植物磷酸烯醇式两酮酸羧化酶的研究——Ⅵ.葡萄糖-6-磷酸和甘氨酸对高粱叶片PEP羧化酶的稳定效应

高粱叶片的PEP羧化酶对温度很敏感,在45℃下迅速失活。加入变构活化剂G6P或者甘氨酸对酶的稳定性没有明显的影响。但当在C6P和甘氨酸同时存在时,酶对高温的稳定性则大大提高了。PEP羧化酶在低温中也不稳定。4℃下很快失活。酶的这种冷失活现象也可为加入效应剂G6P和甘氨酸所防止。 比较一些多羟基醇类对酶的热稳定性的影响,表明它们都显著地提高酶的热稳定性。山梨醇的保护作用最强,赤藓醇次之,甘油又次之。说明保护效应与保护剂的羟基数有关。应用含有G6P、甘氨酸和甘油(GGG)的缓冲液对提高酶在纯化和贮存过程中的稳定性非常有效。     

植物磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶的研究——Ⅰ.PEP羧化酶同功酶的分离和变构特性的比较

本文报导高梁(C_4植物)和小麦(C_3)植物绿色和黄化叶片中PEP羧化酶的一些特性的比较研究。结果表明不同材料叶片的PEP羧化酶对一些代谢物的反应不同。高梁绿色叶片的PEP羧化酶为G6P、Gly和FDP所激活,为油酸和柠檬酸所抑制。G6P、Gly和FDP对小麦叶片(绿色和黄化叶)、高粱黄化叶片的PEP羧化酶则均无激活作用,油酸和柠檬酸的抑制效应也消失或者下降。 比较这些不同来源的PEP羧化酶在DEAE——纤维素柱层析的结果表明它们具有不同的离子特性。在高粱绿色叶片中分得两种具有不同物理学和动力学特性的PEP羧化酶同功酶(PCⅠ;PCⅡ)。它们的Km(PEP)值各为1.66毫克分子和0.181毫克分子。PCⅡ对G6P的反应较迟钝。从NaCl洗脱梯度、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和对变构效应剂的反应来看,PCⅡ的一些特性接近于小麦的PE羧化酶。     

高粱叶片PEP羧化酶的溶液构象——近紫外圆二色性光谱研究

用近紫外CD光谱技术追踪了PEP羧化酶与各种配基的相互作用。底物PEP、必需金属离子Mg~( )、PEP-Mg~( )以及效应剂G6P、Gly、G6P-Gly,均可引起高粱叶片PEP羧化酶近紫外CD光谱各不相同的变化。这表明高粱叶片PEP羧化酶分子构象有较大的灵活性,不同的配基与酶相互作用可引起酶分子不同的构象变化,因而使酶分子表现出催化功能、调节特性、必需氨基酸残基的化学反应性以及稳定性诸方面的差异。     

色氨酸残基在磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶催化功能中的作用

在pH7.5条件下,用NBS对PEP羧化酶中色氨酸残基进行共价修饰表明,PEP羧化酶中48个色氨酸残基均能被NBS修饰。用邹承鲁图解法求得,其中4个残基为酶表现催化活性所必需的。 PEP羧化酶的变构效应剂G6P、Gly及Mal分别与酶预保温后,再经NBS修饰,前两种处理中,同样浓度的NBS所用修饰的色氨酸残基数和处理后的残存酶活与对照相比有很大的差异,而用Mal处理的,两者与对照相差无几。     

植物磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶的可逆胍变性

纯化的高梁叶片磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEP羧化酶)经不同浓度的盐酸胍处理变性失活后,在试验的蛋白浓度范围内,它的失活时间进程的动力学分析表明为一级反应。0.4 M盐酸胍处理25分钟后(O℃),酶的催化活性完全丧失,酶蛋白的远紫外圆二色性光谱、内源荧光光谱及免疫特异性等测定均表明酶的结构发生了深刻变化。甘油及PEP羧化酶的变构效应剂G6P和甘氨酸对酶在盐酸胍溶液中的变性作用有一定的保护效果。变性酶用复性缓冲液稀释20倍后,在最佳条件下,再经30分钟保温,酶的催化活性能恢复70％以上。G6P和甘氨酸能促进变性酶的复性,甘油亦有明显效果。随着酶活性的恢复,它的远紫外圆二色性、内源荧光及免疫特异性也随之恢复,变性酶的复性速率在常温下(25℃)比在低温下(0℃)要快得多。     

高粱叶片磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶溶液构象状态的紫外差示吸收光谱研究

PEP诱导产生的差光谱在237nm是一强负峰,在252nm附近呈宽负峰。Mg~(2+)产生的差光谱在275nm附近为正的阔峰,在237nm处为一负峰。PEP、Mg~(2+)共同与酶作用的差光谱在263nm附近呈宽的负峰。正效应剂G6P、Gly及GG分别存在条件下PEP羧化酶的差光谱亦各具明显差异,在270nm以下光区内尤其显著。在284nm和291nm为两个负峰,Gly诱导的峰强度大于G6P的,而GG复合效应剂对此两峰的影响表现很大的协同作用。Mal作用于酶的差光谱在246nm处有一负峰。     

植物磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶的研究——Ⅳ精氨酸残基在高粱叶片PEP羧化酶催化和调节功能中的作用

应用化学修饰的方法观察精氨酸残基在PEP羧化酶的催化和调节功能中的作用。用丁二酮在硼酸盐缓冲液存在下处理PEP羧化酶使酶活性迅速丧失。其失活速度表现为拟一级反应动力学特性。 低温处理(15℃),或者PEP、G6P、甘氨酸,苹果酸,G6P加甘氨酸和PEP加甘氨酸等酶的底物和效应剂的存在对酶的丁二酮失活均具不同程度的保护作用。PEP和G6P的P_(0.5)值各为4mM和1.5mM。 丁二酮对酶的修饰表现为可逆失活。在Tris-H_2SO_4缓冲液中透析可使被丁二酮修饰而丧失的酶活性恢复。 丁二酮处理还使酶失去对G6P的敏感性,但不影响甘氨酸对酶的调节作用。低温(15℃)下丁二酮修饰酶的G6P脱敏速度比常温下(30℃)底物保护的修饰酶的G6P脱敏速度慢。比较脱敏速度常数(k_(dG6P))前者是0.0116(分~(-1)),后者是0.0562(分~(-1))。甘氨酸的加入不影响底物保护的修饰酶的G6P脱敏速度而明显降低酶的丁二酮失活速度。 这些结果表明精氨酸残基不仅存在于酶的催化部位并为酶的催化所必需,同时还存在于酶的G6P结合部位而参与G6P对酶的调节功能。     

低温胁迫对水稻幼苗PEP羧化酶的影响

水稻幼苗经低温(0℃)处理后,叶片中PEP羧化酶活性明显地降低.Km值增大。经1—2天低温处理者,增加反应底物的浓度,有减少PEP羧化酶活性降低的幅度;当低温伤害严重时(0℃4天),这种效应则消失。这些结果表明:水稻叶片中PEP羧化酶对低温反应是敏感的,其活性的下降是由于该酶对底物的亲和力的降低。     

植物磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶的研究——Ⅸ.高粱叶片PEP羧化酶的可逆酸变性

在酸性pH下高粱叶片PEP羧化酶的酶活性的丧失伴随着酶蛋白内源荧光强度和ANS-酶复合物荧光强度的变化。经变性缓冲液(pH 3.4)处理导致蛋白质内源荧光强度的下降和ANS-酶复合物荧光强度的增加,同时表现出ANS-酶复合物发射光谱最大荧光波长的轻微蓝移(从493 nm移至487nm)。经pH 2.6和pH 3.4酸处理变性的PEP羧化酶可以借含有DTT或β-巯基乙醇的缓冲液(pH 8.3)恢复大部份酶活性。在最适条件下,酶活性的恢复可达90％以上,随着酶潘性的恢复,酶的荧光特性随之恢复。酶复性过程遵从一级反应动力学。甘油明显减缓酶的复性过程,减缓程度与其浓度有关。酶的效应剂甘氨酸、丝氢酸和G6P提高酶的复性速度,其中甘氨酸最为有效。动力学分析表明无论上述效应剂或甘油存在与否都不改变复性过程的反应级。     

植物磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶的研究——Ⅲ.高粱叶片PEP羧化酶的多构象状态

应用NEM对酶的化学修饰技术,报导了半胱氨酸残基与高粱叶片的PEP羧化酶催化功能的关系。结果表明,NEM修饰使PEP羧化酶活性丧失。酶的失活速度表现为拟一级反应动力学特性。随NEM浓度的增加酶的失活速度加快。不同效应剂对酶的NEM失活具不同影响。油酸和MgCl_2促进酶的失活,G6P、甘氨酸和苹果酸各具有不同程度的保护作用。以P_(0.5)值来比较G6P和甘氨酸的保护效果,其值各为4.17mM和3.44mM。而当这两种效应剂以等量浓度同时存在时,P_(0.5)值下降为0.06mM,表现出它们的协同保护作用。从复合效应剂对酶的热失活速度和最大反应速度(V_(max))的影响亦可看出这种协同作用的存在。上述两方面的结果表明G6P和甘氨酸同时存在时诱发的酶的构象状态与它们分别存在时诱发的构象状态各不相同。根据这些结果提出了高粱叶片的PEP羧化酶可能存在的多构象状态模型,并对其生理意义进行了讨论。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.