内毒素诱导大鼠急性肺损伤模型的动态研究

目的:建立内毒素诱导大鼠急性肺损伤的模型并筛选出敏感检测指标。方法:90只wistar大鼠随机分为10组,其中9组以气管内滴注内毒素(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)建立大鼠急性肺损伤(Acute lung injury,ALI)模型,另一组作为空白对照组。观察造模8、12、24、36、48、72、96、120 h后的肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)水平、肺组织的病理形态学变化、12h造模组与空白组的BALF中的多形核白细胞(PMN)百分比和蛋白浓度。结果:造模后BALF中的TNF-α、IL-6的浓度随时间延长显著升高且均在24 h达到峰值(P0.01);肺组织病理损伤也逐渐加重,12 h已出现明显的肺泡损伤、肺水肿、炎性细胞浸润等病变;12 h模型组BALF中PMN百分比和蛋白浓度较空白对照组显著增加(P0.01)。结论:在该实验条件下,气管内滴注LPS 8 mg/kg,12 h后即可建立ALI模型,可通过检测BALF中的TNF-α、IL-6浓度及肺组织的病变程度等指标进行模型评价。     

人工合成红景天苷对大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

为了研究人工合成红景天苷(salidroside,Sal)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导大鼠急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)的保护作用及其机制,将雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为生理盐水对照组、3 mg/kg LPS损伤组、不同剂量Sal干预组(5、20和80 mg/kg)以及5 mg/kg地塞米松(dexamethasone,Dex)干预组,气管内滴注LPS建立ALI模型,在LPS造模前0.5 h腹腔给予人工合成Sal或Dex,造模6 h后处死动物。计量肺湿/干重比值(wet/dry weight ratio,W/D),苏木素-伊红染色观测肺组织病理形态学变化和肺损伤评分。用瑞氏染色计数肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)离心沉淀的中性粒细胞(polymorphonuclear leukocyte,PMN),用BCA法测定BALF离心上清蛋白含量,并用酶联免疫吸附法测定TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的含量。测定肺组织中髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,Western blot检测肺组织中磷酸化NF-κB和总NF-κB蛋白表达水平。结果显示,与LPS组比较,人工合成Sal能减轻肺组织损伤程度,降低肺损伤评分和W/D比值(P0.05),减少BALF中PMN计数、蛋白含量以及炎症因子水平(P0.05),降低肺组织中MPO和MDA含量(P0.05),抑制肺组织中磷酸化NF-κB蛋白的表达(P0.05)。以上结果提示,人工合成Sal对LPS诱导的ALI具有保护作用,其机制与抑制肺组织NF-κB蛋白磷酸化以及减少PMN在肺内聚集有关。     

外源性硫化氢对大鼠内毒素性肺损伤的影响及机制研究

目的：应用H2S供体硫氢化钠（NaHS）,观察外源性H2S对中性粒细胞（PMN）在脂多糖（LPS）刺激大鼠肺内聚集的影响及其机制。方法：采用尾静脉注射致Sprague-Dawley（SD）大鼠内毒素急性肺损伤（ALI）模型,将大鼠随机分为4组（n=8～12）。对照组：由尾静脉注射无菌生理盐水（0.5ml/kg）;LPS组：由尾静脉注射LPS（1mg/kg）;LPS＋NaHS组：注射LPS前10min腹腔注射NaHS（28μmol/kg）;NaHS组：腹腔注射NaHS（28μmol/kg）。6h后光镜下观察各组大鼠肺组织学变化并计数肺泡间隔中PMN数目（number/HP）;脱氧核苷酸末端转移酶介导的原位末端标记技术（TUNEL）测定支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中PMN凋亡百分率及应用Western blot检测肺组织细胞间黏附分子（ICAM）-1和核转录因子（NF）-κB表达的变化。结果：注射LPS后动物肺组织出现出血、水肿及PMN聚集等病理征象。LPS组大鼠肺组织中PMN数目较对照组显著增加,PMN凋亡百分率下降,ICAM-1、NF-κB表达显著增高;应用NaHS后每高倍镜PMN数目显著减少,PMN凋亡百分率明显增高,ICAM-1、NF-κB表达显著降低,肺组织损伤减轻。单独应用NaHS组大鼠上述各项指标与对照组大鼠相比无显著差异。结论：NaHS可减少PMN在肺内聚集,其机制与其抑制NF-κB通路,从而下调ICAM-1表达、促进PMN凋亡有关。     

生地黄对内毒素诱导的急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的:以中医辨证论治为基础,研究生地黄对急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome,ALI/ARDS)的干预作用。方法:将大鼠分为对照组、模型组、生地黄预防组、生地黄治疗组,通过气管注射脂多糖(LPS)制备大鼠ALI/ARDS模型,酶联免疫法(ELISA)测定支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)含量的变化,考马斯亮蓝法测定BALF中总蛋白含量,BALF细胞悬浮液离心涂片Giemsa染色后光镜下细胞分类计数,H.E.染色肺部组织并通过光镜观察其形态学变化,分析生地黄水提物对ALI的保护作用。结果:生地黄干预组BALF中TNF-α、IL-6含量明显降低(P0.0),蛋白含量明显降低(P0.0),中性粒细胞数(Polymorphonuclear cells,PMN)和炎症细胞总数明显降低(P0.0),肺部病理损伤减轻。结论:生地黄对ALI可能具有保护作用,对ALI/ARDS可能具有潜在的治疗价值。     

三种方法复制“二次打击”急性呼吸窘迫综合征动物模型的比较与评价

目的通过研究三种不同"二次打击"急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)动物模型的特点,寻找较为理想的ARDS动物模型。方法将48只大鼠随机分为4组,每组12只。对照组(Control组):尾静脉先注射生理盐水(normal saline,NS)2.5 m L/kg,30 min后注射NS 2.5 m L/kg;油酸+油酸组(OA+OA组):尾静脉先注入OA 0.05 m L/kg,30 min后继续注射OA 0.5 m L/kg;内毒素+内毒素组(LPS+LPS组):尾静脉先注入LPS 2.5 mg/kg,30 min后继续注射LPS 2.5 mg/kg;油酸+内毒素组(OA+LPS组):尾静脉先注入OA 0.05 m L/kg,30 min后注射LPS 2.5 mg/kg。5 h后处死动物采集标本,检测动脉血气,支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中白细胞总数、多形核白细胞百分比(polymorphonuclear leukocyte ratio,PMN%)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)水平、总蛋白含量,肺干湿重比(lung wet-dry weight ratio,W/D),观察肺组织病理改变并进行肺损伤评分。结果与control组比较,LPS+LPS组、OA+OA组及OA+LPS组的氧分压(Pa O2)下降(P0.05)、二氧化碳分压(Pa CO2)、BALF中白细胞总数、PMN%、TNF-α、总蛋白含量,W/D、肺损伤评分均升高(P0.05)。OA+LPS组总蛋白含量、W/D均高于LPS+LPS组,差异有显著性(P0.05),而与OA+OA组比较则差异无显著性;OA+LPS组BALF中白细胞计数、PMN%、TNF-α较OA+OA组高(P0.05),而与LPS+LPS组比较则差异无显著性;OA+LPS组肺病理改变最典型,肺损伤评分最高。结论 OA+OA、LPS+LPS和OA+LPS复合打击法均可建立"二次打击"ARDS大鼠模型,其中OA+LPS复合打击法所复制的ARDS模型与临床ARDS特点更为接近,有利于研究ARDS的病理生理过程,是一种较为理想的"二次打击"ARDS动物模型。     

L-Arg对LPS诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠肺表面活性物质和肺泡巨噬细胞功能的影响

目的:探讨L-精氨酸(L-Arg)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠肺表面活性物质和肺泡巨噬细胞功能的影响。方法:舌下静脉注射脂多糖(LPS)复制肺损伤模型。健康雄性SD大鼠48只,随机分为对照组、模型组(LPS组)和L-Arg治疗组(L-Arg组)(n=16)。分别于给予LPS 3 h或6 h后给予生理盐水(对照组及LPS组,ip)和L-Arg(500 mg/kg ip)(L-Arg治疗组),治疗3 h。原位杂交法(ISH)检测肺组织中肺表面活性蛋白A(SP-A)mRNA的表达;测定肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的总蛋白(TP)。体外分离培养大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞,以LPS(终浓度10 mg/L)处理巨噬细胞,观察L-Arg对肺泡巨噬细胞的影响。结果:与对照组比较,大鼠肺损伤后SP-A mRNA表达减弱,BALF中TP增多(P<0.01)。肺损伤3 h用L-Arg治疗3 h后,SP-A mRNA阳性细胞表达明显增强,BALF中TP较LPS组相同时间点明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),肺损伤减轻。体外实验中,与正常对照组相比,LPS组细胞培养上清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、一氧化氮(NO)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNFα-)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)浓度明显增高(P<0.01);L-Arg明显减少LPS所致的LDH的释放,降低TNFα-和IL-6浓度。结论:L-Arg可减轻内毒素性肺损伤,此机制可能与增强SP-AmRNA表达有关;LPS可刺激巨噬细胞分泌促炎因子和NO,L-Arg可抑制LPS对巨噬细胞的作用。     

莲心碱对LPS诱导小鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的探讨莲心碱对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)的作用。方法BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组、LPS组、LPS+莲心碱(2、4、8 mg/kg)组、地塞米松(5 mg/kg)组,鼻腔滴入法建立LPS诱导的急性肺损伤模型。12 h后,组织学观察肺组织的病理学变化;ELISA检测肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的含量;Wright-Giemsa染色检测BALF中中性粒细胞数;BCA法检测总蛋白含量;Evans blue检测肺毛细血管通透性;分光光度法检测肺匀浆上清中MPO的活性、MDA的含量、SOD的活性、GSH的含量;流式细胞术检测肺组织中ROS的含量。结果 LPS组可见肺组织具有炎性细胞浸润、支气管肺泡壁增厚和肺充血现象,而莲心碱组可以改善肺损伤情况;LPS组BALF中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β的含量明显增加、中性粒细胞数和总蛋白量显著增多,肺毛细血管通透性、MPO活性和MDA含量增加,SOD活性和GSH含量降低,ROS含量增加,而莲心碱组能够降低BALF中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β的含量,减少中性粒细胞数和总蛋白量,降低肺毛细血管通透性,降低MPO活性和MDA含量,增加SOD活性和GSH含量,降低ROS的含量。结论莲心碱可通过抗炎抗氧化作用保护LPS诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤。     

百草枯致急性肺损伤大鼠模型的建立

目的建立一种百草枯诱导的急性肺损伤（ALI）大鼠模型。方法将20只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组10只、实验组10只。实验组一次性口服灌胃百草枯（PQ）80mg／kg,于给药后1天处死大鼠,观察光镜下肺组织病理改变、肺动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）蛋白含量等。结果给予百草枯1天后肺形态学出现显著异常,PaO2及BALF蛋白含量出现显著改变。结论一次性灌胃百草枯80mg／kg成功建立急性肺损伤动物模型。     

褪黑素对内毒素致大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的:研究内毒素(LPS)致大鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)时,p-p38蛋白激酶(p-p38MAPK)在肺组织的表达及褪黑素(MT)对肺组织的保护作用及其机制。方法:将72只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组,每组24只,对照组(Control)、模型组(LPS)和褪黑素干预组(LPS+MT),采用气管内滴注LPS的方法建立大鼠ALI的模型,通过免疫组织化学染色和Western blot技术检测大鼠肺组织中p-p38蛋白激酶的表达变化,并在光镜下观察大鼠肺组织形态学变化。结果:Control组气道和肺组织可见反应极弱的p-p38蛋白激酶阳性细胞,散在分布于气道上皮细胞和肺泡上皮细胞;LPS组p-p38蛋白激酶阳性细胞较对照组明显增多(P0.05或P0.01),主要分布于浸润的炎症细胞、气道上皮细胞、肺泡上皮细胞和血管内皮细胞;LPS+MT组气道和肺组织中阳性细胞数较LPS组明显减少(P0.05或P0.01),Western blot结果与免疫组织化学一致。结论:LPS致大鼠急性肺损伤模型中,肺内炎性、非炎性细胞均有p38MAPK信号通路的激活;MT对急性肺损伤的保护机制可能与其抑制p38 MAPK信号通路的过度激活有关。     

急性肺损伤大鼠模型制备及不同时段肺损伤比较

目的通过气管滴注脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)构建急性肺损伤大鼠模型,观察不同时段肺损伤变化规律。方法 32只健康SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组,正常组8只大鼠,模型组24只大鼠。模型组依据LPS滴注时长不同分为三个亚组:3 h组、6 h组和12 h组,每组8只。以LPS(2 mg/kg)暴露式气管滴注法复制ALI大鼠模型。通过大鼠一般状况、肺大体观察、肺功能检测、计算肺湿干重比值、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)检测和肺组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)检测、苏木素-伊红染色(HE染色)组织形态学观察,评估不同时段急性肺损伤伤情变化情况。结果造模后模型组大鼠存活率为100%。大鼠一般状况显示,3 h组与正常组相比,精神处于淡漠状态、摄食减少、活动明显减少、鼻腔处粘液分泌物增多、大鼠的呼吸频率加快、可闻及哮鸣音。肺大体观察显示,3 h组左右肺门处可见肺组织肝样变,左右肺叶上散布出血点,出血部位颜色鲜红。肺功能显示3 h组大鼠第0.1秒用力呼气量(FEV0.1)、第0.3秒用力呼气量(FEV 0.3)以及各占用力肺活量(FVC)之比(FEV0.1/FVC; FEV0.3/FVC)均显著下降(P0.05,P0.01);肺湿干重比值明显升高(P0.01); BALF中IL-1β、IL-8、TNF-α含量明显升高(P0.01),MDA含量显著升高(P0.01),SOD含量显著降低(P0.01); HE染色可见明显肺泡间隔增厚、肺间质水肿、红细胞渗出。结论暴露式气管滴注LPS法,可以引起大鼠肺功能显著下降、剧烈的肺部炎症、氧化-抗氧化失衡及严重肺水肿和肺出血,导致急性肺损伤,在3 h时段更有利于ALI大鼠模型的构建。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒研究进展

传染性法氏囊病(Infection bursal disease, IBD)是由鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(Infectious bursal disease virus, IBDV)引起的鸡和火鸡的一种高度接触性传染病,给世界各国的禽养殖业带来了巨大损失.自IBDV发现至今新的变异株不断出现,分子结构的改变导致病毒致病力的改变及宿主对疫苗应答的改变,使得传统的疫苗已不能控制其流行,因此各国学者对其基因组结构和功能进行了广泛深入的研究,并积极研制新型有效的疫苗以达到防治的目的.     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).