天然香料开发利用前景

我国拥有丰富的天然香料资源,植物香料产量是世界上最高的国家之一,天然香料产品约两万余吨。据初步统计含芳香油的植物有62科500余品种,现已利用的近200种,急待开发利用的约100种。人工栽培的香料植物逐年增加,目前,香料基地有20多个,面积约70万亩。已形成产品的40余种。其中,有的桂油、茴油、山苍子油等在国际市场上享有盛名,大量出口     

香料油及其加工方法

人类对香料油的使用和研究已有一千五百年的历史,过去它们只用在医药和宗教仪式方面,后来才广泛用于食品、化妆等行业。香料油是从植物中提取的挥发性有机化合物的混和物,大多数香料油原先就存在于植物组织中。但是,也有少数香料油是在植物组织被碾碎或浸泡在水中后,经过自然酶反应形成的。     

大理白族食用香料植物资源多样性研究

目的：了解白族食用香料植物资源状况，挖掘白族特色饮食文化中食用香料植物的利用。方法：以云南大理白族自治州三月街集贸市场为研究区域，应用民族植物学调查法对该区域食用香料植物种类、利用部位、烹饪方式等进行分析。结果：共收集到食用香料植物128种，隶属于41科101属。其中唇形科（Lamiaceae）植物最多，共记录到18种；食用部位主要以果实（32.81%）和茎（28.13%）为主；食用方法以炖煮、炒食和凉拌为主；该区域饮食主要以鲜、辣、酸口味最为突出，其中酸木瓜（Pseudocydonia sinensis）、长梗梅（Prunus mume var. cernua）等味酸性植物被广泛运用于白族特色菜肴中。结论：大理白族具有丰富的食用香料植物资源，食用香料植物种类、食用部分、食用方法等具有多样性，形成了白族特色文化中不可分割的一个重要部分。挖掘大理白族香料植物利用价值，对民族文化多样性及生物多样性保护具有一定的指导意义。     

改变世界的香料:一部由诱惑衍生的历史

<正>芳香植物又称香料植物,是指含有香精油、挥发油或难挥发树胶的一类植物。杰克·特纳在《香料传奇》这本书中形容到:香料是一部由诱惑衍生的历史。香料是探索发现的催化剂,它们重塑了世界。葡萄牙、英国、荷兰在亚洲的领地夸张一点     

芳香族香料化合物生物合成研究进展

芳香族化合物在香料中占很大的比重,传统生产方式有化学合成和植物提取。化学合成依赖于石油资源,并具有环境不友好、反应条件恶劣等缺点。植物提取方法受限于植物资源,且占用耕地。近年来,随着代谢工程和合成生物学技术的发展,利用可再生原料,微生物合成芳香族香料化合物成为一种新的生产方式。文中介绍了大肠杆菌和酵母菌等模式微生物合成芳香族香料的研究进展,包括利用莽草酸途径合成香兰素等,聚酮途径合成覆盆子酮等。综述重点介绍了生物合成途径解析、人工合成途径创建及代谢调控等,为微生物发酵法生产芳香族香料化合物提供参考。     

用二氧化碳提取香料油

无论食品工业还是化妆品工业都需要使用大量的香料油,而同一种香料油的化学成分和感觉特征往往会因提取方法不同而发生变化。目前,人们普遍采用蒸汽蒸馏法,把香料植物材料放在高温高压下蒸馏。用这种方法会导致香料油成分中出现一些矫作物,特别是在水解影响下,更是如此。人们有时也采用低沸点的有机溶剂提取香料油,不过,这又带来另一些问题。例如:提取完成后,需要将有机溶     

我国天然香料资源的开发与利用

一、我国香料生产概况香精香料与人们日常生活息息相关,是国民经济中不可缺少的组成部分。我国目前有香精香料厂100多家,其中有36家主要大厂的产量占全国产量的百分之八十。我国香精香料年总产量近4万吨,总产值为9亿元,利润近2亿元。其中,天然香料的年产量为1万吨左右。天然香料植物的种植基地有20多个,面积为70多万亩。我国生产利用的香料植物有200多种,但形成批量生产的天然香料品种只有30几种。其中,香茅油、柠檬油、薄荷油、柏木油、桉油、山苍子油系国际性配套品种,在国际市场上有一定的影响,为我国重要出口商品。我国的天然香料精油大部分是由供销社扶持生产、收购、加工、经营的,并将产品销往     

香茅醛的两种新的资源植物

香茅醛是一种重要的单离香料。据分析在马蜂柑和红河橙叶精油中含有大量香茅醛.分别达到77.98～78.23％和33.28～35.89％,是香茅醛的两种新的资源植物。此外,由于这两种植物叶精油中还含育其它大量含氧化合物,总计达到93.81～91.12％和67.42～67.92％而萜烃成分较少,只有1.38～4.66％和28.19～30.07％,因而精油香味独特,是两种有发展前途的香料植物。     

植物组织培养及其在食用香料植物上的应用

植物细胞在生理上、发育上具有"全能性",因此,植物离体组织或细胞经培养诱导分化能再生成植株,并带有母体植物的全部遗传信息。近20多年来,植物组织培养技术已在农业、园艺、林业等生产上作为果树、花卉、药用植物及某些经济作物等的无性系建立和快速繁殖中得到广泛应用,国内外"试管植物"培养成功的已不下于100科900种^[3-8],其中食用香料植物试管苗培养获得成功的也有几十种。为了使这一技术在食用香料植物的快速繁殖中进一步推广应用,现将其要点和应用前景简介于下。     

两种新的地衣香料——中国橡苔Ⅰ号和中国橡苔Ⅱ号

橡苔由于其独特的芳香以及它在加香产品中能突出清香和具有优良的定香、调香等作用,成为香料工业中不可缺少的、在国际市场上一向是一种畅销和保持较高价格的香原料。云南有着丰富的地衣类植物资源。为了继续逐步开发和利用云南这类丰富的资源,生产多品种的地衣类香料以满足我国香料工业的需要,为此我们开展了地衣类香料的开发利用研究。     

Plant species identity and diversity effects on different trophic levels of nematodes in the soil food web

Previous studies on biodiversity and soil food web composition have mentioned plant species identity, as well as plant species diversity as the main factors affecting the abundance and diversity of soil organisms. However, most studies have been carried out under limitations of time, space, or appropriate controls. In order to further examine the relation between plant species diversity and the soil food web, we conducted a three-year semi-field experiment in which eight plant species (4 forb and 4 grass species) were grown in monocultures and mixtures of two, four and eight plant species. In addition there were communities with 16 plant species. We analyzed the abundance and identity of the nematodes in soil and roots, including feeding groups from various trophic levels (primary and secondary consumers, carnivores, and omnivores) in the soil food web.
Plant species diversity and plant identity affected the diversity of nematodes. The effect of plant diversity was attributed to the complementarity in resource quality of the component plant species rather than to an increase in total resource quantity. The nematode diversity varied more between the different plant species than between different levels of plant species diversity, so that plant identity is more important than plant diversity. Nevertheless the nematode diversity in plant mixtures was higher than in any of the plant monocultures, due to the reduced dominance of the most abundant nematode taxa in the mixed plant communities. Plant species identity affected the abundances of the lower trophic consumer levels more than the higher trophic levels of nematodes. Plant species diversity and plant biomass did not affect nematode abundance. Our results, therefore, support the hypothesis that resource quality is more important than resource quantity for the diversity of soil food web components and that plant species identity is more important than plant diversity per se.     

安徽宿州大方寺林区植物种类及其资源的初步调查

大方寺位于淮北平原萄丘陵地带,天然次生林属于暖温带叶阔叶林。由于自然条件复杂,植物种类丰富,木本植物130余种,草本植物100余种;植被类型多种多样,主要群落为：青檀（Pterooeltis tatarinowii）、牡荆（Witex negundo）、华隐子草（Cleistogenes chinensis）群落,栓皮栎（Quercus wvriabilis）、五角枫（Acer mono）、牡荆（Vitex negundo）裂稃草（Schizachyrium brevifolium）群落和黄连木（Pistacia chinensis）、五角枫（Acer mono）、扁担杆（Creuia biloba）、沿阶草（Ophiopogon bodinievi）群落等三种。大方寺植物资源丰富,具有用材经济植物的约60余种,药用植物200余种,香料及密源植物10余种,纤维植物30余种,庭园观赏植物40余种。     

Insects affect relationships between plant species richness and ecosystem processes

This study examined whether insects can alter relationships between plant species diversity and ecosystem function in grassland communities, by (i) altering biomass across a plant diversity gradient, (ii) altering relative abundances of plant species, or (iii) altering ecosystem function directly. We measured herbivore damage on seminatural grassland plots planted with 1, 2, 4, 8, or 12 plant species, and compared plant biomass in a subset of these plots with replicates in which insect levels were reduced. Plant biomass and herbivore damage increased with species richness. Reducing insect populations resulted in greater evenness of relative plant species abundances and revealed a strong positive relationship between plant species richness and above-ground biomass. Reducing insects also changed the relationship between plant species richness and decomposition. Plant species mixtures and their relative abundances partially explained plant biomass results, but not decomposition results. These results suggest that insects can alter relationships between plant diversity and ecosystem processes through all three mechanisms.     

广东珠海万山群岛的植物资源

珠海万山群岛共有维管植物176科,547属,972种(含栽培84种),其中蕨类植物21科27属35种,裸子植物6科8属11种,被子植物139科510属926种。万山群岛共有国家重点野生保护植物11种,均为Ⅱ级;广东省珍稀濒危植物4种;药用植物492种、材用树种约109种、观赏植物143种、饲料植物21种、纤维植物105种、淀粉植物62种、油脂植物81种、芳香植物72种、鞣料植物58种;此外,还有其他用途植物若干种。     

How does plant richness affect pollinator richness and temporal stability of flower visits?

Pollinators play a key role in the reproduction of most plant species, and pollinator and plant diversity are often related. We studied an experimental gradient of plant species richness for a better understanding of plant–pollinator community interactions and their temporal variability, because in non‐experimental field surveys plant richness is often confounded with gradients in management, soil fertility, and community composition. We observed pollinator species richness and frequency of visits six times in 73 plots over two years, and used advanced statistical analysis to account for the high number of zeroes that often occur in count data of rare species. The frequency of pollinator visits increased linearly with both the blossom cover and the number of flowering plant species, which was closely related to the total number of plant species, whereas the number of pollinator species followed a saturation curve. The presence of particularly attractive plant species was only important for the frequency of flower visits, but not to the richness of pollinators. Plant species richness, blossom cover, and the presence of attractive plant species enhanced the temporal stability in the frequency of pollinator visits. In conclusion, grasslands with high plant diversity enhance and stabilize frequent and diverse flower visitations, which should sustain effective pollination and plant reproduction.     

Influence of seed size on performance of non-native annual plant species in a novel community at two planting densities

Climate warming enables plant species to migrate to higher latitudes and altitudes. Within Europe, the Mediterranean harbours many species that might expand their ranges towards Western Europe. Small seed size may facilitate dispersal, however, it may impair establishment of the range-expanding plant species in the novel vegetation. In a greenhouse experiment, we examined effects of average seed size of Mediterranean plant species on their establishment in a mixed community of Western European plant species. Applying two levels of densities of the natives and a herbivory treatment, we tested how seed size is linked to response in plant growth and fitness in novel vegetation. While all non-native plant species showed a negative response to increased planting density, species with small seeds showed a less negative response. This effect persisted under herbivory. Our data suggest that small-seeded non-native plant species may tolerate competitive pressure from novel plant communities better than large-seeded species, so that small seed size may confer a higher probability of establishment of non-native species in novel communities.     

Linking species performance to community structure as affected by UV-B radiation: an attenuation experiment

Aims UV-B radiation is known to affect plant physiology and growth rate in ways that can influence community species composition and structure. Nevertheless, comparatively little is known about how UV-B radiation induced changes in the performance of individual species cascades to affect overall community properties. Because foliage leaves are primarily responsible for photosynthesis and carbon gain and are the major organ that senses and responds to UV-B radiation, we hypothesized that, under reduced UV-B radiation, species with larger leaf areas per plant would manifest higher growth rates and hence tend to improve their community status compared to species with smaller leaf areas per plant in herbaceous plant communities.Methods We tested this hypothesis by examining plant traits (leaf area per plant and plant height), plant growth rate (aboveground biomass per plant and plant biomass per area) and community status (species within-community relative biomass) for 19 common species in a two-year field experiment in an alpine meadow on Tibetan Plateau.Important findings Aboveground biomass per plant, as well as per area, progressively increased in a 39% reduced (relative to ambient) UV-B treatment during the experimental period. At the second year, 11 out of 19 species significantly or marginally significantly increased their plant height, leaf area per plant and aboveground biomass per plant. No species was negatively affected by reducing UV-B. As hypothesized, the increase in aboveground biomass per plant increased with increasing leaf area per plant, as indicated by cross-species regression analysis. Moreover, the change in species within-community status increased with increasing leaf area per plant. Our study demonstrates that UV-B radiation has differential effects on plant growth rate across species and hence significantly affects species composition and plant community structure. We suggest that UV-B radiation is an ecological factor structuring plant communities particularly in alpine and polar areas.     

Proportion of exotics and relatedness of host species mediate the positive effect of plant richness on the species richness of fruit flies

1. All else being equal, the greater the local species richness of plants, the greater the number of associated herbivore species. Because most herbivore insects feed on a subset of closely related plant species, plant phylogenetic diversity is expected to play a key role in determining the number of herbivore species. What is not well known, however, is how an increase in the species richness of exotic plants affects the species richness of herbivores. 2. In this study, we used plant–fruit fly interactions to investigate the influence of the proportion and species richness of exotic host plants on the species richness of herbivorous insects. We also tested whether the phylogenetic diversity of host plants increases when the number of exotic plant species increases. 3. We found that the species richness of fruit flies is more accurately predicted by the richness of native host plants than by total plant species richness (including both native and exotic species). The proportion of exotic host species and the phylogenetic diversity of host plants had negative and positive effects, respectively, on the species richness of fruit flies. 4. Our findings suggest that a positive effect of plant richness on herbivore richness occurs only when an increase in plant diversity involves plant species with which native herbivores share some evolutionary history.     

Variation in the guild composition of herbivorous insect assemblages among co‐occurring plant species

Variation in plant traits among plant species may promote the development of a characteristic functional assemblage of insect herbivores associated with each plant species. However, only a small number of studies have detailed the representation of several herbivore guilds among co‐occurring plant species to determine whether the functional structure of herbivorous insect assemblages varies widely and consistently among plant species. The present study provides one of the few published data sets reporting on the density of several guilds of insect herbivores among numerous plant species. Variation in guild associations with plant phenology and season are also described. Insect herbivores were divided into 10 guilds, and the representation of these guilds was examined for 18 co‐occurring plant species. Guild densities and assemblage composition varied significantly among plant species, even when variation over time was taken into account. Variation in guild densities and assemblage composition were not strongly related to the taxonomic relationships of the plants. The highest densities of several guilds occurred in spring and summer, although other guilds were not strongly seasonal. Certain guilds were strongly associated with the presence of new leaves, whereas other guilds appeared to prefer mature leaves. This resulted in assemblage differences between samples containing new and mature leaves and samples containing mature leaves only. Even though the timing and duration of leaf and flower production varied among plant species, this did not explain all variation in guild densities among plant species. It is suggested that additional factors, including plant traits, are contributing to the wide and consistent variation in herbivore assemblage composition among plant species.     

森林采伐对尖峰岭海南特有种子植物多样性的影响

特有种子植物是热带森林植物区系的一个重要组成部分,且很容易受到人为干扰的影响,但是森林采伐对特有种子植物的影响少有报道。本文基于164个25m×25m植被公里网格样地数据,分析了海南岛尖峰岭地区海南特有种子植物(以下简称特有种子植物)的组成结构、样地内特有种子植物物种数与总物种数之间的关系;并从种-面积曲线、累积种-个体关系和物种多度分布3个方面比较了原始林、径级择伐林和皆伐林样地中特有种子植物的物种多样性变化规律。结果显示:尖峰岭地区特有种子植物种类丰富,共有158种,占全岛(397种)的40%;其中木本特有种子植物达98种(藤本除外),在164个样地内共记录到胸径≥1.0cm的52种,占整个尖峰岭地区的53%,以樟科、壳斗科、茜草科种类为主。样地内特有种子植物的物种数与总物种数成正相关关系。采伐后特别是径级择伐后特有种子植物物种数略微增加,但增加的种类大多仅在1-2个样地中出现;而且种群也比较小,表现为较稀有且不稳定的种群结构特征,在后续的更新中消失的可能性较大。但是,采伐后一些特有种子植物仍具有中等大小的种群,例如毛荔枝(Nephelium topengii)、海南紫荆木(Madhucaha inanensis)和尖峰岭锥(Castanopsis jianfenglingen-sis)等。