PKR通过SUMO化修饰调控胰岛β细胞P53功能上调

目的:探讨PKR通过SUMO化修饰上调P53功能,阐明胰岛β细胞增殖抑制的分子机制。方法:转染wt-PKR质粒并结合BEPP刺激,诱导PKR在胰岛β细胞特异性激活。免疫印迹和免疫共沉淀技术检测P53及P53-SUMO-1蛋白结合水平变化;并给予SUMO化抑制剂Spectomycin B1,分析其相关分子机制。结果:免疫印迹和实时定量PCR检测表明:PKR特异激活能诱导P53蛋白水平而不是mRNA水平上调;免疫共沉淀分析显示:PKR促进了SUMO-1与P53蛋白结合水平的增加;而Spectomycin B1能抑制PKR诱导的P53蛋白水平及其与SUMO结合的增加。结论:PKR能通过促进P53的SUMO化修饰,上调其功能,诱导胰岛β细胞增殖抑制,可能参与2型糖尿病的发生和病程发展。     

植物蛋白质SUMO化修饰体外高效检测系统

蛋白质SUMO化修饰是一种调控蛋白命运的关键修饰方式, 广泛参与植物生长发育及逆境胁迫响应。SUMO化修饰过程主要由激活酶(E1)-结合酶(E2)-连接酶(E3)组成的级联酶促反应催化, 其关键酶组分将SUMO分子缀合至底物蛋白的赖氨酸残基, 形成共价异肽键以完成SUMO化修饰过程。该文报道了1种植物蛋白质SUMO化修饰体外高效检测系统, 通过在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中构建拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana) SUMO化修饰的关键通路实现对底物蛋白的SUMO化修饰, 结果可通过免疫印迹进行检测。该系统可以简化植物蛋白质SUMO化修饰的检测流程, 为植物细胞SUMO化修饰的功能研究提供了有力工具。     

SUMO化修饰的Apak对核糖体RNA合成的调控作用

核糖体是由核糖体RNA和核糖体蛋白组成的复合体,其功能是参与蛋白质合成.SUMO化修饰的底物蛋白对核糖体的形成有重要调控作用.前期研究发现,KRAB型锌指蛋白Apak能特异地抑制p53所介导的凋亡通路.进一步研究发现,在核仁应激及癌基因激活条件下,抑癌蛋白ARF促进Apak发生SUMO化修饰并促使其移位于核仁.为了进一步探讨SUMO化修饰的Apak对核糖体RNA合成的调控功能,本研究通过Northern blot检测SUMO化修饰的Apak对核糖体RNA合成的影响,实时定量PCR检测核糖体RNA转录水平,RNA-Ch IP方法检测核糖体RNA与Apak蛋白的相互作用,结果表明,SUMO化修饰的Apak抑制47S核糖体RNA前体的合成且抑制RNA聚合酶Ⅰ介导转录的18S和5.8S r RNA的合成;在放线菌素D以及癌基因诱导下,促进Apak与18S,5.8S r RNA相互作用.本研究对理解Apak的功能和作用机制提供了新的依据,为深入研究KRAB型锌指蛋白家族分子对核糖体RNA的调控奠定了基础.     

UFDS系统检测蛋白质SUMO化修饰研究

为了验证UFDS系统（Ubc9 fusion-directed sumoylation, UFDS）是否能够检测蛋白质SUMO(small ubiquitin-related modifier)化修饰,构建了Ubc9和PKCθ的融合表达载体,与SUMO1表达载体共转染293T细胞,通过免疫共沉淀和Western印迹检测Ubc9-PKCθ与SUMO1的相互作用。 结果表明,Ubc9-PKCθ与SUMO1相互作用,且SENP1共表达时导致Ubc9-PKCθ去SUMO化修饰;相较于野生型Ubc9-PKCθ,SUMO化修饰位点突变型Ubc9-PKCθ与SUMO1的相互作用显著减弱;而相较于野生型PKCθ,SUMO化修饰位点突变型PKCθ与SUMO1的相互作用则完全检测不到。 研究结果说明,应用UFDS系统能检测蛋白质的SUMO化修饰,但在鉴定潜在的SUMO化修饰位点时有一定的缺陷。     

PIAS1对PRRSV N蛋白SUMO化修饰及病毒复制的影响

【目的】猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)是一种危害全球养猪业的重要病原。SUMO(Small ubiquitin-like modifier)化修饰作为一种可逆的翻译后修饰在调节病毒复制方面发挥着重要功能。PIAS1(Protein inhibitor of activated STAT1)是SUMO E3连接酶PIAS家族的一员,可以促进靶蛋白的SUMO化修饰,进而影响靶蛋白的功能,参与基因转录调控过程。探究PIAS1与PRRSV N蛋白相互作用的机制及其对N蛋白SUMO化修饰和病毒复制的影响,为进一步阐明PRRSV复制调控和致病的分子机制提供科学依据。【方法】利用酵母回复杂交、免疫共沉淀和激光共聚焦技术验证N蛋白与PIAS1的相互作用;以递增剂量外源性转染PIAS1观察其是否介导N蛋白SUMO化修饰;采用RNA干扰和慢病毒转导技术测定PIAS1对PRRSV复制的影响。【结果】PIAS1能与N蛋白相互作用,而且两者主要共定位于胞浆中;外源转染PIAS1并未增加N蛋白SUMO化修饰水平;在MARC-145细胞中,PIAS1的表达有利于PRRSV的复制。【结论】PIAS1可促进PRRSV的复制。     

类泛素化修饰蛋白SUMO1的表达纯化及抗体制备

SUMO是近年发现的类泛素化修饰蛋白,可通过异肽键共价连接到靶蛋白上,影响靶蛋白的细胞内定位、稳定性及与其它生物大分子的相互作用. 为研究蛋白质的SUMO化修饰,本文表达并利用亲和层析的方法纯化了重组的人SUMO1,制备了兔抗hSUMO1的多克隆抗体. 经ELISA和免疫印迹检测,获得了灵敏度高、特异性好的抗体,可用于SUMO化修饰靶蛋白的鉴定及SUMO化修饰的生物学功能研究.     

去泛素化酶USP10通过稳定Smurf1抑制TGF-β/BMP信号通路

目的 探究生理条件下去泛素化酶USP10调控的关键信号通路及分子机制。方法 利用GEO2R和Metascape对Usp10^+/+和Usp10^-/-新生小鼠肾组织基因芯片(GSE198574)差异表达基因和通路富集分析，使用免疫印迹实验和免疫组化技术检验核心转录因子的表达情况；进一步利用免疫印迹检测该信号通路，并通过基因芯片和免疫组化分析候选分子的表达情况；使用免疫共沉淀(Co-IP)和GST-pull down实验验证USP10与候选分子的相互作用，通过泛素化实验明确USP10对底物分子的调控机制；利用免疫印迹检测细胞增殖、凋亡相关蛋白p21、Cleaved-caspase 3的表达情况，使用CCK-8和克隆形成实验分析USP10对细胞增殖的影响。结果 Usp10^-/-新生小鼠肾组织中TGF-β/BMP通路激活，USP10在小鼠体内缺失后导致Smad泛素相关因子1 (Smurf1)蛋白质水平降低，Smad1/5蛋白质水平上调，却不影响它们的转录水平；机制上，USP10与Smurf1存在相互作用，并依赖其去泛素化酶活性去除...     

MKL1靶向CAAP1促进胃癌细胞的自噬并抑制凋亡

[目的]探讨MKL1和CAAP1对胃癌细胞凋亡的影响及其分子机制。[方法]蛋白质印迹和实时荧光定量PCR检测MKL1、CAAP1过表达效果;蛋白质印迹、流式细胞术、自噬检测试剂盒检测细胞的自噬和凋亡情况;荧光素酶报告基因活性测定、染色质免疫共沉淀验证MKL1和CAAP1基因启动子的结合。[结果]在MGC80-3细胞中过量表达MKL1后,凋亡抑制蛋白CAAP1的mRNA和蛋白水平与对照组相比均上调(P 0. 05),自噬标记基因LC3BII表达升高(P 0. 05),促凋亡蛋白Caspase3表达降低(P 0. 05)。敲降MKL1,Caspase3蛋白表达升高(P 0. 05)。敲降CAAP1,Caspase3蛋白表达升高(P 0. 05)。过表达CAAP1拮抗敲降MKL1,LC3BII蛋白表达下降,Caspase3蛋白表达升高(P 0. 05)。荧光素酶活性分析以及染色质免疫共沉淀分析结果表明MKL1促进CAAP1基因的转录活性。[结论]MKL1可通过上调CAAP1的表达进而促进胃癌细胞的自噬并抑制细胞凋亡。     

食管鳞癌中牙龈卟啉单胞菌通过14-3-3σ调控程序性死亡-配体1蛋白降解

牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis)是口腔疾病的重要致病菌之一，与人食管鳞癌(ESCC)进展密切相关。然而P.gingivalis促进ESCC发生发展的分子机制尚不十分清楚。该研究探讨了ESCC中P.gingivalis通过诱导程序性死亡-配体1(PD-L1)蛋白表达上调的分子机制。Western印迹和RT-PCR结果显示，KYSE140和KYSE150细胞中14-3-3σ与PD-L1的蛋白质表达呈负相关，但二者的mRNA表达无相关性。免疫共沉淀结果表明，14-3-3σ蛋白通过与PD-L1蛋白结合，促进PD-L1的泛素化降解，P.gingivalis感染干预了14-3-3σ与PD-L1蛋白质复合体形成；KYSE140和KYSE150细胞中14-3-3σ沉默，降低了PD-L1泛素化介导的蛋白质酶体降解，14-3-3σ过表达明显抑制P.gingivalis诱导的PD-L1蛋白表达上调。免疫组化结果进一步证实，在ESCC组织中P.gingivalis丰度与14-3-3σ蛋白表达呈负相关，与PD-L1蛋白表达呈正相关，14-3-3σ与PD-L1的蛋白质表达呈负相关...     

蛋白质SUMO化修饰及其调控

SUMO化修饰是一种由SUMO特异性的活化酶(E1)、结合酶(E2)和连接酶(E3)共同催化完成的类泛素化修饰。同时,它又是一个动态且可逆的过程,介导去SUMO化的则是SUMO特异性蛋白酶(SENP)家族。SUMO化修饰的靶蛋白存在于细胞的各个部位,通过loss of function和gain of function机制,SUMO化修饰可调控蛋白质的活性与功能。SENPs介导的去SUMO化是决定靶蛋白SUMO化修饰水平的主要因素之一,同时SENPs也是调节蛋白SUMO化修饰的一个主要环节,因此SENPs在调控靶蛋白所参与的信号通路中发挥着重要作用。     

The RAX/PACT-PKR stress response pathway promotes p53 sumoylation and activation,leading to G1 arrest

Cellular stresses, including growth factor deprivation, inflammatory cytokines or viral infection promote RAX/PACT-dependent activation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR, to phosphorylate eIF2α, resulting in translation inhibition and apoptosis. In addition, PKR has been reported to regulate p53, STAT1 and NFκB. Here, we report that RAX/PACT interacts with the SUMO E2 ligase Ubc9 to stimulate p53-Ubc9 association and reversible p53 sumoylation on lysine 386. In addition, expression of RAX/PACT in a variety of cell lines promotes p53 stability and activity to increase p53 target gene expression. Significantly, while the expression of RAX/PACT, PKR or p53 alone has little effect on the cell cycle of p53-null H1299 cells, co-expression of p53 with either RAX/PACT or PKR promotes a 25–35% increase of cells in G₁. In contrast, co-expression of RAX/PACT with the sumoylation-deficient p53(K386R) mutant or with the desumoylase SENP1 fails to induce such a G₁ arrest. Furthermore, co-expression of p53, RAX/PACT and the dominant-negative PKR(K296R) mutant inhibits RAX/PACT-induced, p53-dependent G₁ growth arrest and expression of RAX/PACT in pkr^+/+ but not pkr^−/− MEF cells promotes p53 and p21 expression following gamma irradiation. Significantly, p53 stability is decreased in cells with reduced RAX/PACT or PKR following doxorubicin treatment, and expression of exogenous RAX/PACT promotes phosphorylation of wild-type but not p53(K386R) on serine 392. Collectively, results indicate that, in response to stress, the RAX/PACT-PKR signaling pathway may inhibit p53 protein turnover by a sumoylation-dependent mechanism with promotion of p53 phosphorylation and translational activation leading to G₁ cell cycle arrest.Key words: p53, PKR, RAX, PACT, Ubc9, sumoylation     

The RAX/PACT-PKR stress response pathway promotes p53 sumoylation and activation,leading to G1 arrest

Cellular stresses, including growth factor deprivation, inflammatory cytokines or viral infection promote RAX/PACTdependent activation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR, to phosphorylate eIF2α, resulting in translation inhibition and apoptosis. In addition, PKR has been reported to regulate p53, STAT1 and NFκB. Here, we report that RAX/PACT interacts with the SUMO E2 ligase Ubc9 to stimulate p53-Ubc9 association and reversible p53 sumoylation on lysine 386. In addition, expression of RAX/PACT in a variety of cell lines promotes p53 stability and activity to increase p53 target gene expression. Significantly, while the expression of RAX/PACT, PKR or p53 alone has little effect on the cell cycle of p53-null H1299 cells, co-expression of p53 with either RAX/PACT or PKR promotes a 25–35% increase of cells in G₁. In contrast, co-expression of RAX/PACT with the sumoylation-deficient p53(K386R) mutant or with the desumoylase SENP1 fails to induce such a G1 arrest. Furthermore, co-expression of p53, RAX/PACT and the dominantnegative PKR(K296R) mutant inhibits RAX/PACT-induced, p53-dependent G₁ growth arrest and expression of RAX/PACT in pkr+/+ but not pkr-/- MEF cells promotes p53 and p21 expression following gamma irradiation. Significantly, p53 stability is decreased in cells with reduced RAX/PACT or PKR following doxorubicin treatment, and expression of exogenous RAX/ PACT promotes phosphorylation of wild-type but not p53(K386R) on serine 392. Collectively, results indicate that, in response to stress, the RAX/PACT-PKR signaling pathway may inhibit p53 protein turnover by a sumoylation-dependent mechanism with promotion of p53 phosphorylation and translational activation leading to G₁ cell cycle arrest.     

p14ARF interacts with DAXX: Effects on HDM2 and p53

The p14ARF (ARF) tumour suppressor plays an important role in the cellular response to oncogene activation. In this report, we demonstrate an interaction between ARF and DAXX, a highly conserved protein with identified roles in the regulation of gene expression. HDM2 was shown to interact with each of ARF and DAXX upon upregulation of expression as well as at lower expression levels following transfection of ARF and DAXX. Through immunofluorescence analysis, we observed that endogenous ARF and DAXX colocalize both to nucleoli and to nuclear bodies in cell lines that co-express both proteins. Similar results were obtained upon co-transfection of ARF and DAXX. Co-expression of ARF and DAXX was further found to inhibit ARF-mediated HDM2 sumoylation and to induce sumoylation and ubiquitination of DAXX itself, implicating DAXX as a substrate of ARF-mediated post-translational events. We also observed induction of p53 sumoylation in the presence of ARF and DAXX, an effect that was inhibited by upregulation of HDM2 expression. In summary, we have identified DAXX as a novel ARF binding partner and substrate of ARF-mediated sumoylation and suggest that DAXX acts as a modifier of both p53-dependent and p53-independent ARF function.     

Regulation of Interferon-Induced Protein Kinase PKR: Modulation of P58IPK Inhibitory Function by a Novel Protein, P52rIPK

The cellular response to environmental signals is largely dependent upon the induction of responsive protein kinase signaling pathways. Within these pathways, distinct protein-protein interactions play a role in determining the specificity of the response through regulation of kinase function. The interferon-induced serine/threonine protein kinase, PKR, is activated in response to various environmental stimuli. Like many protein kinases, PKR is regulated through direct interactions with activator and inhibitory molecules, including P58^IPK, a cellular PKR inhibitor. P58^IPK functions to represses PKR-mediated phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2α subunit (eIF-2α) through a direct interaction, thereby relieving the PKR-imposed block on mRNA translation and cell growth. To further define the molecular mechanism underlying regulation of PKR, we have utilized an interaction cloning strategy to identify a novel cDNA encoding a P58^IPK-interacting protein. This protein, designated P52^rIPK, possesses limited homology to the charged domain of Hsp90 and is expressed in a wide range of cell lines. P52^rIPK and P58^IPK interacted in a yeast two-hybrid assay and were recovered as a complex from mammalian cell extracts. When coexpressed with PKR in yeast, P58^IPK repressed PKR-mediated eIF-2α phosphorylation, inhibiting the normally toxic and growth-suppressive effects associated with PKR function. Conversely, introduction of P52^rIPK into these strains resulted in restoration of both PKR activity and eIF-2α phosphorylation, concomitant with growth suppression due to inhibition of P58^IPK function. Furthermore, P52^rIPK inhibited P58^IPK function in a reconstituted in vitro PKR-regulatory assay. Our results demonstrate that P58^IPK is inhibited through a direct interaction with P52^rIPK which, in turn, results in upregulation of PKR activity. Taken together, our data describe a novel protein kinase-regulatory system which encompasses an intersection of interferon-, stress-, and growth-regulatory pathways.     

Expression of multiple plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPases in rat pancreatic islet cells

When stimulated by glucose, the pancreatic beta-cell displays large oscillations of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). To control [Ca2+]i, the beta-cell must be equipped with potent mechanisms for Ca2+ extrusion. We studied the expression of the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPases (PMCA) in three insulin secreting preparations (a pure beta-cell preparation, RINm5F cells and pancreatic islet cells), using reverse-transcribed PCR, RNase protection assay and Western blotting. The four main isoforms, PMCA1, PMCA2, PMCA3 and PMCA4 were expressed in the three preparations. Six alternative splice mRNA variants, characterized at splice sites A, B and C were detected in the three preparations (rPMCA1xb, 2yb, 2wb, 3za, 3zc, 4xb), plus two additional variants in pancreatic islet cells (PMCA4za, 1xkb). The latter variant corresponded to a novel variant of rat PMCA1 gene lacking the exon coding for the 10th transmembrane segment, at splice site B. At the mRNA and protein level, five variants predominated (1xb, 2wb, 3za, 3zc, 4xb), whilst one additional isoform (4za), predominated at the protein level only. This provides the first evidence for the presence of PMCA2 and PMCA3 isoforms at the protein level in non-neuronal tissue. Hence, the pancreatic beta-cell is equipped with multiple PMCA isoforms with possible differential regulation, providing a full range of PMCAs for [Ca2+]i regulation.     

Interaction between PKR and PACT mediated by LPS-inducible NF-κB in human gingival cells

The double‐stranded RNA‐dependent protein kinase (PKR) is a serine/threonine kinase expressed constitutively in mammalian cells. PKR is activated upon virus infection by double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA), and plays a critical role in host antiviral defense mechanisms. PKR is also known to regulate various biological responses, including cell differentiation and apoptosis. However, whether PKR is involved in the progress of periodontitis is not clear. The present study explained the phosphorylation of PKR by LPS in the human gingival cell line, Sa3. Expression of genes encoding LPS receptors was detected in Sa3 cells and treatment of cells with 1 µg/mL LPS for 6 h caused PKR phosphorylation. LPS elevated the expression of the protein activator of PKR (PACT) mRNA and protein, followed by the enhanced association between PACT and PKR within 3 h. In addition, LPS treatment induced the translocation of NF‐κB to the nucleus after 30 min, and inhibition of NF‐κB decreased the PACT–PKR interaction induced by LPS. The level of pro‐inflammatory cytokine mRNA, including interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), appeared within 45 min and reached at the maximal levels by 90 min after the addition of LPS. This induction of pro‐inflammatory cytokines was not affected by RNAi‐mediated silencing of PKR and a pharmacological inhibitor of PKR, whereas the inhibition of NF‐κB decreased it. These results indicated that LPS induces PKR phosphorylation and the PACT–PKR association in Sa3 cells. Our results also suggest that NF‐κB is involved in the PACT–PKR interaction and the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in periodontitis. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 165–173, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.