核桃小吉丁虫研究初报

核桃小吉丁虫足陕西省核桃主要害虫。一年发生一代,以老熟幼虫在受害枯枝中过冬,极少数在活枝上越冬。4月中旬至6月底为化蛹期,盛期为4月底至5月初。蛹期平均27.7天,最短16天,最长39天。成虫羽化后在蛹室中停留4—20天才咬破皮层钻出枝外。5月上旬至7月上旬为成虫出现期,盛期为5月下旬至6月上旬。幼虫化蛹结束时亦即成虫出现高峰。成虫出枝后取食核桃叶,约经半个月补充营养期开始产卵。产卵需要较高的温度和强光,卵多产在伸出树冠外围的长枝条上叶痕附近。成虫生活期平均35.3天,最长可达83天。6月上旬至7月下旬为卵出现期。卵期多为10天。6月中旬至8月上旬为幼虫孵化期,7月上旬为孵化盛期。幼虫多在二、三年生枝条皮层中串圈为害。受害严重时树叶变黄、脱落,枝条干枯。8月下旬幼虫老熟后开始钻入木质部,做一蛹室,在蛹室中过冬,至10月底大部幼虫进入了越冬阶段。     

河南小麦沟金针虫(`Pleonomus canaliculatus ``Faldermann)的研究

1.沟金针虫需2年以上完成一代生活史。越冬成虫2月下旬出土,3月中旬至4月中旬为活动盛期,产卵在1至2寸表土内,卵于5月初孵化,卵期为5至8星期。老熟幼虫8月下旬开始化蛹。9月中旬起羽化,蛹期约2星期。成虫羽化后即行越冬。 2.越冬幼虫2月底至3月中旬开始向表土活动(10厘米处地温8—12℃左右),3月中旬及4月全月是为害盛期(80％以上幼虫集中在1至2寸之表土内),8月至12月表土之幼虫密度极小(仅有虫1.2—6.8％),不致为害成灾。 3.沟金针虫之天敌除一种壁虱(Cheyletus sp.)和一种蜘蛛及蚂蚁外,尚有寄生菌2种,具中一种经鉴定为冬虫夏草(Cordyceps sp.)之一种。 4.小麦整地时适当深犁(5—7寸)并精耕细作能毁杀大部分蛹体及成虫,并可将幼虫翻上来供鸟类捕食(9,10月间97％老熟幼虫,在5—7寸土内化蛹及羽化,同时88％幼虫分布于1—7寸土内)。此外以芝麻与豆类为小麦前作及夏季休间结合翻耕曝晒亦能减少虫害损失。 5.沟金针虫在河南的主要为害期系在春季,所以早春於麦行间耩666毒土或毒沙以毒杀向表土上升之幼虫是值得继续研究的。     

麦水蝇观察简报

麦水蝇又叫水稻水蝇,除为害水稻、碱草、冰草、看麦娘、野燕麦、游草等植物外,在陕西、甘肃两省尚为害小麦、大麦、青稞等。 在甘肃省武都县川区(海拔1,000米左右),4月上旬为产卵盛期,4月中旬孵化,卵期7—10天。4月下旬为幼虫为害盛期,幼虫期12—15天,5月上旬化蛹,蛹期10—12天,5月中、下旬羽化。 在岷县(海拔2,300米左右)6月上旬为产卵盛期,     

大栗金龟(虫甲)生活史的研究

大栗金龟(虫甲)是四川西北部重要农林害虫之一,幼虫为害青稞、小麦、豌豆、马铃薯、玉米、甜菜等作物及森林苗圃中的幼苗,成虫为害杉树、桦树、杨树等森林。1955—1963 年在炉霍虾拉沱进行了一系列的调查研究,查明大栗金龟(虫甲)在炉霍虾拉沱六年发生—代,幼虫越冬五次,成虫越冬一次。卵于7月下旬至10月上旬孵化为幼虫,卵期由于产卵时期的温度和土壤湿度不同而为45—66天。幼虫于10月中旬开始下降至40厘米以下越冬,第二年4月中旬开始上升至5—15厘米的土层为害;五次越冬后,于6月中旬至7月上旬在12—44厘米的土层中化蛹,幼虫期58个月强。蛹于7月下旬至9月上旬羽化为成虫,蛹期约两个月。成虫当年不出土,第二年5月上旬开始出土,中下旬最盛:出土后,飞往附近林缘杉树上取食交尾。5月下旬末,雌虫开始飞回田间产卵,成堆产在13—26厘米的土层中,每堆12—28粒。成虫于6月中旬至7月上旬死亡,成虫期约10个月。     

福建引种天蚕生物学特性的研究

天蚕是一种资源昆虫,该虫自浙江引种,在福建一年发生一代,以卵越冬。翌年4月上旬孵化,幼虫5龄,幼虫期34—40天,5月中旬化蛹,蛹期21—32天,成虫671中旬羽化,成虫寿命4—7天。     

胡麻短纹卷蛾生物学特性观察

胡麻短纹卷蛾见”euncaria切S。切已见。’h幼虫俗称胡麻漏油虫,是胡麻重要害虫。在北方胡麻产区的甘肃、宁夏、内蒙、山西等省均有发生,特别是六盘山西麓静宁、庄浪发生猖撅。1990～1992年,笔者对该虫的生物学特性进行了观察,现报道如下。回生活史胡麻短纹卷蛾1年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在胡麻地土壤中作茧越冬,越冬期长达10．5个月。5月下旬越冬幼虫开始出土化蛹,6月中下旬为化蛹盛期,7月下旬为化蛹末期。蛹期8～13天,平均10．6天。6月上旬田间最早发现成虫,中旬成虫大量出现,6月下旬至7月中旬为成虫羽化盛期,6月底至7月初往往出…     

银杏超小卷叶蛾生物学特性与防治

银杏超小卷叶蛾PammeneginkgoicolaLiu在安徽黄山、九华山 1年发生 1代 ,以蛹在粗树皮内或树枝裂缝中越冬。该虫以幼虫蛀食短枝和当年生长枝嫩茎 ,翌年 4月上旬为成虫羽化期 ,4月上旬至 5月上旬达羽化高峰。 4月中旬为产卵盛期 ,4月上旬幼虫孵化 ,4月下旬孵化盛期 ,4月上旬至 5月底为幼虫为害期 ,5月下旬至 7月上旬幼虫全部钻入树皮。 5月份用 2 5 %溴氰菊酯乳油 3 0 0 0倍喷雾或用80 %敌敌畏 1 0 0 0倍液与 40 %氧化乐果 1 0 0 0倍液混合喷雾 ,防治效果 90 %左右。 6月中下旬用敌敌畏原液、氧化乐果、柴油按 1∶1 5∶3的比配成油雾剂喷洒树干 ,可有效地消灭害虫。     

宽索鳃金龟的研究

宽索鳃金龟是为言猕猴挑的重要食叶害虫．该虫在福建建宁县一年发生一代,以成虫在土中越冬,翌年4月上旬开始出土为害,4月下旬至5月下旬为害盛期,成虫可整夜取食猕猴桃叶片和花器,成虫出土及人土的时间较为整齐．5月上旬雌虫开始在土中产卵,5月下旬开始孵化．幼虫3龄,在土中1-20cm处活动,以8-10cm处占绝大多数,幼虫取食土壤中腐植质和根皮,截根．9月上旬开始化蛹,10月中旬成虫开始羽化。但当年不出土,逗留在土中。并越冬．采用50％辛硫磷1000—2000倍液防治幼虫：80％敌敌畏乳油1000倍．帅％乐果800-1000倍、25％溴氰菊酯5000倍等药液毒杀成虫均有良好效果,亦可人工捕杀和灯光诱杀成虫．     

灰钝额斑螟的生物学特性

灰钝额斑螟Bazaria turensis Ragonot是柴达木盆地白刺(Nitraria sp.)灌丛的主要害虫,为了有效控制该害虫对白刺的危害,采用室内饲养和田间定点观察,对灰钝额斑螟进行了生物学特性观察。结果表明灰钝额斑螟在柴达木盆地1年发生1代,有卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫4种虫态,通过头壳宽确定了幼虫为5个虫龄,以滞育蛹越冬。翌年5月中旬开始羽化,5月下旬为羽化高峰期,6月中旬孵化,6月下旬为孵化盛期,8月上旬开始结茧化蛹,8月中旬结茧化蛹高峰期,随后蛹进入滞育越冬。6月下旬初龄幼虫发生盛期是该害虫防治的最佳时期。     

蚕豆象的生物学特性

在武昌,蚕豆象Bruchus rufimanus Boheman每年发生一代,以成虫越冬。成虫必须取食蚕豆花后才能正常交配和产卵。4月为交配盛期。4月中、下旬为产卵盛期,最喜欢把卵产到生长已有1l—20天的嫩蚕豆荚上,但不在豌豆荚上产卵。产卵历期约为9天。4月下旬至5月上旬为孵化盛期。幼虫共四龄,在豆粒内的死亡率随着单个豆粒上侵入孔的增多而增高。8月为化蛹盛期,8月中旬到9月上旬为羽化盛期。羽化出的成虫绝大部分藏在豆粒内越冬。从卵发育到成虫羽化约需120天。成虫寿命一般为212天,最长达295天,但不能度过两个冬季。     

On the Knowledge of Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) pennifer (Motschulsky, 1845) and Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) marginalis (Reitter, 1894) (Coleoptera,Staphylinidae)

Entomological Review - The type and other extensive material of Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) pennifer (Motschulsky, 1845) and some of its synonyms was examined. Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) marginalis...     

Electronic structures of collagen model polymers: (Gly-Pro)n, (Gly-Hyp)n, (Ala-Pro)n, (Ala-Hyp)n, (Gly-Pro-Gly)n, (Gly-Hyp-Gly)n, (Gly-Pro-Pro)n, and (Gly-Pro-Hyp)n

In order to investigate the relationship existing between the electronic structures of collagen and its biochemical functions in vivo, the semiempirical CNDO/2 SCF MO calculations were carried out on several model polymers of collagen, (Gly-Pro)_n, (Gly-Hyp)_n, (Ala-Pro)_n, (Ala-Hyp)_n, (Gly-Pro-Gly)_n, (Gly-Hyp-Gly)_n, (Gly-Pro-Pro)_n and (Gly-Pro-Hyp)_n. Geometries of the skeleton of these polymers were assumed to be the same as those of poly(l-proline) I (cis) and II (trans) and the calculations were performed only on infinite polymers in a single chain. The results show that the cis form is always more stable than the trans form for all the polymers treated. This energy difference between the cis and trans forms depends, for example, on the kind of amino acid residue, Gly or Ala, but this could not be seen in the Pro or Hyp residue. The flexibility or mobility of the collagen structure was explained using the energy difference between the cis and trans forms of the polymers, i.e. the cis-trans conversion of the collagen was discussed in connection with the energy difference. The reason why the collagen has the constitution of (Gly-Pro-Hyp)_n is briefly discussed.     

On the Synonymy of Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) pennifer (Motschulsky, 1845) (Coleoptera,Staphylinidae, Oxytelinae)

Entomological Review - The type material of several synonyms of Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) pennifer (Motschulsky, 1845) is revised. Both Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) striatipennis (Eppelsheim, 1894) and...     

Tachinid (Diptera, Tachinidae) parasitoids of sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta)

A list of 31 genera of tachinid parasitoids of sawflies is given. Despite the ecological and habitual similarity of sawflies and Lepidoptera, utilization of sawflies by tachinids was not as successful from the evolutionary point of view as utilization of Lepidoptera. Parasitism of tachinids in sawflies is evidently secondary; it appeared repeatedly and originates from parasitism in Lepidoptera. Most genera of tachinids are polyphagous. Endoparasitic Hymenoptera are koinobionts similarly to tachinids. The direct contact of the parasitoid with active mobile host larva not only results in complication of behavior and its specialization, but also promotes formation of different morphological innovations faster than that in idiobionts.     

Spermiogenesis in Anaspides tasmaniae (Thomson) (Crustacea,Malacostraca, Syncarida)

Spermiogenesis of the syncarid Anaspides tasmaniae (subclass Eumalacostraca) was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The spermatozoan of Anaspides is an ovoid cell with an acrosome covering the anterior pole and a lobulated nucleus and mitochondria occupying the rest of the cell. A long subacrosomal filament bypasses the nucleus and forms a spiral that supports a thin extension of the posterior cytoplasm, giving the spermatozoan a bell-shaped appearance. No flagellum is present at any stage. The immobile spermatozoans are embedded in a hard capsule, secreted by the cells of the wall of the vas deferens.     

Molecular-Mechanical studies of the mismatched base analogs of d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2:d(CGTGAATTCGCG)2, d(CGAGAATTCGCG)2, d(CGCGAATTCACG)2, d(CGCGAATTCTCG)2, and d(CGCAGAATTCGCG)·d(CGCGAATTCGCG)

Molecular-mechanical simulations have been carried out on “mismatched base” analogs of the DNA double-helical structure d(CGCGAATTCGCG)₂, in which the base pairs CG at the 3 and 10 positions have been replaced by CA, AG, TC, and TG base pairs, as well as an insertion analog in which an extra adenine has been incorporated into one strand of the above structure between bases 3 and 4. The results of these simulations (calculated relative stabilities, structures, and nmr ring-current shifts) have been compared with calorimetric and nmr data. The calculated relative stabilities of the double-helical parent dodecamer and the various “wobble” base pairs qualitatively correlate with the experimental melting temperatures. The base-pairing structure for the GT wobble pair is in agreement with that previously determined from nmr experiments. For the GA base pair, the structure with both bases anti has a slightly more favorable energy from base pairing and stacking than a structure with non-Watson-Crick H-bonding with adenine syn, in agreement with nmr experiments. The CA wobble base is calculated to favor an adenine 6NH₂ …? cytosine N3 H-bond over cytosine 4NH₂ …? adenine N1, again, in agreement with nmr experiments. There is no definitive experimental data on the TC base pair, but the existence of (somewhat long and weak) H-bonds involving cytosine 4NH₂ …? thymine 4CO and cytosine N3 …? thymine HN3 seems reasonable. We find a structure in which the extra adenine base of the insertion analogs sits “inside” the double helix.