四川海子山自然保护区大中型兽类多样性调查

四川海子山自然保护区地处四川省甘孜藏族自治州理塘县和稻城县境内,东经99°33′00″～100°31′48″, 北纬29°06′36″～30°06′00″,保护区总面积459 161 hm2,区内海拔3 160～6 204 m.主要以山原和丘状高原地形为主.属寒温带,海拔高,属高原气候,年均气温3.0 ℃,年均降水量600～750 mm,雨季为6～8月.全年日照时数为2 637.7 h.随着海拔升高,气温和热量下降,降水量增加.在四川植被区划中属川西山原植被地区、沙鲁里山北部植被小区.保护区植被大致可分为以下7种类型:     

我国主要森林生态系统炭贮量和碳平衡

在广泛收集资料的基础上,估算了我国主要森林生态系统的碳贮量和碳平衡通量,分析了它们的区域特征。主要结果如下：１）我国森林生态系统的平均碳密度是２５８．８３ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,基本趋势是随纬度的增加而增加;其中植被的平均碳密度是５７．０７ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,随纬度的增加而减少;土壤碳密度约是植被碳密度的３．４倍,其区域特点与植被碳密度呈相反趋势,随纬度升高而增加;凋落物层平均碳密度是８．２１ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,     

中国亚热带山地植被垂直带分布对气候季节性的响应

根据植被研究的文献,收集了中国亚热带地区(23°-34°N)具有亚热带常绿阔叶林基带的49个山地的地理位置、气候因子、植被垂直带分布等数据;计算了不同山地基带的温度和降水季节性(分别以月平均温度和降水量的变异系数表示),以及气候季节性强度指数(以月平均温度和降水量的变异系数的乘积表示);最后分析了季节性强度与植被垂直带分布的关系。结果显示,中国亚热带地区北纬25°以南的所有山体缺少落叶阔叶林带,而北纬32°以北的则一定具有落叶林带;在中间地带,具有落叶阔叶林带的山体比例随纬度上升而上升。温度的季节性强度和气候季节性强度随纬度上升而增加,但降水的季节性强度与纬度没有显著关系。非参数相关分析表明,中国亚热带山地植被垂直带落叶阔叶林缺失与否与气候要素的季节性强度显著相关,即随山体的温度季节性强度和气候季节性强度的增加,山体拥有落叶阔叶林带的可能性增加。这种纬度梯度上的山体植被垂直分布格局(落叶阔叶林带存在与否)的变化与叶片水平上碳平衡模型的预测一致。     

青藏高原草地地下生物量与环境因子的关系

青藏高原草地生物量大部分分布于地下,地下生物量在其碳循环研究中起着重要的作用.基于大规模野外样地调查数据,分析比较了青藏高原南北和东西样带上草地地下生物量与环境因子的相关关系,探讨了环境因子对地下生物量控制作用的区域差异.研究结果表明:对于所有采样点而言,青藏高原草地地下生物量的环境控制因素主要有土壤含水量、表层土壤有机碳和全氮含量.通过比较南北和东西样带研究结果发现,草地地下生物量与土壤含水量、土壤表层有机碳和全氮含量相关的显著性水平,在东西样带上明显高于南北样带.同时,东西样带上草地地下生物量与降水量有显著正相关关系,这种关系在南北样带上不显著,表明水分对东西样带草地地下生物量的控制作用较强.气温与南北样带草地地下生物量呈显著负相关,但与东西样带草地地下生物量相关不显著,由此说明环境因子对青藏高原草地地下生物量的控制存在显著区域差异.     

山西亚高山草甸植被生物量的地理空间分布

以山西省境内分布的典型亚高山草甸为对象,采用收获法获取植被生物量数据,结合经度、纬度和海拔3个地理因子,分析总生物量(TB)、地上生物量(AGB)、地下生物量(BGB)及根冠比(R/S)沿不同地理梯度的变化规律,从群落水平上探究山西亚高山草甸植被生物量的地理空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)TB、AGB、BGB在地域上表现较大变异。AGB变异最大,在32.50~756.00 g·m-2;BGB次之,变化范围为140.50~1586.50 g·m-2;TB波动最小,在248.25~2342.50 g·m-2。(2)TB随海拔升高显著减小(P0.05),随经度增加缓慢增大(P0.05),随纬度增加略微减小(P0.05),在1700~1800 m、113.4°E—113.85°E、35°N—35.5°N处最大(平均为896 g·m-2)。(3)AGB随纬度增加、海拔升高显著减小(P0.001),随经度增加逐渐增大(P0.05),在1700~1800 m、112.05°E—112.5°E、35°N—35.5°N处最大(平均为366.06 g·m-2)。(4)BGB随纬度增加呈"降低-升高-降低"的变化趋势,整体略有增大(P0.05),随经度增加也略有增大(P0.05),而随海拔升高显著增大(P0.05),在3000~3100 m、113.4°E—113.85°E、35°N—35.5°N处最大(平均为745.63 g·m-2)。(5)R/S随纬度增加、海拔升高显著增大(P0.05),随经度增加略有增大(P0.05);与纬度、海拔呈显著的幂指数函数关系(P0.05),且表现为等速增长(幂指数平均为1.025)。RDA分析结果表明,在一定范围内,对亚高山草甸植被不同生物量特征影响较大的为纬度和海拔因子,最小影响因子是经度,地上生物量与经纬度和海拔均呈显著的负相关,生物量更多地分配到地下部分。     

中国东部南北样带主要植被类型归一化植被指数对气候变化的响应及不同时间尺度的差异性

植被的动态变化及其与环境的关系已成为全球变化研究的热点问题。陆地样带是进行全球变化驱动因素梯度分析的有效途径。该研究依托中国东部南北样带(NSTEC), 对南北样带不同时间尺度的气候因子和植被活动变化特征进行了分析, 并重点阐述了具有代表性的12种植被类型对气候因子的响应方式。研究结果表明: 南北样带植被的归一化植被指数(NDVI)的变化同时受控于气温和降水, 但是在不同的空间和时间尺度上植被NDVI的响应方式各异。在年时间尺度上, 只有温带落叶灌丛(TDS)的NDVI受气温控制; 而温带禾草草原(TGS)和亚热带和热带针叶林(STCF)的NDVI同时受气温和降水调控。其他植被类型的年NDVI与年平均气温和年总降水量没有直接显著的联系, 而受年内气温变化和降水分配状况的影响更大。在月时间尺度上, NDVI与气温的关系在不同类型植被之间存在很大差异。一般而言, 植被NDVI与前4个月内的气温关系最为密切, 并且从1月份到4月份气温的滞后时长在缩短。其中, 温带针叶林(TCF)、温带落叶阔叶林(TDBF)、TDS、STCF和亚热带热带草丛(STG)等植被类型, 5-8月的NDVI与气温普遍呈负相关关系。草原和灌丛植被类型当月NDVI与当月降水量主要以正相关为主, 而森林类型当月NDVI与当月降水量主要以负相关为主。     

中国东部陆地农业生态系统南北样带的自然概况

介绍了中国东部陆地农业生态系统南北样带的自然情况,包括地理范围、地貌、气候、土壤、植被资源等。通过对东部样带内气候与植被相关分析发现,降水量与温度是影响东部样带内植被分布的重要因素。     

秦巴山地NPP及对气候变化响应的多维地带性与暖温带-亚热带界线

秦巴山地位于我国的南北过渡带,对我国生态地理格局产生重要影响。为了探索秦巴山地植被净第一性生产力(NPP,Net Primary Productivity)的时空格局及其气候响应的多样性和复杂性,为我国暖温带-亚热带界线的具体分布提供新的佐证,基于2000—2015年的MOD17A3的地表植被NPP数据和秦巴山地93个气象站点数据,从经度、纬度、海拔、坡向多个维度研究了秦巴山地地表植被NPP的分布及与气候因子的关系。结果表明:从2000—2015年,(1)秦巴山地中低山地区,自北向南随纬度降低,地表植被多年平均NPP呈现增加的趋势,体现了纬度地带性;年均NPP与温度的关系由负相关变为正相关,转折点出现在汉江;与降水的相关性减弱。(2)自西向东多年平均NPP值先增加后减少,秦岭一线地表植被年均NPP与温度由正相关变为负相关,与降水主要呈正相关,相关性先增加后减少。(3)随高度的增加,秦巴山地多年NPP值及增长率均呈现先增加后减少的趋势。(4)秦岭和大巴山多年平均NPP均呈现增加趋势,但是秦岭增长较大巴山更明显;2000m以下,秦岭南坡增长率明显高于北坡,大巴山北坡增长率明显高于南坡;2000—3000m,秦岭南北坡差异较小,但是大巴山差异明显;中山地区(1000—2500m),秦岭年均NPP与气温呈负相关,而大巴山则呈现正相关或弱相关;秦岭地区年均NPP与降水的相关性整体强于大巴山地区。这就意味着全球变暖、气温升高对秦岭植被尤其是中低山地区的植被产生不利影响,但是对大巴山则有利,而前者植被生长主要与降水增加有关。这也说明了基于汉江为界的秦岭和大巴山无论是地表植被NPP的均值还是其南北坡差异以及对气候因子的响应呈现了明显的差异,而汉江作为中山地区植被NPP与气温相关性由正相关性到负相关的转折点,与降水的关系由弱相关到正相关的转折点,更合适作为南北分界线。     

栓皮栎叶片δ13C和δ15N的纬向趋势及其影响因子

以东亚广布种栓皮栎为例,通过对南北样带(26°-40° N)上7个群体的调查取样,并结合2个生活史阶段,探讨栓皮栎碳氮同位素比值随纬度环境的变异规律.结果表明: 在纬向梯度上,栓皮栎叶片δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N随纬度的增加分别呈现非线性的增加和下降趋势,且成年树叶片δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均显著高于幼树;同时,树龄和纬度对叶片δ¹⁵N和δ¹³C均无显著交互作用,表明栓皮栎幼树和成年树纬向环境变化的响应较为一致.随机森林模型结果显示,栓皮栎叶片δ¹⁵N主要受土壤养分,如土壤有机质、磷和氮含量的影响,而叶片δ¹³C主要受水分因子,如空气相对湿度、降水量等的影响.     

栓皮栎叶片δ13C和δ15N的纬向趋势及其影响因子

以东亚广布种栓皮栎为例,通过对南北样带(26°-40° N)上7个群体的调查取样,并结合2个生活史阶段,探讨栓皮栎碳氮同位素比值随纬度环境的变异规律.结果表明: 在纬向梯度上,栓皮栎叶片δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N随纬度的增加分别呈现非线性的增加和下降趋势,且成年树叶片δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N均显著高于幼树;同时,树龄和纬度对叶片δ¹⁵N和δ¹³C均无显著交互作用,表明栓皮栎幼树和成年树纬向环境变化的响应较为一致.随机森林模型结果显示,栓皮栎叶片δ¹⁵N主要受土壤养分,如土壤有机质、磷和氮含量的影响,而叶片δ¹³C主要受水分因子,如空气相对湿度、降水量等的影响.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.