不同载畜率处理下短花针茅荒漠草原生态系统净碳交换特征

草地生态系统是我国最大的陆地生态系统, 其碳循环的动态变化在全球碳收支平衡中扮演着重要角色。放牧是草地生态系统的主要利用方式。不同的放牧利用强度对草地生态系统会产生不同的影响。该文采用便携式光合仪LI-6400和密闭式箱法于2014-2016年生长季(5-10月)测定了3个载畜率处理(对照、轻度放牧和重度放牧)的生态系统净碳交换, 同步测定了土壤10 cm温度和湿度, 探讨载畜率、水热因素对短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原碳交换的影响。结果表明: 载畜率对生态系统净碳交换有显著影响, 随着载畜率的增加, 生态系统净碳交换、生态系统呼吸以及生态系统总初级生产力分别降低了48.6%、35.3%、40.4%。重度放牧显著降低了草地的固碳能力, 但轻度放牧对草地的固碳能力没有显著影响。年际间生态系统净碳交换主要受降水调控。整个生长季, 短花针茅荒漠草原均表现为碳吸收, 土壤温度对生态系统净碳交换的贡献率高于土壤湿度。     

Net ecosystem carbon exchange characteristics in Stipa breviflora desert steppe with different stocking rates

草地生态系统是我国最大的陆地生态系统, 其碳循环的动态变化在全球碳收支平衡中扮演着重要角色。放牧是草地生态系统的主要利用方式。不同的放牧利用强度对草地生态系统会产生不同的影响。该文采用便携式光合仪LI-6400和密闭式箱法于2014-2016年生长季(5-10月)测定了3个载畜率处理(对照、轻度放牧和重度放牧)的生态系统净碳交换, 同步测定了土壤10 cm温度和湿度, 探讨载畜率、水热因素对短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原碳交换的影响。结果表明: 载畜率对生态系统净碳交换有显著影响, 随着载畜率的增加, 生态系统净碳交换、生态系统呼吸以及生态系统总初级生产力分别降低了48.6%、35.3%、40.4%。重度放牧显著降低了草地的固碳能力, 但轻度放牧对草地的固碳能力没有显著影响。年际间生态系统净碳交换主要受降水调控。整个生长季, 短花针茅荒漠草原均表现为碳吸收, 土壤温度对生态系统净碳交换的贡献率高于土壤湿度。     

荒漠草原与典型草原NPP、碳积累对不同降雨年份和利用方式的响应

不同草原利用方式正在影响着内蒙古的草原生态系统,而且在未来降水空间格局变化的背景下,它们共同决定了生态系统植被类型、净初级生产力(NPP)和生态系统碳积累。选取内蒙古中部两个重要的草地类型:荒漠草原和典型草原,研究不同草原利用方式(围栏禁牧、划区轮牧、割草、自由放牧)植物群落在降雨量不同的两个生长季节地上(ANPP)、地下净初级生产力(BNPP)的变化,同时也评估了植物群落的碳积累,研究结果表明:1)在降雨量亏缺年份,与围封相比,荒漠草原自由放牧区ANPP、BNPP及碳积累分别下降了57.1%、51.7%和56.0%,而典型草原自由放牧区分别下降了18.4%、25.1%和17.9%。2)在降雨量充足年份,与围封相比,荒漠草原划区轮牧区ANPP、BNPP以及碳积累分别增加了18.2%、9.8%和21.9%,而典型草原各处理下围封禁牧区ANPP仍是最高;3)两种草地类型下,降雨量对自由放牧的调控作用高于其它草地利用方式;4)荒漠草原ANPP在丰雨年是欠雨年的2倍,而典型草原仅增加了79.0%,降雨量对荒漠草原生产力的季节调控作用远高于典型草原。在未来全球气候变暖和降水格局变化的情况下,荒漠草原降雨量是影响荒漠植物群落NPP和碳积累的主导因子。     

增温和放牧对草地土壤和生态系统呼吸的影响

草地生态系统作为世界陆地生态系统的主体类型,其土壤呼吸和生态系统呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,土壤呼吸是未经扰动的土壤由于代谢活动而产生CO2的过程,生态系统呼吸包括地下部分的土壤呼吸和地上部分植被的自养呼吸。研究增温和放牧对草地土壤和生态系统呼吸的影响,可为预测未来气候变化条件下的全球碳收支以及草地的可持续经营与管理提供重要的科学依据。该文扼要综述了关于草地土壤和生态系统呼吸对增温和放牧的响应方面的研究。结果表明:草地土壤和生态系统呼吸对增温和放牧的响应非常复杂,受多种因素的综合影响,无论是增温还是放牧对草地土壤和生态系统呼吸的影响均具有不确定性,因草地类型、增温幅度、增温时间、放牧强度、放牧频度和放牧方式的不同而不同。在此基础上,指出了以后应加强研究的方向,草地的利用离不开放牧,对于未来气候变化条件下的草地,温度升高和放牧这两个因素必然是同时存在的,以前多数实验是单独研究增温或放牧对它们的影响,然而,这两者对草地生态系统的影响并非可加的,因此,需要加强增温与放牧的耦合试验,同时加强关于生态系统呼吸不同组分对两者的响应的研究,以便更好地理解增温和放牧的影响机制。另外,草地土壤和生态系统呼吸对增温和放牧的响应会随着时间的推移而发生变化,因而加强长期连续的试验观测很有必要。     

草地生态系统土壤呼吸对放牧干扰的响应研究进展

草地占地球陆地总表面积的40%, 是陆地生态系统的主体类型之一。草地生态系统碳贮量大, 土壤呼吸又是陆地生态系统将碳释放到大气的重要环节, 这类生态系统土壤呼吸对全球碳循环的贡献不可忽视。研究草地生态系统环境变化和人类活动干扰对土壤呼吸的影响对于估算未来碳循环前景和气候变化具有重要意义。放牧是人类对草地生态系统最重要的利用和干扰方式, 在全球变化背景下, 近年来草地生态系统土壤呼吸对放牧干扰的响应成为碳循环研究中的一项重要内容。现有研究结果显示, 土壤呼吸对放牧干扰的响应具有一定的不确定性, 其原因同这一过程所涉及的复杂机制有关。这些机制包括: 放牧改变了植物凋落物的产量和质量、植物同化产物的分配和根系生物量、微生物生物量和多样性、与呼吸有关的酶的活性、土壤养分状况、土壤温度和水分状况等。对于土壤呼吸及其组分而言, 上述机制有的具有促进作用, 有的具有抑制作用, 且在不同时间和地点起主导作用的机制各不相同, 从而在放牧干扰的作用下, 土壤呼吸会呈现出升高、降低或无反应等多种结果。由于根据现有这些不一致的结果, 无法精确估算人类的放牧干扰活动对全球碳循环的影响, 因此, 今后要从土壤呼吸各个组分的区分入手, 量化解析放牧干扰对土壤呼吸影响的机制过程及构建机理模型等方面加强该领域的研究。     

围栏封育对天山北坡草甸草原生态系统碳交换的影响

草本层和大气间的碳交换及其对环境因子的响应是目前研究的热点。该研究通过静态箱法, 采用LI-840 CO₂/H₂O红外分析仪, 对新疆天山北坡草甸草原围封9年的样地和围栏外自然放牧生态系统碳交换进行监测, 分析了围栏内外生态系统碳交换的差异性、日变化、季节变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明: 围栏内生态系统碳交换高于围栏外, 围栏内外表现出明显的差异性; 围栏内外生态系统碳交换均存在明显的日变化和季节变化规律, 呈单峰曲线, 且在植物生长季峰形比较明显。在整个监测期间, 围栏内外生态系统CO₂净交换最小值分别为-7.62和-6.63 μmol·m ^-2·s ^-1, 生态系统呼吸最大值分别为8.55和7.04 μmol·m ^-2·s ^-1, 生态系统总初级生产力最大值分别为-14.66和-13.89 μmol·m ^-2·s ^-1。因围栏内植被得到保护, 草本植物生长茂盛, 光合作用强, 生态系统CO₂净交换较小, 同时有机碳的输入增强了生态系统呼吸。分析发现生态系统碳交换与气温和0-10 cm土壤温度显著相关, 与气温的相关性高于与0-10 cm土壤温度的相关性, 且围栏内禁牧处理相关性高于围栏外自然放牧草地; 土壤含水量与生态系统碳交换存在一定的相关性, 但其相关性略低于温度与生态系统碳交换的相关性。     

放牧对全球草地生态系统碳氮磷化学计量特征影响的Meta分析

为明确全球尺度下放牧管理措施对草地生态系统碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征的影响,提高草地生态系统管理水平,本研究选取国内外83篇中英文文献进行Meta分析,并通过亚组分析探讨了放牧家畜组合(羊单牧、牛单牧和牛羊混牧)和放牧强度(轻度、中度、重度)对草地生态系统叶片、凋落物、根系,以及土壤C、N、P化学计量特征的影响。结果表明: 放牧会显著降低叶片和凋落物C含量、C/N、C/P,增加N、P含量及N/P;显著降低根系和土壤C、N含量,C/P和N/P,增加P含量和C/N。叶片、凋落物化学计量特征变化对牛、羊单独放牧响应更为明显,而根系、土壤化学计量特征变化则对混牧响应更为明显,重度放牧会对草地生态系统化学计量特征产生更大的影响。放牧会降低土壤N含量,增加P含量,表明放牧对草地N、P含量的影响路径不同。进一步研究N、P含量变化对放牧活动不平衡响应机制,将放牧方式、强度的影响纳入草地生态系统预测、管理模型,能够有效提高草地生态系统管理水平。     

Effects of fencing on ecosystem carbon exchange at meadow steppe in the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains

草本层和大气间的碳交换及其对环境因子的响应是目前研究的热点。该研究通过静态箱法, 采用LI-840 CO₂/H₂O红外分析仪, 对新疆天山北坡草甸草原围封9年的样地和围栏外自然放牧生态系统碳交换进行监测, 分析了围栏内外生态系统碳交换的差异性、日变化、季节变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明: 围栏内生态系统碳交换高于围栏外, 围栏内外表现出明显的差异性; 围栏内外生态系统碳交换均存在明显的日变化和季节变化规律, 呈单峰曲线, 且在植物生长季峰形比较明显。在整个监测期间, 围栏内外生态系统CO₂净交换最小值分别为-7.62和-6.63 μmol·m ^-2·s ^-1, 生态系统呼吸最大值分别为8.55和7.04 μmol·m ^-2·s ^-1, 生态系统总初级生产力最大值分别为-14.66和-13.89 μmol·m ^-2·s ^-1。因围栏内植被得到保护, 草本植物生长茂盛, 光合作用强, 生态系统CO₂净交换较小, 同时有机碳的输入增强了生态系统呼吸。分析发现生态系统碳交换与气温和0-10 cm土壤温度显著相关, 与气温的相关性高于与0-10 cm土壤温度的相关性, 且围栏内禁牧处理相关性高于围栏外自然放牧草地; 土壤含水量与生态系统碳交换存在一定的相关性, 但其相关性略低于温度与生态系统碳交换的相关性。     

典型森林和草地生态系统呼吸各组分间的相互关系

生态系统呼吸是陆地生态系统碳收支的重要组成部分,分析其组分间的相互关系对理解生态系统呼吸过程和精确评价生态系统碳收支具有重要意义,也是当前碳循环研究工作的一大难点。本研究利用ChinaFLUX的长白山温带针阔混交林（CBS）,鼎湖山亚热带常绿阔叶林（DHS）和海北灌丛草甸（HBGC）三个典型生态系统的通量观测数据,采用经验统计方法,分析了其在中国典型生态系统中的适用性及敏感性,揭示了生态系统呼吸各组分的动态变化特征及相互关系。结果表明：采用本研究中的呼吸组分拆分方法所获结果与理论推测及实测数据大致相同,拆分结果对净初级生产力与总初级生产力的比值（NPP/GPP）较为敏感,NPP/GPP变化0.1时,自养呼吸在生态系统呼吸中的比例（Ra/RE）改变0.05。各生态系统中,生态系统呼吸及其组分在年内均表现出明显的单峰型变化特征,在夏季生长旺盛的时节达到最大值。异养呼吸与生态系统呼吸的比值（Rh/RE）也具有明显的季节变化,但在生态系统间表现出明显差异,CBS和HBGC分别表现出先增大后减小和先减小后增大的变化趋势,DHS则相对稳定,在0.5附近波动, Ra/RE的季节动态与Rh/RE相反。在年总量上,HBGC主要通过异养呼吸向大气排放CO2,异养呼吸占生态系统呼吸的60%,而CBS和DHS的自养呼吸和异养呼吸所占比重大致相似,异养呼吸占生态系统呼吸的49%。这说明,该统计学模型可以用来进行生态系统呼吸组分的拆分,进而可以为生态系统碳循环过程的精细研究提供参考数据,但今后应加强NPP/GPP的测定,以提高生态系统呼吸拆分的精度。     

围栏封育对黄河源区斑块化退化高寒草甸碳交换及其组分的影响

为明确围栏封育对斑块化退化高寒草甸净生态系统碳交换(NEE)不同组分的影响，本研究选取青藏高原黄河源区斑块化退化高寒草甸进行围封试验，设置4个围封年限(1、2、5、11 a)和1个正常放牧对照，研究NEE及组分对不同围封年限的响应。结果表明，围封5 a退化高寒草甸总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统呼吸(ER)显著大于正常放牧、围封1 a、2 a和11 a,围封2 a和5 a退化高寒草甸NEE显著小于正常放牧、围封1 a和11 a样地(P<0.01),其他NEE组分对不同围封年限的响应情况不一致。植被自养呼吸(Ra)、根系呼吸(Rr)和土壤异养呼吸(Rh)占ER的比例在不同围封年限间差异显著(P<0.01)。此外，土壤温度与NEE呈二次曲线的关系，与ER以及除Rh以外的其他呼吸组分呈指数关系，土壤含水量与NEE、GPP、ER、土壤呼吸(Rs)、Ra、Rr呈线性关系(P<0.05)。全氮、全磷、生物量和NEE及组分存在显著的相关关系。说明围封5 a能显著提高退化草地的土壤养分和固碳功能，并能维持草地生产力，无需进行长期围封。     

增温对青藏高原高寒草原生态系统碳交换的影响

碳交换是影响草地生态系统碳汇功能的关键过程,对气候变暖极为敏感。青藏高原分布着大面积的高寒草原,其碳汇功能对气候变暖的响应对区域碳循环过程具有重要的影响。为探究高寒草原生态系统碳交换过程对增温的响应,2012—2014年,在青藏高原班戈县进行了模拟增温对高寒草原生态系统碳交换过程影响的研究。结果表明,增温对高寒草原碳交换各组分的影响存在年际差异,但总体上对碳交换存在负面影响。3年平均结果显示,增温显著降低了高寒草原地上生物量、总生态系统生产力(GEP)、生态系统呼吸(ER)和净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)(P0.05),平均降幅分别为15.1%、36.8%、19.2%和51.5%。增温条件下3年平均土壤呼吸(SR)较对照无显著变化(P0.05),但2013年增温显著降低了SR(P0.05),降幅达18.1%。增温对SR与ER的比值具有一定的促进作用,最高增幅达到40.0%。GEP、ER、SR和NEE与土壤温度和土壤水分无显著相关(P0.05),而GEP、ER和NEE与空气温度呈显著的负相关关系(P0.05)。增温引起的干旱胁迫以及地上生物量降低是导致高寒草原NEE降低的主要原因。研究表明,全球变暖会一定程度降低青藏高原高寒草原的碳汇功能。     

Differential effects of grazing,water, and nitrogen addition on soil respiration and its components in a meadow steppe

Background and aims

Understanding the influences of environmental variation and anthropogenic disturbance on soil respiration (R_S) is critical for accurate prediction of ecosystem C uptake and release. However, surprisingly, little is known about how soil respiration and its components respond to grazing in the context of global climate change (i.e., precipitation or nitrogen deposition increase).

Methods

We conducted a field manipulative grazing experiment with water and nitrogen addition treatments in a meadow grassland on the Songnen Plain, China, and assessed the combined influences of grazing and global change factors on R_S, autotrophic respiration (R_A), and heterotrophic respiration (R_H).

Results

Compared with the control plots, R_S, R_A and R_H all exhibited positive responses to water or nitrogen addition in the wet year, while a similar effect occurred only for R_H in the dry year. The responses of R_S to precipitation regimes were dominated by both frequency and amount. However, grazing significantly inhibited both soil respiration and its components in all subplots. Further analysis demonstrated that the plant root/shoot ratio, belowground biomass and microbial biomass played dominant roles in shaping these C exchange processes.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that changes in precipitation regimes, nitrogen deposition, and land utilization may significantly alter soil respiration and its component processes by affecting local carbon users (roots and soil microorganism) and carbon substrate supply in meadow steppe grasslands. The future soil carbon sequestration in the studied meadow steppe will be benefited more by the moderate grazing disturbance.

     

Dependence of carbon sequestration on the differential responses of ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration to rain pulses in a semiarid steppe

Precipitation pulses play an important role in regulating ecosystem carbon exchange and balance of semiarid steppe ecosystems. It has been predicted that the frequency of extreme rain events will increase in the future, especially in the arid and semiarid regions. We hypothesize that large rain pulses favor carbon sequestration, while small ones cause more carbon release in the semiarid steppes. To understand the potential response in carbon sequestration capacity of semiarid steppes to the changes in rain pulse size, we conducted a manipulative experiment with five simulated rain pulse sizes (0, 5, 10, 25, and 75 mm) in Inner Mongolia steppe. Our results showed that both gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (R_e) responded rapidly (within 24 h) to rain pulses and the initial response time was independent of pulse size. However, the time of peak GEP was 1–3 days later than that of R_e, which depended on pulse size. Larger pulses caused greater magnitude and longer duration of variations in GEP and R_e. Differences in the response time of microbes and plants to wetting events constrained the response pattern of heterotrophic (R_h) and autotrophic (R_a) components of R_e following a rain event. R_h contributed more to the increase of R_e in the early stage of rain pulse response, while R_a played an more important role later, and determined the duration of pulse response, especially for large rain events of >10 mm. The distinct responses of ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration to increasing pulse sizes led to a threshold in rain pulse size between 10 and 25 mm, above which post wetting responses favored carbon sequestration. The disproportionate increase of the primary productivity of higher plants, compared with those in the activities of microbial decomposers to larger pulse events suggests that the carbon sequestration capacity of Inner Mongolia steppes will be sensitive to changes in precipitation size distribution rather than just precipitation amount.     

放牧强度对内蒙古荒漠草原土壤有机碳及其空间异质性的影响

放牧是内蒙古荒漠草原主要利用方式之一,研究不同放牧强度下土壤有机碳分布规律对退化草原恢复以及推广精准放牧技术具有重要的指导意义。基于不同放牧强度长期放牧样地（0、0.93、1.82、2.71羊单位hm^-2（a/2）^-1）,采用高样本数量的取样设计并结合地统计学分析方法,研究荒漠草原土壤有机碳及其空间异质性。结果表明：中度放牧会显著降低0-30 cm土层全氮含量（P<0.05）,全磷含量随放牧强度增强出现先降低后升高趋势;放牧样地土壤有机碳含量均显著低于对照样地（P<0.05）,不同放牧强度处理土壤有机碳含量没有显著差异;土壤有机碳密度受放牧影响在0-20 cm土层出现显著下降（P<0.05）,变化趋势同有机碳含量相似,碳氮比在重度放牧区0-10 cm土层显著降低（P<0.05）。土壤有机碳空间异质性和异质性斑块的破碎程度随放牧强度增加而增大;土壤有机碳含量与海拔高度在对照、轻度放牧和中度放牧区均呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,在重度放牧区土壤有机碳含量和海拔无显著相关性;土壤有机碳含量与土壤全氮、全磷含量均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。综上所述,放牧降低土壤有机碳含量,提高土壤有机碳空间异质性,土壤有机碳含量的空间变异受海拔和土壤养分含量等因素的共同影响。     

Responses of soil respiration to simulated precipitation pulses in semiarid steppe under different grazing regimes

Aims Precipitation pulses and different land use practices (such as grazing) play important roles in regulating soil respiration and carbon balance of semiarid steppe ecosystems in Inner Mongolia. However, the interactive effects of grazing and rain event magnitude on soil respiration of steppe ecosystems are still unknown. We conducted a manipulative experiment with simulated precipitation pulses in Inner Mongolia steppe to study the possible responses of soil respiration to different precipitation pulse sizes and to examine how grazing may affect the responses of soil respiration to precipitation pulses.Methods Six water treatments with different precipitation pulse sizes (0, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mm) were conducted in the ungrazed and grazed sites, respectively. Variation patterns of soil respiration of each treatment were determined continuously after the water addition treatments.Important findings Rapid and substantial increases in soil respiration occurred 1 day after the water treatments in both sites, and the magnitude and duration of the increase in soil respiration depended on pulse size. Significantly positive relationships between the soil respiration and soil moisture in both sites suggested that soil moisture was the most important factor responsible for soil respiration rate during rain pulse events. The ungrazed site maintained significantly higher soil moisture for a longer time, which was the reason that the soil respiration in the ungrazed site was maintained relatively higher rate and longer period than that in the grazed site after a rain event. The significant exponential relationship between soil temperature and soil respiration was found only in the plots with the high water addition treatments (50 and 100 mm). Lower capacity of soil water holding and lower temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in the grazed site indicated that degraded steppe due to grazing might release less CO₂ to the atmosphere through soil respiration under future precipitation and temperature scenarios.     

青海湖北岸草甸草原CO2通量年际动态及其驱动机制

青藏高原草甸草原是生态系统中重要的植被类型,准确评估高寒草甸草原生态系统碳源汇状况及碳储量变化尤为重要。基于涡度相关系统观测,分析了2009年至2016年8年期间青海湖北岸草甸草原环境因子以及碳通量的变化特征,运用结构方程模型(SEM)分析环境因子对总初级生产力(GPP)、净生态系统CO₂交换量(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(Re)的调控机制。结果表明：2009—2016年8年NEE日均值在-2.02—0.88 gC m^-2 d^-1之间,5—9月NEE为负值,表现为碳吸收,雨热同期的6、7、8月是CO₂净吸收最强的时期,平均每月吸收CO₂ 39.85 gC m^-2 month^-1,NEE负值日数约占全年的48%,10月—翌年4月为正值,表现为碳释放,初春3月和秋末11月是CO₂净释放最强的时期;Re日均值为1.69 gC m^-2 d^-1,受季节温度的影响,呈夏季强,冬季弱的态...     

Biophysical regulations of NEE light response in a steppe and a cropland in Inner Mongolia

Aims Ecosystem carbon models often require accurate net ecosystem exchange of CO₂ (NEE) light-response parameters, which can be derived from the Michaelis–Menten equation. These parameters include maximum net ecosystem exchange (NEE max), apparent quantum use efficiency (α) and daytime ecosystem respiration rate (R e). However, little is known about the effects of land conversion between steppe and cropland on these parameters, especially in semi-arid regions. To understand how these parameters vary in responses to biotic and abiotic factors under land conversions, seasonal variation of light-response parameters were evaluated for a steppe and a cropland of Inner Mongolia, China, during three consecutive years (2006–08) with different precipitation amounts.Methods NEE was measured over a steppe and a cropland in Duolun, Inner Mongolia, China, using the eddy covariance technique, and NEE light-response parameters (NEE max, α and R e) were derived using the Michaelis–Menten model. Biophysical regulations of these parameters were evaluated using a stepwise regression analysis.Important findings The maximum absolute values of NEE max occurred in the meteorological regimes of 15°C ≤ T a < 25°C, vapor pressure deficit (VPD) < 1 KPa and 0.21 m 3 m ? 3 ≤ volumetric soil water content at 10 cm (SWC) < 0.28 m 3 m ? 3 for both the steppe and the cropland ecosystems. The variations of α and R e showed no regular variation pattern in different T air, VPD and SWC regimes. Under the same regime of T air, VPD and SWC, the cropland had higher absolute values of NEE max than the steppe. Canopy conductance and leaf area index (LAI) were dominant drivers for variations in NEE light-response parameters of the steppe and the cropland. The seasonal variation of NEE light-response parameters followed the variation of LAI for two ecosystems. The peak values of all light-response parameters for the steppe and the cropland occurred from July to August. The values of NEE light-response parameters (NEE max, α and R e) were lower in the driest year (2007). Seasonally averaged NEE light-response parameters for the cropland surpassed those for the steppe. Land conversion from steppe to cropland enhanced NEE light-response parameters during the plant growing period. These results will have significant implications for improving the models on regional NEE variation under climate change and land-use change scenarios.     

放牧对草地生态系统服务和功能权衡关系的影响

内蒙古草原是我国北方的重要生态屏障和绿色畜牧业基地, 放牧是草原生态系统的主要利用和管理方式, 在放牧管理中充分发挥生态系统某一项或几项服务和功能最大利用价值时, 往往会与其他服务(功能)发生冲突, 需要权衡多项生态系统服务和功能, 制定合理的放牧管理制度。该研究以内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原为例, 通过设置不放牧、轻度放牧、中度放牧以及重度放牧的放牧梯度, 从多项生态系统服务和功能权衡的角度比较了最适放牧管理强度。结果显示, 在放牧管理的草地生态系统服务和功能的权衡中, 权衡、协同、不相关关系同时存在, 如土壤呼吸速率与植物群落净生长量、生物多样性与植物群落净光合速率表现为权衡关系, 植物群落净生长量分别与土壤含水量、植物群落净光合速率及草地蒸散速率存在协同关系, 土壤有机碳含量与其他服务或功能间呈不相关关系; 放牧能不同程度地削弱多项生态系统服务及功能间的权衡关系(冲突对立关系); 中度放牧条件下的多项生态系统服务及功能的协同性最佳。     

Tropical pasture carbon cycling: relationships between C source/sink strength, above-ground biomass and grazing

We measured net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) in Panamá over C₄ pasture plots that varied in grazing intensity. After adjusting for variation in light, there were noticeable effects of grazing‐related variables on CO₂ exchange that were largely dependent on the developmental stage of the plant canopy. Above‐ground productivity was positively related to grazing intensity (r²=0.30). Two experimentally grazed fields had significantly lower standing crop biomass but no significant difference in CO₂ uptake (24.2 μmol/m²/s) compared with two ungrazed fields (20.3 μmol/m²/s). Grazed fields had significantly lower ecosystem respiration rates (10.3 μmol/m²/s) than did ungrazed fields (17.6 μmol/m²/s). These results suggest that, although these pastures were possible sources of CO₂ during the time intervals sampled, the size of the sources tended to be dampened by cattle grazing through reductions in ecosystem respiration. Thus, it appears that disturbance caused by cattle grazing will not always result in an increase in CO₂ release from tropical pastures to the atmosphere.     

不同放牧强度下短花针茅荒漠草原植被-土壤系统有机碳组分储量特征

草地生态系统作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用。以内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原不同放牧强度样地为研究对象,通过分析地上植物、凋落物、根系、土壤中有机碳和土壤轻组有机碳,研究草原植被-土壤系统有机碳组分储量的变化特征,从碳储量角度为合理利用草原提供指导。研究结果表明:(1)不同放牧强度荒漠草原地上植物碳储量为11.98—44.51 g/m~2,凋落物碳储量10.43—36.12 g/m~2,根系(0—40cm)碳储量502.30—804.31 g/m~2,且对照区(CK)均显著高于中度放牧区(MG)、重度放牧区(HG);(2)0—40cm土壤碳储量为7817.43—9694.16 g/m~2,其中轻度放牧区(LG)碳储量为9694.16 g/m~2,显著高于CK、HG(P0.05);(3)植被—土壤系统的碳储量为8342.14—10494.80 g/m~2,LGMGCKHG,有机碳主要储存于土壤当中,占比约90.54%—93.71%,适度放牧利用有利于发挥草地生态系统的碳汇功能;(4)土壤轻组有机碳储量为484.20—654.62 g/m~2,LG储量最高,表明适度放牧有助于草原土壤营养物质的循环和积累。