内蒙古淡水昆虫物种多样性初步调查（英文）

【目的】探讨内蒙古水生昆虫的物种多样性,积累基本数据,为将其应用于水质监测奠定理论基础,并为加强保护淡水昆虫资源提供依据。【方法】采用综合定性采样法进行采集,水质评价采用科级生物指数(FBI)、EPT物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener生物多样性指数。【结果】在52个采集点获取水生昆虫共计7目59科187种。研究发现1新种,1中国新纪录属,2中国新纪录种,2内蒙古新纪录科,3新纪录属,25新纪录种,另有待鉴种56个。7目昆虫的多样性分析结果显示,毛翅目和蜉蝣目的物种多样性较高,而襀翅目物种多样性明显较低;毛翅目和蜉蝣目的科数和个体数占总类群的42.37%和84.29%,这2个目均属优势类群。物种多样性较高的地区主要集中在内蒙古东部,包括呼伦贝尔市、兴安盟、通辽市、赤峰市。通过科级生物指数、EPT丰富度和ShannonWiener生物多样性指数的水质评价比较结果显示,前两者的评估结果相近,且明显不同于ShannonWiener生物多样性指数。【结论】内蒙古地区毛翅目和蜉蝣目昆虫耐污值较低的种类比较丰富,因此,这两类昆虫更适合指示该地区的水质状况。     

九华河水生昆虫群落结构和水质生物评价价

1989年6月、8月、10月对安徽九华河水系3、4、5级支流5个基点采用扫网、刷石等综合定性取样法,共采得水生昆虫9目、49科、86属、124种,计6445头。其中:毛翅目12科、41种;蜉蝣目10科、26种;鞘翅目5科、16种;双翅目7科、14种;襀翅目4科、9种;蜻蜓目5科、8种;半翅目4科、5种;广翅目1科、3种;鳞翅目1科、2种。3、4级支流Shannon多样性指数大于4,种丰富度大于60,水质极清洁;5级支流Shannon多样性指数大于3,种丰富度29,水质较清洁。3级支流以毛翅目,蜉蝣目为主,科级水平生物指数最高(2.58—2.59);4级支流以毛翅目、蜉蝣目和双翅目为主,多样性指数最高(5.54);5级支流以蜉蝣目、双翅目为主。本文还根据“河流连续概念”对各支流水生昆虫群落结构、季节性变化、毛翅目取食功能类群与支流级别的关系等作了初步分析,并提供了必要的物理、化学参数。     

EPT昆虫群落分布与环境因子的相关性

为了研究EPT昆虫与水环境因子的相关性,在2006年6-7月和9-10月分季在丹江口水库两条主水源河流上分设5个采样点,对EPT昆虫和水质采样检测。结果共检测到EPT昆虫780头,为12科16种(或种团),水质理化指标7项。简单相关分析与复相关分析都表明,氮浓度、磷浓度、生化需氧量与EPT昆虫密度呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与EPT昆虫的种数呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。典型相关分析表明,EPT昆虫组与环境因子组有极显著的正相关（P<0.0001）,EPT昆虫组主要目为蜉蝣目和襀翅目,环境因子组主要因子为氮浓度、磷浓度、生化需氧量。由此得出：即使在低污染、低营养程度的水环境下,EPT昆虫与环境因子也表现出群体的显著相关性,环境因子对EPT昆虫分布有重要影响。     

深圳大鹏半岛主要河流底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

2013年5月对深圳大鹏半岛4条主要河流(葵涌河、王母河、鹏城河和东涌河)的大型底栖动物群落结构进行了调查,并利用香农-维纳多样性指数和生物指数(BI)对河流水质进行了生物学评价。在大鹏半岛主要河流的15个样点共采获大型底栖动物35种,隶属3门7纲21科,其中水生昆虫26种,约占底栖动物种类数的74%。但底栖动物的种类组成与分布极不均匀,EPT(蜉蝣目+襀翅目+毛翅目)等对水质变化较敏感的类群主要分布于葵涌河的源头及受人为干扰活动较少的东涌河,而耐污能力较强的摇蚊科幼虫、霍甫水丝蚓和颤蚓等则为葵涌河中、下游样点、王母河和鹏城河的优势物种。生物指数(BI)相较于香农-维纳多样性指数,更适用于水质评价。结果显示,除葵涌河源头、鹏城河和东涌河样点的水质处于清洁至轻污染外,其余大部分样点处于中污染至重污染状态。推测大鹏半岛的王母河及葵涌河中、下游河段的生活污水及工业废水已对底栖动物的群落结构与河流水质造成了一定的影响。     

凉水、帽儿山低级溪流中水生昆虫的群落特征及水质生物评价

在东北林业大学凉水国家级自然保护区和帽儿山实验林场,对3种类型低级溪流中水生昆虫进行采集、鉴定,分析水生昆虫群落组成、季节优势集中性和取食功能群,并应用指示生物法、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、群落相似性系数和BI指数对溪流水质进行生物评价。共采集到水生昆虫4907个,分别隶属于8目38科,其中,毛翅目、蜉蝣目、横翅目和双翅目为四大优势类群,个体数量占水生昆虫总数量的91．13％。原始林溪流中水生昆虫个体数量最多,占总数的58．98％,次生林溪流次之,农田溪流最少。次生林溪流水生昆虫物种多样性要高于原始林和农田溪流,且其各种取食功能群比例较均衡。齿角石蛾科、鳞石蛾科、新蜉科和黑横科昆虫可以作为溪流清洁水质的指示生物。水生昆虫季节优势集中性与Shannon-Weiner多样性指数水质评价结果之间具有相关性,即随溪流水质污染程度的加重,水生昆虫的物种多样性逐渐减少。群落相似性系数的分析表明,原始林溪流和次生林溪流水质对水生昆虫的群落组成没有影响,农田溪流则产生中等影响。生物指数（BI）评价结果显示除了农田溪流10月的水质为轻污染外,其余时间3种溪流的水质都能达到清洁标准以上。     

西苕溪EPT昆虫群落分布与环境因子的典范对应分析

浙江安吉西苕溪43个样点102种EPT昆虫（蜉蝣目Ephememptem、禧翅目Plecoptera、毛翅目Trichoptera）与9个环境因子典范对应分析（CCA）表明,3种环境因子海拔、总氮、电导率对EPT群落起主要作用。CCA排序图把样点分成3个差异样点组,样点组Ⅰ与海拔高度正相关,与总氮显著负相关,属于上游溪流,撕食者占所采集撕食者总数的68．5％,水质清洁。样点组Ⅱ与电导率呈显著正相关,属于上游河面较宽的溪流,撕食者仅次于样点组Ⅰ（18．6％）,水质较好。样点组Ⅲ与总氮显著正相关,总氮、总磷平均值分别为3．53和0．16,滤食者占所采集滤食者的85．01％,水质差。CCA排序图较好的说明了EPT昆虫群落的分布和环境的关系。     

城镇化对湟水河上游水质和底栖动物群落结构的影响

2015年4月(枯水季)和8月(丰水季),调查了受不同城镇化强度影响的青海省湟水河上游流域的土地利用、水体的理化性质及底栖动物群落。并以城镇化强度指标的不透水地表面积比(PIA)与溪流水质和生物群落进行Spearman秩相关分析。结果表明:水温、TN、TP、NH+4-N、PO34-P、电导率、水深、水面宽、细砂淤泥比(%)与PIA呈显著正相关,与草地(%)、林地(%)呈显著负相关。底栖动物指标与PIA的拟合曲线表明,Shannon多样性指数、丰富度指数、集食者(%)、耐污类群(%)及BI指数存在显著的线性关系,其余各项指标则存在显著的非线性关系。其中总分类单元数、丰富度指数、水生昆虫中蜉蝣目Ephemeroptera、襀翅目Plechopetra和毛翅目Trichopetra(简称,EPT)(%)及捕食者(%)、撕食者(%)、滤食者(%)、刮食者(%)与PIA呈显著负相关,与林地(%)、草地(%)呈显著正相关。但BI指数、集食者(%)、耐污类群(%)、寡毛纲(%)、与PIA呈显著正相关。随着城镇化强度的提高,湟水河上游物理生境退化、水体氮、磷营养水平逐步提高、敏感底栖动物消失、耐污物种个体数量急剧上升。     

引水型电站对河流底栖动物栖息地的影响及生态需水量

于2005年12月至2006年5月,对香溪河干流一典型引水型电站--苍坪河电站取水对坝下河段底栖动物栖息地的影响及河道的最小生态需水量进行调查研究,利用加权可利用宽度法(Weighted Usable Width)分别计算了香溪河底栖动物3个主要的目(蜉蝣目、襀翅目和毛翅目)的各断面加权可利用宽度,并对各断面结果进行比较.结果表明,电站引水坝的取水使下游河段部分地出现干涸,3个目的加权可利用宽度显著减小.根据底栖动物加权可利用宽度与流量的回归关系,计算得香溪河底栖动物主要类群的最小生态需水量为3.8 m3/s.     

永定河流域大型底栖动物群落分布格局及其影响因子

人类干扰造成了全球河流生态系统的普遍退化。流域尺度的水生生物分布特征及其影响因素研究对于河流生态系统的保护与恢复具有重要意义。本研究以永定河流域大型底栖动物群落为研究对象,分别于2017年春季(3月)、夏季(7月)、秋季(11月)开展全流域尺度的大型底栖动物调查。研究表明: 永定河流域以摇蚊科为主,优势类群包括直突摇蚊属、摇蚊属、雕翅摇蚊属以及多足摇蚊属。聚类分析表明,大型底栖动物群落结构存在显著的空间差异性,按照群落相似性可分为2组: 组1主要包含桑干河和东洋河水系,以直突摇蚊为主要优势种;组2主要包含洋河、妫水河以及永定河干流部分河段,以雕翅摇蚊为主要优势种。单因素方差分析表明,组2生物量、Shannon指数、Margalef指数、Pielou均匀度指数以及物种丰富度均显著高于组1,指示了该区域内更好的生态状况。大型底栖动物的季节差异显著,夏季的密度、生物量和各多样性指数均显著低于春季和秋季。典范对应分析显示,影响永定河大型底栖动物空间分布的环境因子主要包括水温、铵氮、pH、溶解氧和总磷。从水文因子的角度,流量和流速与主要生物参数存在显著相关性。组2中流速和流量与大型底栖动物密度和EPT%存在显著的正相关关系,表明急流生境有利于EPT(蜉蝣目、襀翅目、毛翅目)敏感类群的生存;但流量和流速与多样性指数呈负相关关系,表明过高流量和流速的生境条件不利于大型底栖动物多样性的维持。总之,水环境因子、水文因子都显示出了对大型底栖动物群落结构和多样性特征的影响,表明永定河流域生态系统受到多类型人为活动的影响。减少水质污染、适度恢复部分河段的流量是永定河流域生态系统修复的重要环节。     

云南香格里拉叉襀科昆虫病原菌的鉴定

叉襀科Nemouroidea是襀翅目中数量最多的一个科,叉襀科昆虫也是水生生态系统环境监测的重要指示生物.为明确云南香格里拉叉襀科稚虫自然病死虫体上的病原菌并研究该病原菌对叉襀科稚虫的致病性,本研究利用常规组织分离法分离云南香格里拉叉襀科稚虫病原菌,结合形态学与分子生物学方法对两株病原菌进行鉴定,利用柯赫法则及二项式回归模型分析病原菌致病性.结果表明,菌株PN1为细囊霉菌Leptolegria sp.,菌株PN2为冻土毛霉Mucor hiemalis;PN1及PN2处理组对叉襀科稚虫的致病性稍弱,其中PN1处理组的致病性低于PN2处理组,PN2处理组的致病性与对照组无明显差异.综上所述,本研究首次在襀翅目昆虫中报道了细囊霉菌Leptolegnia sp.和冻土毛霉M．hiemalis,两株病原真菌均属于水生弱寄生菌,在稚虫处于亚健康状态及抵抗力降低时易感,病原菌加速寄生过程使稚虫死亡.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。