桂林会仙喀斯特湿地不同植物群落土壤养分分布差异与微生物活性特征

以桂林会仙喀斯特湿地8 种植物群落为研究对象, 分析了群落土壤含水率、pH、土壤养分(有机碳SOC、全氮TN、全钾TK、速效氮AN、速效钾AK)和微生物活性指标(微生物生物量碳MBC、微生物生物量氮MBN、土壤基础呼吸BR、土壤呼吸势PR、微生物熵qMB 和代谢熵qCO₂)的变化及其相互关系, 探讨水位梯度下不同植物群落类型对土壤养分和微生物活性特征的影响。结果表明: (1)会仙湿地大部分植物群落土壤pH 呈弱碱性, 含水量随着土层的加深而降低,且土壤pH 值和含水量随着群落积水深度的增加而升高; (2)各植物群落土壤有机碳、全氮、速效氮和速效钾含量在垂直剖面上均表现出随土壤深度的增加而减少的趋势; 土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量(除铺地黍群落外)、土壤基础呼吸和呼吸势均随着土壤深度的增加而降低, 且各土层之间差异显著(P<0.05), 而土壤微生物熵和代谢熵在垂直剖面的分布并无明显规律; (3)8 个植物群落中, 华克拉莎群落的土壤有机碳、全氮、速效氮、速效钾和微生物生物量碳氮含量、土壤基础呼吸速率和呼吸势均最高; 田间鸭嘴草群落的土壤微生物熵显著高于其它群落(P<0.05); (4)会仙湿地土壤微生物生物量碳氮、基础呼吸、呼吸势与土壤有机碳、全氮之间均呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01), 微生物熵和全钾、速效氮均显著正相关(P<0.05), 表明在水位梯度变化的驱动下, 会仙喀斯特湿地不同植物群落土壤养分和微生物活性特征存在差异, 土壤微生物活性特征反映了不同植物群落的环境适应和土壤质量的状况。     

扎龙季节性湿草甸土壤养分和土壤微生物特性

以扎龙自然湿地典型季节性湿草甸为试验对象,研究了土壤微生物特性和土壤养分空间分布规律及其主要影响因子.结果表明:土壤养分、微生物群落数量、微生物量碳、氮均呈现明显的垂直分布特征;土壤酶活性的空间分布因受多种因素影响而表现复杂.逐步线性回归分析表明:土壤微生物生物量碳、氮均分别与β-葡萄糖苷酶、脲酶、磷酸酶显著相关(P<0.05);有机碳与放线菌数量、过氧化氢酶活性显著相关(P<0.05);速效钾、全氮、水解性氮、C/N分别与放线菌数量、细菌数量、β-葡萄糖苷酶活性、土壤微生物生物量氮显著相关(P<0.05);全P、pH与土壤微生物活性无显著相关关系(P>0.05).采用主成分分析构建了湿地土壤养分的评价模型及微生物学预测模型.     

中国东部南北样带典型针叶林土壤酶活性分布格局

选取中国东部南北样带不同气候区(寒温带、温带和亚热带)的针叶林作为研究对象,分析了多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、几丁质酶以及β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的变化。结果表明,土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量从北到南依次减小,寒温带显著高于亚热带;土壤p H值在3个气候区差异显著,温带最高,亚热带最低。分解木质素的多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性不存在显著性差异;而与氮循环密切相关的几丁质酶活性表现为温带显著高于寒温带和亚热带;与碳循环密切的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性在温带最高,并显著高于亚热带地区。逐步回归分析表明,土壤MBN与p H值影响土壤几丁质酶活性,而土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶活性主要受p H的控制。研究认为,在中国东部南北样带针叶林中,土壤几丁质酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性存在显著性差异,而p H与MBN可能是影响土壤酶活性的主要因素。     

三江平原小叶章湿地剖面土壤微生物活性特征

为阐明三江平原不同类型小叶章湿地剖面土壤微生物活性及土壤质量的变化规律,研究了沼泽化小叶章(XZ)湿地和草甸小叶章(XD)湿地0—100cm剖面土壤有机碳(SOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、基础呼吸(BR)、呼吸势(PR)、微生物商(qMB)和代谢商(qCO2)等微生物活性指标。结果表明,XZ和XD湿地0—40cm土壤的SOC、MBC、BR、PR和qMB均随土壤深度的增加而迅速降低,而qCO2随土壤深度的增加而显著增加;XZ和XD湿地50—100cm土壤的SOC、MBC、BR、PR、qMB和qCO2变化不明显。相关性分析表明,XZ和XD湿地土壤微生物活性指标与土壤理化性质呈显著相关(P0.05),不同微生物活性指标间均呈极显著相关(P0.01)。XD湿地0—40cm土壤微生物活性各指标均明显低于XZ湿地(P0.05),其中XD湿地土壤0—10cm的SOC、MBC、BR、PR和qMB分别仅为XZ湿地的77.85%、54.05%、59.09%、51.83%和69.52%。小叶章湿地土壤微生物活性特征表明XZ湿地土壤质量优于XD湿地。     

大型浅水湖泊鄱阳湖湿地微生物的研究现状

鄱阳湖是我国第一大淡水湖泊,同时也是一个典型的季节性通江浅水湖泊,独特的水文特征和多样的湿地景观类型形成了复杂多样的微生物群落。本文综述了鄱阳湖水文节律、营养盐及重金属含量对湖泊微生物群落组成的影响,以及水位高程和湿地围垦对鄱阳湖湿地土壤微生物分布特征的影响,同时还探讨了未来湖泊湿地微生物的研究方向和鄱阳湖所拥有的独特研究条件,以期为未来湖泊微生物研究提供重要参考。     

桂林会仙喀斯特湿地芦苇群落土壤养分及微生物活性

为探讨桂林会仙喀斯特湿地芦苇植物群落土壤养分垂直变化趋势和微生物活性特征,测定0~80 cm剖面土壤碳、氮、磷含量,微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)、磷(MBP)以及基础呼吸(BR)、呼吸势(PR)、微生物熵(qMB)和代谢熵(qCO_2)等微生物活性指标,分析土壤养分含量与微生物活性特征的相关性。结果表明:(1)土壤总碳(TC)、有机碳(SOC)、无机碳(SIC)、全氮(TN)、有机氮(Org-N)均随着土壤深度的增加而减少,土壤速效氮(AN)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、全磷(TP)、速效磷(AP)、有机磷(Org-P)和无机磷(Inorg-P)含量在下层土壤中有所波动;SOC占TC含量比例较高,Org-N在TN中所占比例较大,Inorg-P含量略高于Org-P含量;(2)MBC、MBN、MBP主要集中在0~30 cm土层,且随剖面深度的增加,三者均逐渐降低,且土壤MBC与SOC、MBN与TN、MBP与TP均呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01);(3)BR和PR均随土壤深度的增加而显著降低,而qMB随着土层深度的增加先升高再降低,qCO_2的垂直变化整体呈下降趋势,但在中间土层间有所波动;(4)会仙喀斯特湿地芦苇群落土壤养分和微生物活性各指标之间均呈极显著正相关关系,土壤微生物活性特征是反映会仙喀斯特湿地土壤质量状况的重要指标。     

不同水位时期东洞庭湖湿地土壤微生物生物量碳氮和酶活性变化

为从土壤微生物的角度分析东洞庭湖不同植被类型湿地土壤质量状况,本研究选取了苔草、芦苇和柳树3种典型植被类型为对象,在平水期、丰水期和枯水期对其土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)和酶活性进行监测,并分析其主要影响因子。结果表明: 1)3个水位时期,各植被类型湿地土壤MBC、MBN、蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性(枯水期纤维素酶除外)均表现为0～10 cm高于10～20 cm,而土壤过氧化氢酶活性则相反。2)各植被类型湿地0～20 cm土层土壤MBC、MBN和MBC/TOC(总有机碳)、MBN/TN(总氮)皆以丰水期最低。3)各植被类型湿地0～20 cm土层土壤蔗糖酶活性峰值均出现在枯水期,而纤维素酶活性峰值出现在平水期,过氧化氢酶活性季节性波动较小,以丰水期稍高。4)不同植被类型间比较:平水期和丰水期,芦苇湿地土壤蔗糖酶活性显著高于其他植被类型,而其土壤纤维素酶活性最低,枯水期不同湿地间两种酶活性差异不显著。土壤过氧化氢酶活性在平水期以苔草湿地最高,枯水期以柳树湿地最高,丰水期以芦苇湿地最低。5)相关性分析表明,土壤MBC、MBN和蔗糖酶与TOC、TN、总磷(TP)呈显著正相关,而与pH值呈显著负相关。土壤纤维素酶和过氧化氢酶与TOC、TN、TP呈显著负相关,与pH值呈显著正相关。表明季节性水位波动影响土壤C、N、P和pH值,并对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性产生显著影响,使其呈现明显的季节性变化特征。     

三峡库区马尾松人工林土壤酶活性和微生物生物量对氮添加的季节性响应

以三峡库区马尾松人工林为对象,分析土壤微生物生物量、酶活性和养分含量对氮添加的初期响应规律,为预测该地区在大气氮沉降持续增加的背景下森林土壤的季节动态提供参考。结果表明：氮添加初期,中氮水平（60 kg hm^-2 a^-1）的氮添加处理使得各季节土壤β-1-4葡萄糖苷酶、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶、酸性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性均增加,高氮（90 kg hm^-2 a^-1）水平的添加处理增加了土壤有机碳、全氮和微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的含量和酸性磷酸酶及多酚氧化酶活性,降低了土壤pH值、全磷含量和β-1-4葡萄糖苷酶及N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性。土壤酶活性和微生物生物量存在明显的季节变化,秋季水解酶活性和微生物生物量碳、磷含量显著高于春夏两季,而氧化酶活性和微生物生物量氮含量则是春夏季较高。土壤酶活性与季节、土壤含水量、养分含量及微生物生物量碳氮磷含量存在显著的相关性,酶活性变化是多因子综合作用的结果,冗余分析表明土壤含水量、微生物生物量碳、氮、磷和全氮是驱动土壤酶活性的主要环境因子。氮沉降的持续增加会加速当地马尾松人工林土壤腐殖质的形成,增加有机碳的积累,导致土壤酸化,并产生磷限制。     

高寒湿地和草甸退化及恢复对土壤微生物碳代谢功能多样性的影响

为研究高寒湿地、草甸的退化及恢复与土壤微生物碳代谢功能多样性的关系,以及影响土壤微生物碳代谢功能多样性的关键因素,利用BIOLOG Eco微平板法,分析了甘肃玛曲地区5类(湿地、沼泽化草甸、高寒草甸、退化草甸、人工恢复草甸) 14个退化与恢复样地的土壤微生物对单一碳源的利用情况。结果表明,从湿地到沙化草地的逐渐退化过程中,草甸的土壤微生物群落代谢活性差异显著;主要是由于在湿地干化过程中,微生物活性逐渐升高,沼泽草甸土壤微生物活性最高;随着草甸不断退化,微生物活性逐渐降低,沙化草地最低;而人工补播恢复使土壤微生物活性有所增加,表明退化对微生物碳代谢功能多样性造成显著影响,人工恢复措施在一定程度上提高了土壤微生物活性。聚合物类(吐温40、吐温80、环状糊精、肝糖)、氨基酸类及碳水化合物类是土壤微生物主要利用的碳源。冗余分析结果显示,土壤的碳氮比、含水量、有机碳、全氮、容重、氮磷比、p H及植被覆盖度是影响土壤微生物碳代谢功能多样性的关键因子。因此,可用土壤碳代谢功能多样性变化评价高寒湿地及草甸的退化和恢复及其变化程度。     

大青山不同树种根围土壤酶活性与微生物群落丰度的研究

针对大青山山地森林不同树种的根围土壤,探讨微生物丰度与土壤酶活性之间的联系以及受控因子。利用荧光实时定量PCR方法研究不同树种土壤微生物丰度的变化情况,分析土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和过氧化物酶(Pod)活性以及土壤理化性质的变化趋势。采用主成分分析(PCA)和皮尔森相关性分析方法研究土壤理化因子对土壤微生物群落丰度的影响。结果显示,土壤理化性质和微生物细菌、真菌群落丰度从春季到秋季均显著增高,如有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳和氮数量及细菌、真菌丰度等;大青山森林土壤βG、Pod酶活性夏季较高,而NAG酶活性秋季较高。皮尔森相关性分析表明大青山不同树种土壤酶活性与土壤微生物丰度有明显的相关性。与NAG酶活性极显著正相关(P0.05);与Pod酶活性呈极显著负相关(P0.05);而βG只与细菌群落丰度呈极显著负相关(P0.05)。土壤理化因子(有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳氮)与土壤微生物群落丰度均表现为极显著正相关。主成分分析认为,土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳和氮、细菌和真菌群落丰度、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶等可作为影响不同树种根围土壤养分特性的重要因子。在大青山山地森林生态系统,不同树种对土壤理化指标、土壤微生物丰度和土壤酶活性影响较大,并且随着季节变化响应较强。理化指标和土壤微生物群落丰度是调控大青山森林植被根围土壤微生物群落的主要生态因子。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.