大麦叶面积指数模拟模型

准确模拟叶面积指数是作物生长模拟模型预测作物生长和产量的关键.本文通过系统分析扬州和武汉地区不同大麦品种高产群体叶面积指数变化动态,建立了大麦群体的叶面积指数模拟模型.大麦叶面积指数是品种叶面积指数扩展的遗传参数和气温日较差、日照时数、辐射量等气候因子及水肥丰缺因子的函数.孕穗抽穗期最大叶面积指数与该期最适叶面积指数是不同的概念,二者之间存在着极显著差异.利用扬州、南京和昆明地区不同品种的播期试验及氮肥试验资料对模型进行了检验,结果表明,模型对大麦叶面积指数的模拟效果较好,模拟值与观测值吻合度高,根均方差RMSE介于0.742～2.865,平均值为1.348.对模拟值与观测值进行y=x的线性回归分析,相关系数R²介于0.511～0.954,均呈极显著正相关.     

玉米群体内太阳光辐射垂直分布规律研究

在实验观测的基础上,对玉米群体内总辐射、光合有效辐射(光量子通量)随高度以及叶面积指数的变化规律进行了分析探讨,结果显示,在玉米群体的顶部和底部,叶面积指数较小,而在中部和中上部,叶面积指数较大,在140～200 cm的高度层内,叶面积指数约占群体叶面积指数总量的53%以上.在160～180 cm的高度内叶面积指数出现峰值;太阳光辐射在玉米群体内垂直分布随高度的减小而减少,表现为“S“型变化曲线;太阳辐射透过率在不同高度层上随叶面积指数的增加而减小,表现为指数关系,即Rt=Ae -BLAI.     

不同水分条件下春小麦能量利用与密度的关系

密度制约是植物种内竞争效应之一.叶面是植物与外界环境交换物质、能量的有效渠道之一,叶面积指数是植物种群资源利用率和维系植物碳平衡的重要指标.以叶面积指数为测度,测定不同土壤水分条件下叶面积指数与密度间的关系来判定春小麦有效能量利用与密度间的关系,并得知小麦在营养生长期（抽穗期以前）各水分条件下的叶面积指数均随种植的密度递增,而在抽穗期叶面积指数明显下降,在高密度区（4000～10000）尤为明显,且密度1000～10000的叶面积指数趋于稳定.从拔节期到成熟期水分条件正常的叶面积指数比干旱处理的明显要高,而且主要表现在高密度区,但是它们的变化趋势基本一致.结果表明春小麦的穗粒数、千粒重和产量的变化趋势也是和叶面积指数一致的,这充分反映了叶面积指数与植物种群资源利用率或生物量有着密切的关系,同时表明干旱胁迫抑制了植物群落的能量利用.因此,对植物叶面积的研究将对探讨植物物质能量交换的平衡规律具有重要的意义.     

油菜绿色面积指数动态模拟模型

准确模拟绿色面积指数是作物生长模拟模型可靠预测作物生长和产量的关键。该研究的目的是以生理生态过程为基础,构建油菜(Brassica napus)叶面积指数和角果面积指数变化动态的模拟模型。油菜叶面积指数模型综合考虑了库或源限制下的叶面积增长模式,其中库限制下叶面积指数的增长呈指数方程,且受到温度、水分和氮素因子的影响;源限制下叶面积指数增长用比叶面积法来模拟。油菜角果面积指数由比角果面积和角果干物重来决定。比叶面积和比角果面积均为生理发育时间的函数。利用不同类型品种的播期试验及氮肥试验资料分别对模型进行了校正和检验,结果表明模型能较好地模拟不同条件下油菜叶面积指数和角果面积指数。     

中国区域植被叶面积指数时空分布——机理模型模拟与遥感反演比较

叶面积指数是表征植被冠层特征的重要参数,同时也是决定生态系统净初级生产力的重要因子,它对全球变化和生态系统碳循环研究具有重要意义。目前大范围的叶面积指数只能通过遥感反演和机理模型模拟获得,而通过这两种方法获取的叶面积指数都存在一定的不确定性。利用大气-植被相互作用模型(AVIM2)在0.1°×0.1°经纬度网格上模拟产生了中国区域叶面积指数并与两套使用不同遥感反演方法生成的叶面积指数在空间分布和季节变化特征方面进行了比较。通过比较说明中国区域植被叶面积指数分布主要受水分条件限制,整体呈现东南部高西北部低的趋势。中国区域植被生长的季节变化受季风影响显著,与气温及地表太阳辐射的季节变化趋势相一致。中国区域叶面积指数整体呈现夏季高、春秋季次之而冬季低的趋势。     

春玉米最大叶面积指数的确定方法及其应用

玉米叶面积指数达到最大时光合产物基本停止向营养器官分配,是玉米进入生殖生长阶段的标志.对锦州农田生态系统野外观测站2005-2011年多品种的春玉米大田试验资料分析发现春玉米最大叶面积指数出现于吐丝后2周左右,提出了春玉米叶面积指数达到最大时的积温指标,即播种至叶面积指数最大时的≥10℃有效积温为1085.3℃·d和(或)出苗至叶面积指数最大时的≥10℃有效积温为1010.4℃·d.在此基础上,采用修正的Logistic方程构建了春玉米相对叶面积指数动态普适模型.研究结果为准确模拟春玉米叶片生长及光合产物分配提供了依据.     

樟子松林冠截留模拟实验研究

林冠截留是林分水量平衡的主要分量之一．通过选取影响樟子松林冠截留的主要因子：雨强、雨量、叶面积指数和雨前枝叶干燥度４个因子,分成５个水平,经正交试验组合,进行了２５场林冠截留实验．通过分析各因子对截留的影响,得出叶面积指数的影响最大,极显著,雨强次之;为此建立了截留量与叶面积指数和雨强关系的模拟方程;在降水量小、叶面积指数较大的情况下,截留量与降水量呈正比,为此建立了截留量与降水量关系的模拟方程．     

温室甜椒叶面积指数形成模拟模型

叶面积指数是光合作用驱动的作物生长模型以及冠层蒸腾模型所需的重要作物参数,温度和辐射是影响叶片生长的重要环境因子.通过不同定植期、不同品种、不同地点的试 验,定量分析了温室甜椒出叶数、叶片长度和叶面积指数与温度和辐射的关系,构建了温室 甜椒叶面积模型,并利用独立的试验资料对模型进行了检验.结果表明：甜椒出叶数与出苗 后累积辐热积呈指数函数关系;叶片长度与出叶后累积辐热积呈负指数函数关系;甜椒出叶 数、叶片长度和叶面积指数的模拟结果与实测值之间的决定系数R²分别为0.94、0.89、0.93,其回归估计标准误RMSE分别为3.4、2.15 cm、0.15.该模型能够利用气温、辐射、 种植密度和出苗日期准确地预测温室甜椒叶面积指数动态,且模型参数少、实用性强,可以为温室甜椒生长模型和蒸腾模型提供必需的叶面积指数动态信息.     

不同大气校正方法对森林叶面积指数遥感估算影响的比较

利用TM原始图像以及经过6S模型和基于影像自身的Gilabert模型大气校正后的地面绝对反射率图像,分别计算了褒河流域阔叶林和针阔混交林2种林型的5类光谱植被指数(SR、NDVI、MNDVI、ARVI和RSR),并建立各林型森林叶面积指数与同时相的各个植被指数的相关关系。结果表明,2种大气校正模型均显著提高了各植被指数与森林叶面积指数的相关关系,除了对森林叶面积指数与植被指数SR和NDVI的相关关系影响不显著外,对森林叶面积指数与植被指数MNDVI、ARVI和RSR相关关系的影响均非常显著。说明不同大气校正模型对叶面积指数的遥感估算结果有较大影响。因此,在利用遥感数据进行定量分析、信息提取和生态遥感应用时,不仅要进行大气校正,而且还要慎重选择大气校正模型和植被指数。     

草原沙漠化过程中植物叶面积的变化及其与土壤因子的关系

在自然状态下,对沙质草原沙漠化过程中主要植物叶面积变化及其与土壤因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明:随着沙漠化加剧,羊草和糙隐子草的比叶面积在沙漠化初期(梯度Ⅰ)下降显著(P0.01),菊叶萎陵菜和冰草的比叶面积在沙漠化后期(梯度Ⅲ)下降显著(P0.05),寸草苔比叶面积下降不显著(P0.05),冷蒿比叶面积从沙漠化中、后期开始显著增加(P0.05),扁蓿豆比叶面积从沙漠化初期开始显著增大(P0.01);羊草、糙隐子草和冷蒿的叶面积指数总体上呈显著下降趋势(P0.01),扁蓿豆叶面积指数显著增加(P0.01);羊草、糙隐子草叶面积指数与土壤粘粒、C、N含量、土壤含水量呈显著正相关(P0.01),与土壤C/N比呈显著负相关(P0.01);冷蒿和扁蓿豆叶面积指数与土壤因子的相关性和上述二者正好相反(P0.05);在叶面积指数与土壤因子线性拟合中,糙隐子草叶面积指数与土壤C/N拟合最高(R2=1),其次是羊草叶面积指数与土壤含水量的拟合(R2=0.992),扁蓿豆叶面积指数与土壤C/N拟合最低(R2=0.268)。土壤C/N是影响草原沙漠化过程中共有种叶面积的关键因子(P0.05),其影响大小为糙隐子草羊草冷蒿扁蓿豆。     

受干扰长白山阔叶红松林林分组成及冠层结构特征

通过样地调查对不同干扰方式产生的过伐天然林、次生白桦林和人工落叶松林等群落的结构组成进行分析和分类探讨 ,并选取了林窗片断和叶面积指数两个能表示群落冠层结构的指标进行分析。结果表明 ,林窗片断值分别为 :原始阔叶红松林 0 194、原始阔叶类 0 185、结构转换型 0 315、结构保留型 0 36 3、结构破坏型 0 2 35、严重干扰类型 0 5 5 0、次生白桦林0 2 13和人工落叶松林 0 2 2 7;叶面积指数分别为 :原始阔叶红松林 1 76 6、原始阔叶类 1 6 80、结构转换型 1 2 5 0、结构保留型 1 0 2 8、结构破坏型 1 5 5 0、严重干扰类型 0 6 35、次生白桦林1 731和人工落叶松林 1 4 73。     

Productivity, carbon isotope discrimination and leaf traits of trees of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. in relation to water availability

The stand basal area, carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in tree rings and leaves, leaf area index and leaf traits of trees were measured in 6‐ to 8‐year‐old stands of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. across a gradient of rainfall of 600–1400 mm year^?1 in south‐western Australia to better understand the importance of leaf traits and gas‐exchange as determinants of stand productivity. Δ ranged from 17‰ to 21‰. Δ and basal area were highly, positively correlated with each other and the ratio of mean annual rainfall to potential evaporation (P/PE). Leaf area index, soil water holding capacity and leaf nitrogen content were only weakly correlated with basal area. Δ and P/PE were negatively correlated with leaf nitrogen content. Δ was negatively correlated with leaf density but positively correlated with specific leaf area. This is consistent with the theory that larger leaf nitrogen content and smaller specific leaf area are associated with increased photosynthetic capacity and increased leaf‐scale water‐use‐efficiency, and that Δ is influenced by mesophyll conductance. It is concluded that canopy conductance is a more important determinant of growth in water‐limited conditions than either leaf area index or leaf traits in fertilized stands of E. globulus. Water availability was dictated more by rainfall than soil type.     

Evolutionarily stable leaf area production in plant populations

Using an analytical model, it was shown that for a given amount of nitrogen in the canopy of a stand (N(T)), there exists an evolutionarily stable leaf area index (ES-LAI), and therefore an evolutionarily stable average leaf nitrogen content (n(ES)(av);n(ES)(av) =N(T)/ES-LAI), at which no individual plant in the stand can increase its photosynthesis by changing its leaf area. It was also shown that this ES-LAI is always greater than the optimal LAI that maximizes photosynthesis per unit N(T) of the stand. This illustrates that the canopy structure that maximizes photosynthesis of a population is not the same as the canopy structure that maximizes photosynthesis of individuals within a population. It was further derived that the ES-LAI at given N(T) increases with the ratio between the light-saturated photosynthesis and the N content per unit leaf area (leaf-PPNUE) and that it decreases with the canopy extinction coefficient for light (K(L)), the light availability and the apparent quantum yield (phi). These hypotheses were tested by comparing calculated ES-LAI and n(ES)(av) values to actual LAIs and leaf N contents measured for stands of a large variety of herbaceous plants. There was a close correspondence between the calculated and measured values. As predicted by the model, plants with high leaf-PPNUEs produced more leaf area per unit nitrogen than those with low leaf-PPNUEs while plants with horizontal leaves, forming stands with higher K(L) values, produced less leaf area than those with more vertically inclined leaves. These results suggest that maximization of individual plant photosynthesis per unit of nitrogen plays an important role in determining leaf area production of plants and the resulting canopy structure of stands of vegetation. They further suggest this optimization to be a mechanism by which leaf traits such as leaf-PPNUE and leaf inclination angle are causally related to structural characteristics of the population, i.e. the leaf area index of the stand.     

The vertical leaf distribution of Ulmus laevis Pall.

Vertical leaf distribution and relative irradiance were ascertained for the dominant species Ulmus laevis Pall. at the level of the individual tree and at the level of the stand in a mixed broad-leaved forest in South Moravia, the Czech Republic. The study consisted of detailed, destructive measurement of five selected sample trees and the establishment of basic biometric parameters for the entire stand. Using allometric relationships, measurements from sample trees were generalized to diameter at breast height (DBH) classes and were then scaled up to the level of the imaginary pure stand of elm; the selected independent variables were tree height and DBH. The vertical leaf distribution was unimodal in trees with smaller dimensions and bimodal in trees with larger dimensions. The leaf area index (LAI) of the stand was 4 (6.4 including the undergrowth), and the sunlit leaf area index (SLAI) was 1.7. Dominant trees had a higher proportion of sunlit leaf area than subdominant and suppressed trees. Determination of appropriate methods and intensity of thinning can lead to optimizing of irradiation control, vitality increase of the elm stands and subsequently to a higher resistance to Dutch elm disease vector and disease itself.     

Canopy structure,nitrogen distribution and whole canopy photosynthetic carbon gain in growing and flowering stands of tall herbs

Using a combination of mathematical modeling and field studies we showed that in dense stands of growing herbaceous plants the vertical pattern of leaf nitrogen distribution resembles the pattern of mean light attenuation in the stand and hence tends to maximize total daily photosynthetic carbon gain of the whole stand. Flowering represents a strong sink of nitrogen away from the photosynthetic apparatus and in herbs like Solidago altissima it induces leaf shedding. We studied both the effect of nitrogen reallocation and leaf shedding on the whole canopy photosynthesis and changes in leaf nitrogen distributions in stands moving from the growing to the flowering stage. Despite a decrease in leaf area index and total nitrogen available for photosynthesis in the flowering stand, the leaf nitrogen distribution here also leads to an almost maximum canopy photosynthesis. In both the growing and the flowering stands the leaf area index was higher than calculated optimum values. It is pointed out that this should not necessarily be interpreted as non-adaptive.     

Leaf nitrogen distribution and whole canopy photosynthetic carbon gain in herbaceous stands

The amount of photosynthetically-active photon flux density incident upon a leaf and the nitrogen content of that leaf strongly affect the photosynthetic carbon gain of that leaf. Therefore, the canopy structure of a stand, affecting the light climate in the canopy, and the leaf nitrogen distribution pattern in the canopy, affect the carbon gain of the whole canopy. This review discusses the results of studies directed to this problem and obtained so far in open and in dense canopies of stands of herbaceous, monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous, plants in their growing or flowering stages. It is found that the leaf nitrogen distribution pattern in the canopy is vertically non-uniform, and in dense stands more strongly so than in open stands. The leaf nitrogen distribution pattern in most canopies closely approaches an optimal pattern in that it maximizes whole canopy potential carbon gain as calculated for the actual total leaf nitrogen content and leaf area index of the stand. The resulting increase in potential carbon gain as compared to a uniform leaf nitrogen distribution pattern is considerable and it is larger in dense stands than in open stands. For at least some dense stands simulation studies show that with the available total leaf nitrogen content, whole canopy carbon gains could still be considerable higher had a lower leaf area index been developed.     

Light regime in relation to plant population geometry

Plant population geometry effective in light utilization for photosynthesis was examined with the use of square-planted (SP) population models and the Monte Carlo technique. Varying SP populations were constructed by manipulating the structural variables, leaf area density, leaf size, leaf number, height/width ratio of unit stand and planting distance, of the unit stand with standard configurations treated in the second paper. Leaf area index was fixed to be 5, and the phyllotaxis, 1/3. The effects of these structural variables on the light extinction in the SP populations were made clear with light-beam emission experiments in a computer. Special combinations of the variables could make light extinction in the infinite population approximately linear with increasing leaf area index to obtain the highest photosynthesis of the foliage, i.e., each leaf layer from top to bottom of the population could uniformly utilize light energy for photosynthetic production.     

半干旱黄土丘陵区人工林叶面积特征

 该文通过对黄土丘陵区4个密度的刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）人工林、3个密度的侧柏（Platycladus orientalis）人工林生长季叶面积变化的研究,揭示了不同密度林分叶面积生长与林分密度的关系;通过对灌木生长季叶面积变化的研究,建立了灌木柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides）和紫穗槐（Amorpha fruticosa）叶面积与叶鲜重、枝条基径的经验公式,为半干旱区灌木生长调查提供了一种方便、快捷的方法。结果表明：1）刺槐和侧柏各密度林分的单株林木叶面积和叶面积指数均在9月达到最大值,其中刺槐林叶面积指数峰值可达到10.5,侧柏峰值可达到3.2;灌木柠条、沙棘和紫穗槐叶面积和叶面积指数都在8月份达到各自的最大值,柠条、沙棘和紫穗槐的叶面积指数峰值分别为1.1 95、1.123和1.882;2）刺槐叶面积与叶鲜重具有极显著相关的幂函数关系,侧柏、柠条、沙棘、紫穗槐叶面积与叶鲜重具有极显著相关的线性函数关系,其中柠条枝条基径与叶面积还具有极显著相关的幂函数关系,沙棘、紫穗槐枝条基径与叶面积还具有极显著相关的线性函数关系;3）黄土丘陵区,由于林地土壤水分条件的限制,承载力有限。人工林进入生长盛期后, 不同密度刺槐和侧柏林分叶面积指数趋于一致,与最初的造林密度和现存密度没有关系。在不同密度的刺槐和侧柏林分间,单株叶面积与其林分密度成反比。在对上述结果分析的基础上得出：黄土丘陵区,由于林地土壤水分条件的限制,承载力有限。该文所研究的刺槐和侧柏各林分均已达到了当地土地承载力的上限,基于提高单株林木质量的考虑,建议刺槐林郁闭后的密度不超过833株&;#8226;hm^-2,侧柏则不超过1 111株&;#8226;hm^－2。如以全林分生物量为目标,林分密度也可适当减小。     

Mutual shading and the photosynthetic capacity of exposed leaves of field grown soybeans

Light-saturated photosynthetic rates at air levels of carbon dioxide were measured about weekly in upper canopy leaves of two soybean cultivars grown at stand densities of 40 and 100 plants per square meter. Early in the season, when leaf area indices differed between stand densities, plants of both cultivars grown at high stand density had photosynthetic rates which averaged 23% lower than plants at low stand density. Later in the season, when there were no differences in leaf area index between stand densities, there were no differences in photosynthetic rates in the cultivar Kent, but rate differences of about 14% persisted in the cultivar Williams. In Williams mainstem leaves emerged into full sunlight later in their development at high than at low stand density. In both cultivars the oldest fully exposed leaves were photosynthetically immature for much of the season, as higher rates could be achieved by lower leaves which were shaded in situ. The results identify shading of young developing leaves and photosynthetic immaturity of fully exposed leaves as factors limiting canopy photosynthesis in soybeans, and indicate cultivar differences in how much high stand density reduces photosynthetic capacity.     

Dynamics of leaf area and nitrogen in the canopy of an annual herb, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xanthium canadense</Emphasis>

We studied leaf area and nitrogen dynamics in the canopy of stands of an annual herb Xanthium canadense, grown at a high (HN)- and a low-nitorgen (LN) availability. Standing leaf area increased continuously through the vegetative growth period in the LN stand, or leveled off in the later stage in the HN stand. When scaled against standing leaf area, both production and loss rates of leaf area increased but with different patterns: the production rate was retarded, while the loss rate was accelerated, implying an upper limit of standing leaf area of the canopy. The rate of leaf-area production was higher in the HN than in the LN stand, which was caused by the higher rate of leaf production per standing leaf area as well as the greater standing leaf area in the HN stand. Although the rate of leaf-area loss was higher in the HN than in the LN stand, it was not significantly different between the two stands when compared at a common standing leaf area, suggesting involvement of light climate in determination of the leaf-loss rate. On the other hand, the rate of leaf-area loss was positively correlated with nitrogen demand for leaf area development across the two stands, suggesting that leaf loss was caused by retranslocation of nitrogen for construction of new leaves. A simple simulation model of leaf and nitrogen dynamics in the canopy showed that, at steady state, where the rate of leaf-area loss becomes equal to the production rate, the standing leaf area was still greater in the HN than in the LN stand. Similarly, when the uptake and loss of nitrogen are equilibrated, the standing nitrogen was greater in the HN than in the LN stand. These results suggest that leaf-area production is strongly controlled by nitrogen availability, while both nitrogen and light climate determine leaf-loss rates in the canopy.