P and soil pH significantly affected PLFA profiles and microbial functional diversity. Our results could provide a better understanding of the importance of organic manure plus balanced fertilization with N, P and K in promoting the soil microbial biomass, activity and diversity and thus enhancing crop growth and production.     

Long-Term Effect of Manure and Fertilizer on Soil Organic Carbon Pools in Dryland Farming in Northwest China

An understanding of the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) as affected by farming practices is imperative for maintaining soil productivity and mitigating global warming. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of long-term fertilization on SOC and SOC fractions for the whole soil profile (0–100 cm) in northwest China. The study was initiated in 1979 in Gansu, China and included six treatments: unfertilized control (CK), nitrogen fertilizer (N), nitrogen and phosphorus (P) fertilizers (NP), straw plus N and P fertilizers (NP+S), farmyard manure (FYM), and farmyard manure plus N and P fertilizers (NP+FYM). Results showed that SOC concentration in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased with time except in the CK and N treatments. Long-term fertilization significantly influenced SOC concentrations and storage to 60 cm depth. Below 60 cm, SOC concentrations and storages were statistically not significant between all treatments. The concentration of SOC at different depths in 0–60 cm soil profile was higher under NP+FYM follow by under NP+S, compared to under CK. The SOC storage in 0–60 cm in NP+FYM, NP+S, FYM and NP treatments were increased by 41.3%, 32.9%, 28.1% and 17.9%, respectively, as compared to the CK treatment. Organic manure plus inorganic fertilizer application also increased labile soil organic carbon pools in 0–60 cm depth. The average concentration of particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in organic manure plus inorganic fertilizer treatments (NP+S and NP+FYM) in 0–60 cm depth were increased by 64.9–91.9%, 42.5–56.9%, and 74.7–99.4%, respectively, over the CK treatment. The POC, MBC and DOC concentrations increased linearly with increasing SOC content. These results indicate that long-term additions of organic manure have the most beneficial effects in building carbon pools among the investigated types of fertilization.     

不同培肥措施对红壤茶园土壤微生物量碳的影响

研究了经过4年不同培肥措施后红壤茶园土壤微生物量碳变化.结果表明:稻草覆盖后不同比例有机无机肥配施、间作三叶草以及全施化肥处理对土壤微生物量碳均有明显提高;全年土壤微生物量碳年变化都呈现"低-高-低-高"的趋势,且在不同时期对微生物量碳的影响不同;与对照(CK)相比,稻草覆盖 100%有机肥(T1)、稻草覆盖 75%有机肥 25%化肥(T2)、稻草覆盖 50%有机肥 50%化肥(T3)、稻草覆盖 25%有机肥 75%化肥(T4)、100%化肥(T5)和间作三叶草 不施肥(T6)土壤微生物量碳全年平均值分别高出17.05%、32.38%、32.05%、24.30%、26.23%和24.63%,且差异均达到显著水平(P＜0.05);土壤微生物量碳与活性有机质、土壤全氮、微生物量氮、微生物量磷呈显著正相关,与速效氮、土壤全磷、土壤全钾、土壤含水量之间关系不显著;与单施化肥和全量投入有机物料相比,有机物和化肥配合施用更有利于提高土壤肥力.     

氮磷添加对内蒙古温带典型草原土壤微生物群落结构的影响

选取内蒙古温带典型草原,进行连续6a氮磷添加试验,采用土壤特征微生物PLFA生物标记技术,研究6个氮添加水平N0(0 kg N hm-2a-1)、N1(56 kg N hm-2a-1)、N2(112 kg N hm-2a-1)、N3(224 kg N hm-2a-1)、N4(392 kg N hm-2a-1)、N5(560 kg N hm-2a-1)和6个磷添加水平P0(0 kg P hm-2a-1)、P1(15.5 kg P hm-2a-1)、P2(31 kg P hm-2a-1)、P3(62 kg P hm-2a-1)、P4(93 kg P hm-2a-1)、P5(124 kg P hm-2a-1)对土壤特征微生物PLFA生物标记数量和土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:(1)随氮添加量增加,土壤微生物总磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)含量和土壤细菌PLFA生物标记数量、放线菌PLFA生物标记数量呈上升趋势,土壤G+/G-呈增加趋势;各氮添加水平对土壤真菌PLFA生物标记数量无显著差异,随氮添加量增加,土壤真菌/细菌比降低。(2)随磷添加量增加,土壤总磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)含量、土壤细菌PLFA生物标记数量、放线菌PLFA生物标记数量、真菌PLFA生物标记数量及真菌/细菌比值呈先上升后下降趋势,均以P3水平(62 kg P hm-2a-1)处理最高,说明适宜的磷添加对内蒙古温带典型草原土壤微生物繁殖和菌落结构有显著影响。     

黄河三角洲贝壳堤土壤微生物生物量对不同生境因子的响应

从土壤微生物生物量角度分析黄河三角洲贝壳堤不同生境的土壤肥力状况,基于黄河三角洲贝壳堤植被类型,以4种不同生境的土壤为研究对象,测定了微生物生物量碳、氮、磷和相关的土壤理化性质。结果表明,不同生境中土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、土壤微生物生物量(MBN)、土壤微生物生物量(MBP)均值均为滩脊背海侧高潮线向海侧,且表现出明显的垂直分布特征:0—5 cm5—10 cm10—20 cm20—40 cm40—60 cm。土壤MBC、MBN、MBP占土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)百分比变化范围分别为1.09%—3.48%、2.62%—7.27%、0.78%—2.86%,滩脊、背海侧和高潮线处MBC/SOC无显著差异(P0.05),但显著高于向海侧MBC/SOC(P0.05)。土壤MBN/TN、MBP/TP的变化趋势为滩脊和背海侧向海侧和高潮线。滩脊和背海侧土壤微生物碳、氮、磷的非生物限制性因子为土壤含水量、p H值、含盐量;向海侧和高潮线区域土壤微生物碳、氮、磷的非生物限制性因子为含水量和pH值。滩脊、背海侧和高潮线土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷及土壤养分间的相关关系显著或极显著,且协同性和稳定性高,表明土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷可以作为判断黄河三角洲贝壳堤土壤肥力状况的生物学指标,这为黄河三角洲贝壳堤的土壤肥力管理和植被恢复提供一定的理论依据。