黄瓜叶片胞间隙几丁质酶与抗霜霉菌侵染关系的研究

采用高抗霜霉病的‘津春4号’和易感霜霉病的‘长春密刺’黄瓜的温室穴盘幼苗为材料,研究了接种霜霉菌对黄瓜叶片胞间隙几丁质酶累积变化及幼苗生长的影响.结果显示:(1)与易感品种相比,抗病品种叶片胞间隙液蛋白浓度升高快、含量高;同时几丁质酶活性上升的速度快、幅度大,于接种后第2天达到峰值,且高活性维持至第7天;(2) SDS-PAGE电泳分析发现,抗病品种有一种27 kD的酸性几丁质酶在接种后第2天迅速积累,并在接种后第4、7天呈现出较高的表达量;Western blotting的结果也证实了上述胞间隙几丁质酶积累的变化.(3)与未接种对照相比,接种处理后第4、7天,易感黄瓜幼苗鲜重、干物质积累量均出现显著降低,但在接种后第7天抗病品种的上述生长指标要显著高于易感病品种.研究表明,接种霜霉菌后,抗病黄瓜叶片胞间隙几丁质酶迅速累积且活性快速升高,以减轻霜霉病对幼苗生长的侵害,这可能是黄瓜抗霜霉菌侵染的一种防御机制.     

霜霉菌或水分胁迫诱导的黄瓜叶片胞间隙27kD蛋白为几丁质酶

蛋白含量测定和十二烷基硫酸钠．聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）分析结果表明,水分胁迫或霜霉菌接种处理均使黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.）叶片胞间隙总蛋白含量升高,27kD蛋白积累。通过基体辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱0VIALDI-TOFMS）分析纯化的27kD蛋白,将所得的PMF（肽指纹图谱）在NCBInr蛋白质数据库中比对,发现水分胁迫和霜霉菌接种所诱导的27kD蛋白是同一种蛋白,均为一种酸性的几丁质酶。其酶活性测定结果表明,水分胁迫或霜霉菌接种处理的叶片胞间隙液几丁质酶活性均高于对照。     

草酸诱导黄瓜幼苗对霜霉病的抗性与H2O2的关系

以长春密刺黄瓜幼苗为材料,对经草酸处理或霜霉菌接种后黄瓜叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及H2O2含量的变化进行了研究.结果表明:草酸处理或霜霉菌接种均可诱导黄瓜幼苗叶片H2O2含量显著增加,且草酸预处理后接种的叶片比相应对照叶片能更快地积累H2O2;草酸处理后叶片SOD和POD活性均升高,而CAT活性却受到一定程度的抑制.研究发现,H2O2参与了幼苗对霜霉病的抗性诱导;叶片H2O2含量的增加与其SOD、POD活性升高、CAT活性下降有关;通过调节黄瓜叶片H2O2的含量来调控有关黄瓜霜霉病抗性的防御基因表达是草酸诱导抗性的机制之一.     

高温诱导黄瓜抗霜霉病机理

研究了高温对黄瓜霜霉病菌致病力的影响以及高温控制霜霉病发生的效果.结果表明,40 ℃高温处理2 h和45 ℃处理1 h对黄瓜霜霉病的诱导抗病性作用最明显,其在接种后4 d时的防效分别为58.40%和45.81%,到接种后6 d时,防效分别下降为39.35%和37.65%.经高温诱导后,过氧化物酶（POD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶（Cht）、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶（Glu）活性均显著高于对照,与未诱导植株相比,高温诱导后叶片组织的细胞壁表面有大量木质素沉积,表明高温处理后黄瓜表现出对霜霉病的抗病性.     

亚精胺诱导黄瓜幼苗对白粉病抗性的研究

以黄瓜品种‘长春密刺’幼苗为材料,研究了亚精氨(Spd)诱导黄瓜幼苗对白粉病的抗性,并测定Spd处理和白粉菌接种对黄瓜叶片4种防御酶活性及3种防卫基因表达的影响。结果显示:(1)0.2～1.0mmol.L-1 Spd对黄瓜幼苗白粉病抗性均有不同程度的诱抗效果,并以0.8mmol.L-1 Spd处理效果最明显,诱导效率可达55.3%。(2)喷施Spd或接种白粉菌均可提高黄瓜叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性,且诱导并接种处理的植株叶片上述酶活性均比只诱导不接种处理的上升速度更快;同时,Spd处理和接种白粉菌可以提高植株叶片中POX、PAL、PR-1a基因的表达量。研究表明,Spd处理可以诱导防卫基因表达的增强,提高防御酶活性,显著降低病情指数,增强黄瓜幼苗对白粉病的抗性。     

水杨酸和霜霉病诱导黄瓜PCD过程中线粒体相关基因的表达分析

为研究水杨酸(SA)和霜霉病两种处理诱导黄瓜PCD过程中线粒体相关基因的表达差异及其引发的黄瓜叶片PCD发生方式。选择长出4片真叶的黄瓜植株为试材,用10 mmol/L SA处理叶片,用5×105-10×105个孢子囊/m L的霜霉菌菌液接种叶片,分别取SA处理0、3、12和24 h及接种菌液0、36、72和96 h的叶片提取RNA,用q RT-PCR技术分析16个线粒体相关基因的表达动态。实验结果表明:16个基因在SA处理和霜霉病接种后都表达,呈现相似或相悖的表达趋势,说明SA诱导的PCD相关基因与霜霉病诱导的PCD信号通路有明显的相互联系,其中11个基因在霜霉病处理中结果与SA处理相似皆为上调,5个基因在SA处理中为上调表达,在霜霉病处理过程中却是下调表达,这也表明SA和霜霉病引发抗病信号途径存在差异,从而使黄瓜叶片PCD发生方式不同。通过查找文献分析16个基因的功能及研究现状,这些基因属于4个功能类群,主要包括参与线粒体膜转运、细胞呼吸作用、蛋白质合成、折叠和转运、线粒体信号转导以及其他或未知功能。     

黄瓜叶片胞间隙蛋白质双向电泳体系的建立

以黄瓜种质‘PI088’幼苗为材料,提取胞间隙液,制备蛋白样品,通过对不同IPG胶条、等电聚焦条件、分离胶浓度、上样量等条件的探索,建立适合黄瓜叶片胞间隙蛋白质组的双向电泳体系.结果显示:(1)用pH 3～10的非线性IPG胶条,等电聚焦时间为70 000 Vh,分离胶浓度为10％,上样量为800 μg时,能够得到较好的2-DE图谱.(2)利用所建立的双向电泳体系找到了对照及接种霜霉菌后2d的黄瓜叶片胞间隙差异蛋白,其中的12个上调表达点和10个下调表达点的表达量变化在1.5倍以上.并选取一个差异点成功进行了质谱分析.(3)质谱分析结果显示,所找的差异点为一种酸性的几丁质酶,等电点为4.27.可见,采用所建立的双向电泳体系可获得分辨率高、重复性好的2-DE图谱并能很好地用于质谱分析.     

黄瓜过敏性诱导反应蛋白基因(CsHIR1)原核表达及其多克隆抗体制备

该试验用黄瓜霜霉菌侵染黄瓜幼苗,并通过PCR方法克隆其过敏性诱导反应蛋白(HIR)的基因CsHIR1,构建原核表达载体pET28a-CsHIR1,实现在大肠杆菌(E.coli)BL21(DE3)中的高效表达;对诱导表达的时间和IPTG的浓度进行了优化;利用钴离子螯合层析纯化了重组蛋白并制备高效价多克隆抗血清。结果表明:该黄瓜过敏性反应诱导蛋白以包涵体的形式表达,最佳诱导时间和IPTG浓度分别为4h和0.5mmol·L-1;经纯化,得到高纯度的分子量为34kD重组蛋白CsHIR1。Western blotting显示CsHIR1的抗体具有较好的特异性。原核表达体系的建立和多克隆抗体的制备为进一步研究CsHIR1基因在黄瓜中的功能奠定了基础。     

外源亚精胺对不同盐浓度下黄瓜幼苗可溶性蛋白表达的影响

采用营养液水培的方法,以黄瓜品种‘津春2号’为试材,研究了叶片喷施外源亚精胺(Spd)对不同浓度NaCl(0、50、75、100 mmo.lL-1)胁迫下幼苗植株可溶性蛋白表达的影响。结果表明,50 mmol.L-1NaCl胁迫下植株叶片和根系中可溶性蛋白含量提高;75 mmol.L-1和100 mmol.L-1NaCl胁迫明显降低了幼苗植株叶片和根系中可溶性蛋白的含量。不同浓度NaCl胁迫下喷施Spd后可溶性蛋白含量在根系中没有明显变化规律,而叶片可溶性蛋白含量提高。SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)对黄瓜幼苗根系可溶性蛋白分析表明,至少有3种分子量约为61.5、50、47 kD蛋白在50 mmo.lL-1和75 mmol.L-1NaCl胁迫下表达量增强,但100 mmo.lL-1NaCl胁迫下变化不明显;50 mmol.L-1和75 mmol.L-1NaCl胁迫下喷施Spd后61.5 kD和47 kD蛋白表达量明显减弱,50 kD蛋白甚至消失,100 mmol.L-1NaCl胁迫下61.5 kD和47 kD蛋白无明显变化,50 kD蛋白反而增强。     

植物源诱导剂对甜瓜叶片防卫酶活性的影响

以甜瓜主栽品种‘银帝'(抗病)和‘卡拉克赛'(感病)幼苗为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了几种植物源诱导剂对其接种古巴假霜霉菌叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶(CHI)和葡聚糖酶(GLU)活性的影响,以阐释植物源诱导剂提高甜瓜抗病性的生化机制.结果显示:苯丙噻二唑(BTH)、侧柏叶提取液(CB)和中草药制剂(ZY)处理对甜瓜霜霉菌具有显著的预防效果;诱导处理或接菌后甜瓜叶片中上述抗病相关酶活性都显著上升,抗病品种‘银帝'的PPO、PAL、CHI、GLU活性增幅大于感病品种‘卡拉克赛',‘卡拉克赛'的POD活性增幅则较‘银帝'大.研究表明,叶面喷施两种植物源诱抗剂对甜瓜叶片防卫酶活性增强具有系统诱导作用,而叶片防卫酶活性增强可能是诱导剂处理后甜瓜对霜霉抗性提高的重要生化机制.     

Intercellular 27 kD protein is a chitinase induced by water stress or Pseudoperonospora cubensis in cucumber leaves]

Cucumber seedlings were drought-stressed or inoculated with Pseudoperonospora cubensis. After 3 or 6 d the intercellular fluids of treated cucumber leaves were extracted and analyzed. Protein contents increased after pathogen inoculation and a 27-kD protein was found in intercellular fluids (Figs.1, 7). Both 27 kD proteins were purified from the intercellular fluids of cucumber leaves after drought stress or pathogen inoculation by SDS-PAGE and electro-elution protocol respectively (Fig.2, 3). Purified proteins from drought-stressed and P. cubensis infected seedlings were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS and their peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) results were obtained (Figs.4, 5). The PMF results were compared with protein database using the software Profound. The results show that the 27 kD proteins from seedlings after drought stress and after P. cubensis infection were the same protein, i.e. an acidic chitinase (Tables 1, 2; Fig.6). The activities of chitinase in the intercellular fluids of cucumber leaves after pathogen inoculation and in those drought stress were also analyzed. Results showed that both treatments induced the increase in chitinase activity (Fig.8), which indicated that chitinase may be involved in the protection of cucumber plant against both pathogen attack and water stress.     

黄瓜霜霉病菌侵染若干因子的研究

研究了温、湿度条件对黄瓜霜霉病菌致病性的影响,结果表明,25～35℃最适宜黄瓜霜霉病的发生,15/35℃的交替温度变化最有利于霜霉病菌的侵染,但35℃以上的高温对霜霉病菌具有杀伤作用;2 h的湿度条件就足以引起侵染,一旦侵入寄主,环境湿度条件对病害的发展影响不大.-20℃低温冷冻保存10个月和干燥放置7 d的霜霉菌种仍具致病力.发病的黄瓜叶片可以连续产生孢子囊,但随着发病时间的延长产生孢子囊量逐渐减少.活体叶片单位面积上产生的孢子囊量比离体叶片大,且显症天数与叶片单位面积产生孢囊量呈抛物线型关系.     

Expression analysis of defence-related genes in grapevine leaves after inoculation with a host and a non-host pathogen.

The expression of PR protein encoding genes and genes involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism was analysed on grapevine leaves of susceptible and resistant cvs. in response to inoculation with the host-pathogen Plasmopara viticola and the non-host pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the downy mildew pathogen of cucumber. These experiments were conducted to elucidate whether or not grapevine plants susceptible to downy mildew exhibit an identical defence response after inoculation with the non-host pathogen. Expression analysis of defence-related genes revealed marked differences between the susceptible cultivar "Riesling" (Vitis vinifera) and the resistant cultivar "Gloire de Montpellier" (Vitis riparia). Whereas some genes seem to be expressed constitutively in "Gloire" or induced after an inoculation with both pathogens, expression of defence-related genes in Riesling was influenced mainly after inoculation with the non-host pathogen: PR-2, PR-3, PR-4, a PGIP gene, and especially genes encoding enzymes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis (DFR, F3H, LDOX) were affected. Therefore, the occurrence of the respective products (flavans and other phenolics) in inoculated leaves was investigated with appropriate histological staining techniques. These stainings revealed a production of catechins and related phenolic compounds within the first 48 hai (hours after inoculation) with Ps. cubensis but not with P. viticola in Riesling, whereas in Gloire no further production was seen, which may be due to the high content of polyphenolics as observed in control leaves. In addition to the staining procedures, sporulation intensity was monitored on leaf discs. Pretreatments of leaf discs with Ps. cubensis led to a reduced browning reaction (as a result of a hypersensitive reaction) in Gloire and significantly reduced the intensity of sporulation in Riesling after a subsequent inoculation with P. viticola.     

A Heat Shock Protein Gene, CsHsp45.9, Involved in the Response to Diverse Stresses in Cucumber

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are a family of highly conserved proteins present in all organisms. They mediate a range of cytoprotective functions as molecular chaperones and are recently reported to regulate the immune response. Using suppression subtractive hybridization, we isolated and characterized a cucumber cDNA, designated CsHsp45.9, which encodes a putative heat shock protein of 45.9 kDa protein, containing three conserved DnaJ domains belonging to the Type I Hsp40 family. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that CsHsp45.9 was significantly induced in cucumber leaves inoculated with downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) in this incompatible interaction. Gene expression was also strongly up-regulated by various abiotic stresses. CsHsp45.9 was mainly expressed in flowers with a flower-specific, stamen- and pistil-predominant expression pattern. This suggests that CsHsp45.9 harbors broad-spectrum responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses and may play a role in downy mildew resistance in cucumber.     

Thermal imaging of cucumber leaves affected by downy mildew and environmental conditions

Pathogenesis of Pseudoperonospora cubensis causing downy mildew of cucumber resulted in changes in the metabolic processes within cucumber leaves including the transpiration rate. Due to the negative correlation between transpiration rate and leaf temperature, digital infrared thermography permitted a non-invasive monitoring and an indirect visualization of downy mildew development. Depending on the stage of pathogenesis and the topology of chloroses and necroses, infection resulted in a typical temperature pattern. Spatial heterogeneity of the leaf temperature could be quantified by the maximum temperature difference (MTD) within a leaf. The MTD increased during pathogenesis with the formation of necrotic tissue and was related to disease severity as described by linear and quadratic regression curves. Under controlled conditions, changes in temperature of infected leaves allowed the discrimination between healthy and infected areas in thermograms, even before visible symptoms of downy mildew appeared. Environmental conditions during thermographic measurement, in particular air temperature and humidity, as well as water content and age of the leaf influenced the temperature of its surface. Conditions enhancing the transpiration rate facilitated the detection of changes in leaf temperature of infected leaves at early stages of infection. As modified by environmental conditions, MTD alone is not suitable for the quantification of downy mildew severity in the field.