核糖体失活蛋白研究进展

核糖体失活蛋白是一类毒蛋白, 主要存在于植物当中, 在真菌和细菌中也有发现。其共同特点是具有N-糖苷酶活性, 能水解生物核糖体大亚基rRNA颈环结构上特定位点的腺嘌呤, 使核糖体失活, 从而抑制了蛋白质合成。本文对核糖体失活蛋白的主要性质、应用以及国内外有关这类蛋白的研究进展加以概述。     

核糖体失活蛋白研究进展

核糖体失活蛋白是一类毒蛋白,主要存在于植物当中,在真菌和细菌中也有发现.其共同特点是具有N-糖苷酶活性,能水解生物核糖体大亚基rRNA颈环结构上特定位点的腺嘌呤,使核糖体失活,从而抑制了蛋白质合成.本文对核糖体失活蛋白的主要性质、应用以及国内外有关这类蛋白的研究进展加以概述.     

核糖体失活蛋白研究新进展

核糖体失活蛋白是一类可使真核细胞核糖体失活而抑制蛋白质合成的植物毒蛋白。它广泛存在于植物界,具有抗肿瘤、抗病毒、免疫调节、骨髓净化等多种生物活性。本文就核糖体失活蛋白在植物中的分类、分布和性质、功能特性、在生物医学中应用及其应用前景等作简要全面的阐述。     

研究: 核糖体失活蛋白及其在黄瓜中的表达分析

核糖体失活蛋白是一类具有高度特异性rRNA N-糖苷酶活性的蛋白,它们能够使原核或真核细胞的核糖体失活因而具有细胞毒性．由于其独特的生物学性质,核糖体失活蛋白被认为在农业和医学中都有着巨大的应用潜力．我们之前的研究表明,黄瓜的基因组中共包含2个2类核糖体失活蛋白基因,分别命名为CumsaAB1和CumsaAB2．以蓖麻毒蛋白Ricin为代表,2类核糖体失活蛋白通常由2条二硫键连接的肽链组成：具有N-糖苷酶活性的A链与具有凝集素活性的B链．本文研究了黄瓜中核糖体失活蛋白的表达情况．亚细胞定位研究表明CumsaAB1经过蛋白分泌通路表达于细胞外,这与蛋白质序列分析显示的CumsaAB1包含一个信号肽而不含转膜区域相一致．对黄瓜的不同生长阶段的不同组织中的转录水平分析表明,CumsaAB1在大部分组织中以极低的水平表达,而CumsaAB2表达水平则明显更高,尤其在第一片真叶阶段和刚开花的植物中．最后,我们使用分子模拟对黄瓜中核糖体失活蛋白的结构及糖结合位点进行了分析．本研究对黄瓜中核糖体失活蛋白的亚细胞定位、表达水平和可能的蛋白质结构进行了研究,为其进一步的生物学功能研究提供了重要信息．     

核糖体失活蛋白及其在黄瓜中的表达分析（英文）

核糖体失活蛋白是一类具有高度特异性r RNA N-糖苷酶活性的蛋白,它们能够使原核或真核细胞的核糖体失活因而具有细胞毒性.由于其独特的生物学性质,核糖体失活蛋白被认为在农业和医学中都有着巨大的应用潜力.我们之前的研究表明,黄瓜的基因组中共包含2个2类核糖体失活蛋白基因,分别命名为Cumsa AB1和Cumsa AB2.以蓖麻毒蛋白Ricin为代表,2类核糖体失活蛋白通常由2条二硫键连接的肽链组成:具有N-糖苷酶活性的A链与具有凝集素活性的B链.本文研究了黄瓜中核糖体失活蛋白的表达情况.亚细胞定位研究表明Cumsa AB1经过蛋白分泌通路表达于细胞外,这与蛋白质序列分析显示的Cumsa AB1包含一个信号肽而不含转膜区域相一致.对黄瓜的不同生长阶段的不同组织中的转录水平分析表明,Cumsa AB1在大部分组织中以极低的水平表达,而Cumsa AB2表达水平则明显更高,尤其在第一片真叶阶段和刚开花的植物中.最后,我们使用分子模拟对黄瓜中核糖体失活蛋白的结构及糖结合位点进行了分析.本研究对黄瓜中核糖体失活蛋白的亚细胞定位、表达水平和可能的蛋白质结构进行了研究,为其进一步的生物学功能研究提供了重要信息.     

植物中的核糖体失活蛋白及其抗病毒机制

植物中的核糖体失活蛋白是一类分布于植物体内的毒蛋白,其作用于真核细胞大亚基28S导致核糖体失活,抑制蛋白质的生物合成,从而对细胞产生毒害作用.文章简述了植物核糖体失活蛋白的酶活性和抗病毒的可能分子机制.     

核糖体失活蛋白—RNA N—糖苷酶

本文概述了双链和单链植物核糖体失活蛋白的基本特性,在分子水平上讨论了核糖体失活蛋白作用于真核细胞核糖体的机制。扼要介绍了免疫毒素及其在癌症治疗中的应用。同时,也讨论了目前有关核糖体失活蛋白的研究状况和今后的发展趋向。     

核糖体失活蛋白的结构功能与分布

核糖体失活蛋白是一类在植物中较广泛存在的毒蛋白。植物核糖体失活蛋白具有RNAN-糖苷酶活力,可作用于核糖体RNA,使核糖体失去蛋白质合成的功能。根据一级结构,核糖体失活蛋白可分为两种类型。Ⅰ型核糖体失活蛋白由一条链组成,分子量在25—30 kDa之间。Ⅱ型核糖体失活蛋白由两条以二硫键相连的链(A、B链)组成,分子量在60 kDa左右。B链可以与细胞表面含半乳糖的受体结合,有助于A链进入细胞,作用于核糖体。目前至少已从9个科31种植物中分离纯化了Ⅰ型RIP。Ⅱ型RIP较少,仅在6科8种植物中发现。除了具有RNA N-糖苷酶活性,还发现一些核糖体失活蛋白可以切割超螺旋双链DNA,产生缺口环状和线状DNA。此外,一种Ⅰ型RIP,克木毒蛋白还具有超氧化物歧化酶活性。     

核糖体单链失活蛋白在无细胞体系中的活性

核糖体单链失活蛋白是一类广泛分布于植物中的蛋白质,它能使真核细胞核糖体60S亚基失活。本文报道了一些核糖体单链失活蛋白的制备、纯化以及在兔网织红细胞裂解液中对蛋白质生物合成的抑制活性及它们对完整细胞的毒性。其中多数的核糖体单链失活蛋白是首次被分离纯化并对其毒性进行研究的。     

核糖体失活蛋白及其在植物抗真菌病基因工程中的应

真菌病是农作物减产的主要原因之一。而植物界大量存在着具有离体抑制真菌生长增殖能力的蛋白质 ,核糖体失活蛋白 (RIP ,ribosomeinactivatingprotein)就是其一。它能特异地水解核糖体RNA 3′ 端茎环结构的腺嘌呤残基而导致核糖体失活 ,进而抑制蛋白合成。但它却不使自身的核糖体失活 ,只对其它物种核糖体显示高度特异性 ,这显然具有防止外来病原体侵染的功能。利用基因工程技术 ,使其在一些经济作物中高效表达 ,筛选具有抗性的转基因植株 ,这正日益成为植物真菌病防治的新途径。它克服了常规育种周期长 ,抗性种质缺乏的弊端 ,更避免了施用农药带来的环境污染等问题 ,其应用前景甚为广阔。围绕其在抗真菌病基因工程中的应用 ,本文对核糖体失活蛋白在植物体中的分布、分类、生化、结构、功能特性、作用机制以及应用前景等作简要、全面的阐述。     

Ribosome-inactivating proteins with an emphasis on bacterial RIPs and their potential medical applications

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxic due to their N-glycosidase activity catalyzing depurination at the universally conserved α-sarcin loop of the 60S ribosomal subunit. In addition, RIPs have been shown to also have other enzymatic activities, including polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity. RIPs are mainly produced by different plant species, but are additionally found in a number of bacteria, fungi, algae and some mammalian tissues. This review describes the occurrence of RIPs, with special emphasis on bacterial RIPs, including the Shiga toxin and RIP in Streptomyces coelicolor recently identified in S. coelicolor. The properties of RIPs, such as enzymatic activity and targeting specificity, and how their unique biological activity could be potentially turned into medical or agricultural tools to combat tumors, viruses and fungi, are highlighted.     

Ribosome-inactivating proteins from plants: more than RNA N-glycosidases?

Many plants contain proteins that are capable of inactivating ribosomes and accordingly are called ribosome-inactivating proteins or RIPs. These typical plant proteins receive a lot of attention in biological and biomedical research because of their unique biological activities toward animal and human cells. In addition, evidence is accumulating that some RIPs play a role in plant defense and hence can be exploited in plant protection. To understand the mode of action of RIPs and to optimize their medical and therapeutical applications and their use as antiviral compounds in plant protection, intensive efforts have been made to unravel the enzymatic activities of RIPs and provide a structural basis for these activities. Though marked progress has been made during the last decade, the enzymatic activity of RIPs has become a controversial issue because of the concept that RIPs possess, in addition to their classical RNA N-glycosidase and polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity, other unrelated enzymatic activities. Moreover, the presumed novel enzymatic activities, especially those related to diverse nuclease activities, are believed to play an important role in various biological activities of RIPs. However, both the novel enzymatic activities and their presumed involvement in the biological activities of RIPs have been questioned because there is evidence that the activities observed are due to contaminating enzymes. We offer a critical review of the pros and cons of the putative novel enzymatic activities of RIPs. Based on the available data, it is suggested that there is little conclusive evidence in support of the presumed activities and that in the past too little attention has been given to the purity of the RIP preparation. The antiviral activity and mode of action of RIPs in plants are discussed in view of their classical and presumed novel enzymatic activities.     

Ribosome-inactivating proteins up to date

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) from plants inactivate eukaryotic ribosomes, as far as studied by rendering their 60 S subunit unable to bind elongation factor 2. These proteins seem widely distributed and possibly ubiquitous in plants. They are either type 1, those consisting of a single polypeptide chain, or type 2 (ricin and related toxins), those consisting of two chains, one of which is a galactose-binding lectin. The literature on RIPs from 1982 has been reviewed with respect to the chemical and biological properties of RIPs, their use for the preparation of immunotoxins and new perspectives.     

Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins: A Family of Plant Proteins That Do More Than Inactivate Ribosomes

Many plants contain proteins that are commonly designated as ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs). Based on the structure of the genes and the mature proteins a novel system is proposed to unambiguously classify all RIPs in type-1, type-2, and type-3 RIPs. In addition, the concept of one- and two-chain type-1 RIPs is introduced. After an overview of the occurrence, molecular structure, and amino acid sequences of RIPs, the formation of the mature proteins from the primary translation products of the corresponding mRNAs is elaborated in detail in a section dealing with the biosynthesis, posttranslational modifications, topogenesis, and subcellular location of the different types of RIPs. Details about the three-dimensional structure of type-1 RIPs and the A and B chains of type-2 RIPs are discussed in a separate section. Based on the data given in the previous sections, the phylogenic and molecular evolution of RIPs is critically assessed and a novel model is proposed for the molecular evolution of RIPs. Subsequently, the enzymatic activities of RIPs are critically discussed whereby special attention is given to some presumed novel activities, and a brief overview is given of the biological activities of the different types of RIPs on cells and whole organisms. By combining the data on the enzymatic activities and biological activities of RIPs, and the current knowledge of different plant physiological aspects of these proteins, the role of RIPs in plants is revisited. Thereby the attention is focussed on the role of RIPs in plant defense with the emphasis on protection against plant-eating organisms and viruses. Finally, there is a short discussion on the discovery of a novel class of enzymes called RALyases that use ribosomes damaged by RIPs as a substrate and may act cooperatively with RIPs. There is discussion regarding why the identification of this novel enzyme gives valuable clues to the origin and original function of RIPs and may be helpful to unravel the physiological role of modem RIPs.     

核糖体灭活蛋白在植物中的作用

植物核糖体灭活蛋白 (ribosome -inactivatingproteins ,RIPs)能够破坏真核或原核细胞的核糖体大亚基RNA ,使核糖体失活而不能与蛋白质合成过程中的延伸因子相结合 ,从而导致蛋白质合成受到抑制。不同的核糖体对不同RIPs的敏感性不同 ,RIPs对自体或异体核糖体的作用也有很大区别。RIPs对病毒有很强的抑制作用 ,并且有些RIPs表现出对某些真菌和昆虫的抗性 ,因此认为核糖体灭活蛋白在植物的防御反应中扮演重要角色。另外 ,RIPs还可能参与了细胞代谢、细胞死亡等生理调控过程。     

Bacterial expression and enzymatic activity analysis of ME1, a ribosome-inactivating protein from Mirabilis expansa

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxic proteins synthesized by many plants and some bacteria, that specifically depurinate the 28S RNA and thus interrupt protein translation. RIPs hold broad interest because of their potential use as plant defense factors against pathogens. However, study of the activity of type I RIPs has been hampered since their expression in Escherichia coli has typically been toxic to the model system. Mirabilis expansa, an Andean root crop, produces a type I RIP called ME1 in large quantities in its storage roots. In this study, the cDNA sequence of ME1 was used to successfully express the recombinant ME1 protein in E. coli. The production of recombinant ME1 in E. coli was confirmed by Western blot analysis using anti-ME1 antibodies. The studies with fluorescence-labeled ME1 showed that ME1 can enter bacteria and be distributed in the cytoplasm uniformly, indicating its ability to access the protein synthesis machinery of the bacteria. The recombinant enzyme was active and depurinated yeast ribosomes. However, both native and recombinant ME1 proteins failed to depurinate the E. coli ribosomes, explaining the non-toxicity of recombinant ME1 to E. coli. Structural modeling of ME1 showed that it has folding patterns similar to other RIPs, indicating that ME1 and PAP, which share a similar folding pattern, can show different substrate specificity towards E. coli ribosomes. The results presented here are very significant, as few reports are available in the area of bacterial interaction with type I RIPs.     

Molecular cloning and in-depth bioinformatics analysis of type II ribosome-inactivating protein isolated from Sambucus ebulus

Plant ribosome–inactivating proteins (RIPs) are N–glycosidases which inhibit protein synthesis through depurination of the ribosomal RNA sequence. Type II RIPs are heterodimer proteins which can bind to cell surfaces. The cytotoxicity of these RIPs is different. Sambucus spp. are a rich source of RIP proteins with different properties. In the present study, a type II RIP was isolated from S. ebulus plant that grows widely in the north of Iran, and different bioinformatics tools were used for the evaluation of physicochemical, functional and 3D protein characteristics. The results showed significant differences among isolated RIP and other Sambucus RIP proteins. The study of these differences can not only expand our insight into the functioning mechanisms of plant RIPs but also provide information about a novel RIP protein with potential biological applications.