萱草属植物化学成分及生物活性研究进展

综述了到目前为止发表的有关萱草属的化学成分,主要为蒽醌、2,5-二氢呋喃酰胺衍生物,对这些化合物的生物活性也作了简要的概括.     

萱草属有毒植物的研究

萱草属中某些种的根含神经性毒物,家畜采食或饲喂实验动物能引起中毒病的发生。在鉴于此对北萱草,黄花菜,北黄花菜,小黄花菜进行了植物调查鉴定及有毒成分—萱草根素的提取分离与毒性和结构再鉴定的研究,确认除黄花菜根外其它３种均含有萱草根素。讨论了黄花菜种鉴定中存在的问题。     

Isolation and Fusion of Sperm Cells in Several Bicellular Pollen Species

Living sperm cells were isolated in large quantities from the pollen tubes, grown by the in vivo-in vitro technique in 8 bicellular pollen species belonging to 5 families. An “osmotic shook weak enzyme treatment” method could effectively release sperms from pollen tubes and favor sub sequent purification. The viable sperm yields were up to 82.9% in Zephyranthes candida and 78.2% in Hemerocallis minor. Fusions were successfully induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) according to the "small-scale fusion" procedure in various combinations, viz., between the same sperm cells in 5 species, between sperm cells of Gladiolus gandavensis and Hippeastrum vitta turn, between sperm cells and microspore protoplasts in Hemerocallis minor, and between sperm cells of H. vittatum and microspore protoplasts of Hemerocallis fulva. Test with fluorochrome reaction, more than 85% of the fusion products of sperm cells in Z. candida were viable. The yieid of viable fusion products between sperm cells and microspore protoplasts in Hemerocallis minor was about 75% and half of them could survive after culture for 24h. The induction of fusion between sperm cells and petal protoplasts in G. gandavensis by a combined PEG-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment was investigated in detail. About 90% of the fusion products thus obtamed were viable. Several critical factors affecting the fusion efficiency were studied. These included the ratio of sperm cell number to petal protoplast number in the mixture, concentrations of PEG and DMSO, and duration of incubation in the inducing solution. It appeared that addition of DMSO could significantly increase the fusion frequency, and that there may be a synergistic effect between PEG and DMSO. This is the first attempt to use isolated sperm cells for fusion studies in bicellular pollen species.     

Bacterial growth in plant tissue culture media

C. LEIFERT AND W.M. WAITES. 1992. When Murashige and Skoog's liquid plant medium was inoculated with 10 different bacterial species in the absence of plants only Bacillus subtilis showed significant growth. The numbers of Lactobacillus plantarum, Pseudomonas maltophilia, Erwinia carotovora and Staphylococcus saprophyticus decreased rapidly and were not detected at 28 d.
Bacillus subtilis, Lact. plantarum, Ps. maltophilia, Erw. carotovora and Staph. saprophyticus grew and persisted in the same medium in the presence of Delphinium plants, while only Lact. plantarum and Erw. carotovora grew and persisted in the presence of Hemerocallis plants.
Hemerocallis plants lowered the pH of media from 5.6 to about 3.9 while Delphinium plants increased it to about 5.9 within 7 d after subculturing on fresh media. The pH drop in Hemerocallis media is thought to prevent the growth and persistence of bacteria such as B. subtilis, Staph. saprophyticus and Ps. maltophilia , which were found to be more sensitive to low pH than Lact. plantarum and Erw. carotovora. Bacterial growth in the medium altered the pH, reduced the plant growth and/or resulted in plant death.     

中国萱草属(百合科)的数量细胞分类研究

用数量分类技术比较研究了国产萱草属植物的核型。所研究的分类群是:Hemerocallis citrina, H．dumortieri,H．esculenta,H．forrestii,二倍体和三倍体H．fulva,H．lilioasphodelus,H．mid- dendorffii,H．minor,H．multiflora,H．plicata。结果表明,物种形成已发生在染色体水平,染色体 变异与形态变异基本一致。结果支持将H．citrina和H．minor作为H．lilioasphodelus的亚种,H． esculenta作为H．dumortieri的变种。结果不支持将H．middendorffii作为H．dumortieri的变种,也 没有发现H．multiflora与H．plicata密切相关的证据。     

对苞萱草的核型研究

本文报道用光学显微镜观察对苞萱草Ｈｅｍｅｒｏｃａｌｉｓｆｕｌｖａ（Ｌ．）Ｌ．ｖａｒ．ｏｐ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｂｒａｃｔｅａｔａＨ．ＫｏｎｇｅｔＣ．Ｊ．Ｗａｎｇ,ｖａｒ．ｎｏｖ．的染色体,按全国第一次植物染色体学术讨论会建议的标准进行核型分析。研究结果表明,对苞萱草体细胞染色体数目２ｎ＝２２,核型公式ｋ（２ｎ）＝２２＝１２ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋４ｓｔ,属于Ｓｔｅｂｂｉｎｓ核型的２Ｂ型。甘肃萱草属植物的核型可分为两大类群,对苞萱草的核型属于第二类群。对苞萱草与萱草Ｈ．ｆｕｌｖａ（Ｌ．）Ｌ．的核型较接近,为新变种的确立提供了细胞学方面的依据。     

Numerical Cytotaxonomic Studies of Hemerocallis (Liliaceae) from China

Comparative studies of karyotypes in Hemerocallis from China have been carried out using numerical techniques. Taxa studied are as follows: Hemerocallis citrina, H. dumortieri , H. esculenta , H. forrestii , di- and triploid H. fulva , H. lilioasphodelus , H. middendorffii, H. minor, H. multiflora and H. plicata. The results show that variation in speciation has taken place at chromosomal level, and that karyotype variations have largely paralleled the morphological ones. Taxonomic proposals are given to treat H. citrina and H. minor as subspecies of H. lilioasphodelus, and H. esculenta as a variety of H. dumortieri. The results are not in favour of considering H. middendorffii as a variety ofH. dumortieri, and H. multiflora closely related to H. plicata.     

甘肃萱草属种子微形态及其分类学意义

采用扫描对甘肃萱草属（Hemerocallis)6种的种子微形态特征进行了研究,结果表明,该属植物种子微形态特征在种的水平上具有一定的分类学意义。     

Effects of two Triethylamines on the Carotenoids of Strelitzia reginae and of Hemerocallis flava

A method for the successful uptake of two triethylamines, 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)-triethylaminehydrochloride (CPTA) and 2-(4-ethylphenyloxo)-triethylamine(EPOT), by flowers of Hemerocallis flava (yellow day-lily) andby sepals of Strelitzia reginae is described. CPTA is more effectivethan EPOT in causing lycopene accumulation which appears tobe through a different mechanism in the two plants studied.Whereas inhibition of cyclase(s) may account for lycopene accumulationin H. flava, this is not so in S. reginae. The permeabilityof the cell wall to the triethylamines may be one of the reasonsfor the differences observed. Strelitzia reginae, Hemerocallis flava, day-lily, triethylamine, lycopene, carotenoids     

中国萱草属药用植物资源学研究

对中国萱草属药用植物进行了本草学分类、分布、显微组织、化学成分、含量测定等方面的研究,为正确分类鉴定及安全有效地用药提供了依据。     

Isolation of polymorphic microsatellite loci in Hemerocallis fulva and Hemerocallis citrina (Hemerocallidaceae)

Twenty microsatellite loci were isolated from a hybrid of two daylilies, Hemerocallis fulva and Hemerocallis citrina. We characterized individuals from two H. fulva populations and two H. citrina populations in Japan and observed three to 20 alleles per locus in H. fulva and one to 19 alleles per locus in H. citrina. Mean observed heterozygosity within populations ranged from 0.35 to 0.85 in H. fulva and from 0 to 0.95 in H. citrina. In about a half of the loci, the observed heterozygosity did not deviate from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. These loci are proved useful in studying gene flow and qualitative trait loci mapping using the two species.     

Bimodal distribution of flowering time in a natural hybrid population of daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) and nightlily (Hemerocallis citrina)

Time of flower anthesis in a day is thought to evolve in response to the time of pollinator activities. We studied blooming and withering time in natural populations of daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), nightlily (Hemerocallis citrina) and their hybrids, and also in an artificially obtained array of the F1 hybrids. Blooming time of H. fulva varied from 4:30 to 7:30 and H. citrina varied from 16:30 to 20:30. In a natural hybrid population, blooming time and withering time showed discontinuous bimodal distribution in spite that morphological traits of flowers showed continuous unimodal variation. Most F1 hybrids showed diurnal flowering. These findings indicate that only a few genes have strong phenotypic effect on the determination of flowering time in Hemerocallis, and suggest that the evolution from a H. fulva-like ancestor to H. citrina was not a continuous process by accumulation of minute mutations.     

Lactobacillus plantarum; a deleterious contaminant of plant tissue cultures

Lactobacillus plantarum was isolated from in vitro plant cultures of Hemerocallis Stella d'ora, Catherine Woodbury and Stafford. Infected cultures deteriorated rapidly during three subcultures (15 weeks) when grown in vitro , showing chlorotic white shoots and grey calli. Weaned plants developed normally when transferred to the soil. The drop in multiplication rate of plant cultures coincided with a decrease in pH of the growth media. Uninfected plants of Hemerocallis Stella d'ora showed the same symptoms after inoculation with L. plantarum. Lactobacillus plantarum was reisolated from inoculated plant cultures that showed symptoms, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. In plants inoculated with L. plantarum both the amount of dl-lactic acid formed and the number of plants showing symptoms increased with increasing numbers of bacteria in the inoculum, wheras plant multiplication rate and pH decreased. These effects could be reproduced by adding dl-lactic acid to the multiplication medium of plants free from L. plantarum , suggesting that the bacterial production of lactic acid was responsible for the changes in infected plants.     

Allozyme diversity in Japanese populations of Hemerocallis thunbergii, H. middendorffii, and H. exaltata (Liliaceae)

Eight populations of Hemerocallis thunbergii, H. middendorffii , and H. exaltata from Japan were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis to measure genetic variation at ten allozyme loci. The former two species are widely distributed in eastern Asia, whereas H. exaltata is restricted to the Tobishima and Sado Islands in western Japan. Populations of the three species maintain high levels of allozyme variation: mean expected heterozygosities were 0.288, 0.209, and 0.169, respectively. The UPGMA phenogram obtained from Nei's genetic distance values indicated that H. exaltata is allozymically the most distinct species, whereas populations of H. thunbergii and H. middendorffii are closely related. However, based on gross morphology H. exaltata and H. middendorffii are closely related. This discrepancy and the observed high levels of allozyme variation within populations of the three Hemerocallis species in Japan may in part be due to genetic change among populations of the two Japanese archipelago species.     

延龄草科四属花粉形态的研究

对延龄草科重楼属Paris L.延龄草属Trillium L.Medeola L.属和Scoliopus Torr.属以及百合科百合属Ｌilium L.和萱草属Ｈemerocallis L.花粉进行了光镜和电镜的观察和比较。结果表明,在延龄草科中,重楼属,Medeola属和Scoliopus属花粉具有较多的相似性：具单一远极沟,极面观椭圆形,外壁为网状纹饰或皱波－网状纹饰。而延龄草属花粉与它们的差异则较大,为圆形,无萌发孔,外壁非网状纹饰,而是颗粒状,疣状,芽孢状,星状和微刺状等纹饰。百合属中的Lilium michauxii和萱草属中的金针菜Hemerocallis citrina花粉均为单一远极沟,外壁表面为网状纹饰。但其网脊特别粗,具不规则突起并形成棱角（H.citina)或由许多排列成念珠状的、形状不一的分子组成（Lilium michauxii),结构特别复杂。就其萌发孔类型和纹饰特征看,它们与延龄草科中的重楼属,Medeola属和Scoliopus属花粉具有较多的性。花粉外壁的层次结构在延龄草科各属之间（延龄草属除外）,甚至在延龄草科与百合科之间均没有多大的差异。     

Ti质粒基因在单子叶植物石蒜和金针菜中的表达

本文报道了用胭脂碱型致瘤农杆菌感染单子叶植物石蒜和金针菜的实验结果。石蒜和金针菜的花茎幼嫩部位被致瘤农杆菌A_(208)感染后,一个月内形成小瘤。纸电泳结果表明,所有瘤组织都含有胭脂碱,证明石蒜和金针菜的细胞可被转化并表达nos基因;本文讨论了致瘤农杆菌转化单子叶植物的范围和筛选方法。     

神农架北萱草植物订正:形态及核型证据

产自鄂西北神农架的北萱草植物一直被误定为萱草。笔者对产自神农架燕子垭的萱草属植草属植株进行了栽培实验和核型分析。结果表明所研究的植株为北萱草而非萱草。北萱草通常分布在华北,故在神农架为新分布记录。     

High levels of allozyme variation within populations and low allozyme divergence within and among species of Hemerocallis (Liliaceae)

Thirty populations from five species of Hemerocallis in Korea were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis to measure genetic diversity and to determine genetic population structure and the amount of genetic divergence within and between species at 12 isozyme loci. In addition, Moran's I spatial autocorrelation statistics were used to examine the spatial distribution of allozyme polymorphisms in populations of H. thunbergii and H. hakuunensis. Populations of five Korean species maintain high levels of genetic variation and little differentiation among populations and species. Mean expected heterozygosities range from 0.165 in H. hongdoensis, an island endemic, to 0.265 in H. taeanensis, and a total of 81 alleles across the 12 loci were detected in the five species. G(ST) values for each of the five species were low, ranging from 0.051 in H. taeanensis to 0.078 in H. hakuunensis. Mean intraspecific Nei's genetic identities (I) between populations of the five species were all above 0.97. However, a considerable level of heterozygote deficiencies within populations was detected, ranging from 0.242 to 0.411 measured as F(IS) statistics. This deficiencies may be due to inbreeding, limited pollen and seed dispersal, or from the pooling of subpopulations that differ in allele frequencies. A small spatial scale population substructuring (<12 m) was found in H. thunbergii and H. hakuunensis. A group of populations from each of the five previously designated Hemerocallis species (based on their morphology, ecology, and phenology) agrees with our allozyme data, though pairwise comparisons among species had high I values (from 0.862, H. middendorffii vs. H. hongdoensis, to 0.969, H. thunbergii vs. H. taeanensis). This is attributed to the presence of the same high-frequency alleles in different species at seven loci. In addition, no "diagnostic allele" that appears in all populations of one species, but is absent in other species, was detected at the 12 isozyme loci. These all suggest that species of Hemerocallis in Korea may have recently derived from an ancestor or progenitor harboring high levels of genetic diversity.     

Inhibition of human tumor cell proliferation by novel anthraquinones from daylilies

Daylilies (Hemerocallis) are used medicinally in eastern Asia and extracts of the plant had been shown to inhibit cell proliferation and induce cancer cells to undergo differentiation. In our studies of the constituents of Hemerocallis fulva var. 'Kwanzo' roots, we isolated a series of new [kwanzoquinones A (1), B (2), C (4), D (5), E (6), F (7), G (9)] and known [2-hydroxychrysophanol (3) and rhein (8)] anthraquinones. These compounds were tested in order to determine their potential roles as cancer cell growth inhibitors. Kwanzoquinones A-C and E, kwanzoquinone A and B monoacetates (1a and 2a), 2-hydroxychrysophanol, and rhein inhibited the proliferation of human breast, CNS, colon, and lung cancer cells with GI50 values between 1.8 to 21.1 microg/mL. However, upon exposure of the cancer cells to the GI50 concentrations of the bioactive anthraquinones, most of the cancer cell lines exhibited higher than anticipated levels of cell viability. Co-incubation of the anthraquinones with vitamins C and E increased the viability of breast cancer cells. In contrast, vitamins C and E potentiated the cytotoxic effects of the anthraquinones against the colon cancer cells. None of the anthraquinones inhibited the activity of topoisomerase.