玉米核雄性不育材料的研究及其分子育种中的利用

玉米核雄性不育材料是宝贵的种质资源。本文概述了玉米核雄性不育材料的发现、研究和利用的最新进展情况,重点针对核不育基因在染色体上的定位、细胞学研究和标记性状的利用进行了简要综述,并对这一宝贵的种质资源在生物技术迅速发展条件下的利用提出了新构想。     

利用染色体消除法获得太谷核不育小麦纯合体

太谷核不育小麦的育性受单个显性雄性不育基因（Ｔａ１）控制,其不育株总是杂合（Ｔａ１ｔａ１）的,纯合不育株（Ｔａ１Ｔａ１）并不存在。实验以太谷核不育小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）为母本和玉米（ＺｅａｍａｙｓＬ．）杂交,利用杂合子和幼胚细胞分裂过程中父本玉米染色体自发消除的特点,经过激素处理、幼胚拯救和染色体人工加倍,成功地获得了自然界不存在的纯合显性太谷核不育小麦新种质（Ｔａ１Ｔａ１）,并利用“玻璃化”超低温保存方法,将这一宝贵新种质长期保存下来。     

玉米核雄性不育的分子机制研究与应用分析

玉米细胞核雄性不育突变体是研究花粉发育和减数分裂的理想材料,也是杂种优势利用的重要种质资源。随着分子生物技术的快速发展,部分玉米细胞核雄性不育基因陆续被成功克隆,为其在工程不育化杂交种生产中的应用奠定了基础。综述了近年来对玉米细胞核雄性不育的细胞学鉴定、基因克隆和分子机制的研究进展,并对其应用途径和前景进行了分析。     

玉米隐性核不育突变体ms14的遗传分析与基因定位

玉米雄性不育材料是一种宝贵的种质资源,不育基因的遗传分析与定位研究对玉米分子育种和杂种优势利用具有重要价值。通过对从美国引进的玉米雄性不育突变体材料ms14进行雄花育性鉴定和花药I₂-KI染色,表明该突变体是无花粉型雄性不育;通过不育突变体ms14与正常自交系郑58、昌7-2杂交获得F₁,然后自交构建两个F₂遗传分离群体（ms14×郑58和ms14×昌7-2）,并进行雄花育性调查、数据统计和遗传分析,发现可育株数与不育株数的分离比是3∶1,表明该突变体由隐性单基因控制;通过SSR等分子标记与不育位点的连锁分析,将ms14基因定位在玉米第1染色体的SSR标记umc2025和umc1676之间,遗传距离分别是2.2cM和0.3cM。对玉米不育基因ms14的遗传分析和初步定位,为该基因的精细定位和克隆、不育机理的解析及其产业化应用奠定了基础。     

太空诱变玉米核不育材料花粉败育的细胞学观察(简报)

玉米是最早利用雄性不育系生产杂交种的作物之一。在玉米T型细胞质雄性不育杂交种遭受毁灭性病害侵袭之后,科学家认识到利用细胞质雄性不育制种存在潜在的遗传脆弱性,从此试图通过多种途径来创造新的雄性不育．并对雄性不育材料的遗传多样性进行研究。空间诱变育种是80年代于我国发展起来的新技术,在农作物品种改良和种质创新上已初见成效。[第一段]     

主要作物光温敏核雄性不育基因的研究进展与应用*

光温敏核雄性不育系在不同的生态环境条件下可以实现一系两用,简化制种程序,是农作物杂交种子生产的一种重要资源。简要介绍了主要作物杂交种子生产方式,综述了水稻、小麦、玉米、谷子等作物光温敏核雄性不育系的研究进展以及在两系杂交种子生产上的应用,并探讨了光温敏核雄性不育系的应用前景。     

西北农林科技大学玉米研究所简介

西北农林科技大学玉米研究所主要从事玉米优良种质资源筛选、创新和利用 ;高产、优质、多抗玉米杂交种和优质专用玉米新品种的选育及玉米雄性不育理论研究及其高产栽培配套技术研究 ;新品种良种的繁育推广工作。西北农林科技大学玉米研究所现有职工 5 0名 ,其中高级研究人员 14名 ,中级人员 19名。拥有种质资源库、挂藏室、玻璃晒房、种子实验室、海南加代实验站、育种试验地、原种基地、种子加工设备等配套设施 ,同时在陕西省内外不同生态区建立了新品种试验示范基地和良种繁育基地。西北农林科技大学玉米研究所建所以来完成各类研究课题 4…     

西北农林科技大学农业科学院玉米研究所简介

西北农林科技大学农业科学院玉米研究所主要从事玉米优良种质资源筛选、创新和利用 ;高产、优质、多抗玉米杂交种和优质专用玉米新品种的选育及玉米雄性不育理论研究及其高产栽培配套技术研究 ;新品种良种的繁育推广工作。研究所现有职工 50名 ,其中高级研究人员 1 4名 ,中级人员 1 9名。拥有种质资源库、挂藏室、玻璃晒房、种子实验室、海南加代实验站、育种试验地、原种基地、种子加工设备等配套设施 ,同时在陕西省内外不同生态区建立了新品种试验示范基地和良种繁育基地。建所以来完成各类研究课题 4 0多项 ,获奖成果 2 0多项。在玉米育…     

燕麦雄性不育新种质在育种中的应用

摘 要:对燕麦CA雄性不育材料的特征与遗传表现的研究表明,该不育性状是由一对隐性核基因控制遗传的。对原CA雄性不育材料进行改造,设计出培育不同类型不育材料的选育程序,并转育出性状独特、不育株分离比例较高的新种质。提出了利用不育新种质改进燕麦杂交技术的方法,采用改进的杂交技术建成具有高千粒重、高蛋白质、低脂肪、丰产、抗病等性状的、遗传基础丰富的后代选择群体供育种应用。     

燕麦雄性不育新种质在遗传改良中的应用

对燕麦CA雄性不育材料的特征与遗传表现的研究表明,该不育性状是由1对隐性核基因控制的。对原CA雄性不育材料进行改造,设计出培育不同类型不育材料的选育程序,并转育出性状独特、不育株分离比例较高的新种质。提出了利用不育新种质改进燕麦杂交技术的方法,采用改进的杂交技术建成具有高千粒重、高蛋白质、低脂肪、丰产、抗病等性状的,遗传基础丰富的后代选择群体供育种应用。     

Genetic complexity underlying hybrid male sterility in Drosophila

Recent genetic analyses of closely related species of Drosophila have indicated that hybrid male sterility is the consequence of highly complex synergistic effects among multiple genes, both conspecific and heterospecific. On the contrary, much evidence suggests the presence of major genes causing hybrid female sterility and inviability in the less-related species, D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Does this contrast reflect the genetic distance between species? Or, generally, is the genetic basis of hybrid male sterility more complex than that of hybrid female sterility and inviability? To clarify this point, the D. simulans introgression of the cytological region 34D-36A to the D. melanogaster genome, which causes recessive male sterility, was dissected by recombination, deficiency, and complementation mapping. The 450-kb region between two genes, Suppressor of Hairless and snail, exhibited a strong effect on the sterility. Males are (semi-)sterile if this region of the introgression is made homozygous or hemizygous. But no genes in the region singly cause the sterility; this region has at least two genes, which in combination result in male sterility. Further, the males are less fertile when heterozygous with a larger introgression, which suggests that dominant modifiers enhance the effects of recessive genes of male sterility. Such an epistatic view, even in the less-related species, suggests that the genetic complexity is special to hybrid male sterility.     

Genetics of Male and Female Sterility in Hybrids of Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis

The genetic basis of male and female sterility in hybrids of Drosophila pseudoobscura-Drosophila persimilis was studied using backcross analysis. Previous studies indirectly assessed male fertility by measuring testis size; these studies concluded that male sterility results from an X chromosome-autosome imbalance. By directly scoring for the production of motile sperm, male sterility is shown to be largely due to an incompatibility between genes on the X and Y chromosomes of these two species. These species have diverged at a minimum of nine loci affecting hybrid male fertility. Semisterility of hybrid females appears to result from an X chromosome-cytoplasm interaction; the X chromosome thus has the largest effect on sterility in both male and female hybrids. This is apparently the first analysis of the genetic basis of female sterility, or of sterility/inviability affecting both sexes, in an animal hybridization.     

雄性不育在作物杂种优势中的应用途径分析

雄性不育是植物雄性细胞或生殖器官丧失生理机能的现象,该现象的利用大大提高了杂交种生产的效率。植物雄性不育包含细胞质雄性不育、不受环境影响的核雄性不育、光温敏型雄性不育及化学诱导的雄性不育。这些不育类型也已经被以三系或二系的方式应用于很多作物的杂交种生产中。综述了雄性不育各个途径的研究进展及其在作物杂种优势中的应用。     

基因工程（核）雄性不育小麦研究展望

基因工程是创造核雄性不育基因的一个新途径。通过综述大量资料,探讨了利用基因工程创造雄性不育的机制,并论述了其在小麦上应用的可能性及发展前景。     

Molecular Control of Male Reproductive Development and Pollen Fertility in Rice

Anther development and male fertility are essential biological processes for flowering plants and are important for crop seed production. Genetic manipulation of male fertility/sterility is critical for crop hybrid breeding. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) male sterility phenotypes, including genic male sterility, hybrid male sterility, and cytoplasmic male sterility, are generally caused by mutations of fertility‐related genes, by incompatible interactions between divergent allelic or non‐allelic genes, or by genetic incompatibilities between cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes. Here, we review the recent advances in the molecular basis of anther development and male fertility‐sterility conversion in specific genetic backgrounds, and the interactions with certain environmental factors. The highlighted findings in this review have significant implications in both basic studies and rice genetic improvement. [ Yao‐Guang Liu (Corresponding author)]     

应用基因工程技术创造植物雄性不育系

基因工程开辟了创造植物雄性不育系的一个新的途径 ,综述了利用基因工程技术创造植物雄性不育的机制及相关启动子和基因 ;创造雄性核不育和质不育的途径 ;探讨了存在的问题和应用前景。     

A simple genetic incompatibility causes hybrid male sterility in mimulus

Much evidence has shown that postzygotic reproductive isolation (hybrid inviability or sterility) evolves by the accumulation of interlocus incompatibilities between diverging populations. Although in theory only a single pair of incompatible loci is needed to isolate species, empirical work in Drosophila has revealed that hybrid fertility problems often are highly polygenic and complex. In this article we investigate the genetic basis of hybrid sterility between two closely related species of monkeyflower, Mimulus guttatus and M. nasutus. In striking contrast to Drosophila systems, we demonstrate that nearly complete hybrid male sterility in Mimulus results from a simple genetic incompatibility between a single pair of heterospecific loci. We have genetically mapped this sterility effect: the M. guttatus allele at the hybrid male sterility 1 (hms1) locus acts dominantly in combination with recessive M. nasutus alleles at the hybrid male sterility 2 (hms2) locus to cause nearly complete hybrid male sterility. In a preliminary screen to find additional small-effect male sterility factors, we identified one additional locus that also contributes to some of the variation in hybrid male fertility. Interestingly, hms1 and hms2 also cause a significant reduction in hybrid female fertility, suggesting that sex-specific hybrid defects might share a common genetic basis. This possibility is supported by our discovery that recombination is reduced dramatically in a cross involving a parent with the hms1-hms2 incompatibility.     

Genetic basis of hybrid male sterility among three closely related species of Drosophila

The genetic basis of hybrid male sterility among three closely related species, Drosophila bipectinata, D. parabipectinata and D. malerkotliana has been investigated by using backcross analysis methods. The role of Y chromosome, major hybrid sterility (MHS) genes (genetic factors) and cytoplasm (non-genetic factor) have been studied in the hybrids of these three species. In the species pair, bipectinata--parabipectinata, Y chromosome introgression of parabipectinata in the genomic background of bipectinata and the reciprocal Y chromosome introgression were unsuccessful as all males in second backcross generation were sterile. Neither MHS genes nor cytoplasm was found important for sterility. This suggests the involvement of X-Y, X-autosomes or polygenic interactions in hybrid male sterility. In bipectinata--malerkotliana and parabipectinata--malerkotliana species pairs, Y chromosome substitution in reciprocal crosses did not affect male fertility. Backcross analyses also show no involvement of MHS genes or cytoplasm in hybrid male sterility in these two species pairs. Therefore, X- autosome interaction or polygenic interaction is supposed to be involved in hybrid male sterility in these two species pairs. These findings also provide evidence that even in closely related species, genetic interactions underlying hybrid male sterility may vary.     

Hybrid male sterility in rice is due to epistatic interactions with a pollen killer locus

In intraspecific crosses between cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) subspecies indica and japonica, the hybrid male sterility gene S24 causes the selective abortion of male gametes carrying the japonica allele (S24-j) via an allelic interaction in the heterozygous hybrids. In this study, we first examined whether male sterility is due solely to the single locus S24. An analysis of near-isogenic lines (NIL-F(1)) showed different phenotypes for S24 in different genetic backgrounds. The S24 heterozygote with the japonica genetic background showed male semisterility, but no sterility was found in heterozygotes with the indica background. This result indicates that S24 is regulated epistatically. A QTL analysis of a BC(2)F(1) population revealed a novel sterility locus that interacts with S24 and is found on rice chromosome 2. The locus was named Epistatic Factor for S24 (EFS). Further genetic analyses revealed that S24 causes male sterility when in combination with the homozygous japonica EFS allele (efs-j). The results suggest that efs-j is a recessive sporophytic allele, while the indica allele (EFS-i) can dominantly counteract the pollen sterility caused by S24 heterozygosity. In summary, our results demonstrate that an additional epistatic locus is an essential element in the hybrid sterility caused by allelic interaction at a single locus in rice. This finding provides a significant contribution to our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying hybrid sterility and microsporogenesis.