黄土丘陵区沙棘灌木林地土壤水分动态研究

采用生物与工程措施相结合的方法,定位研究了沙棘林地的土壤水分变化动态。结果表明：水平阶、水平沟和鱼鳞坑整地不同立体配置模式土壤水分大幅度提高,0～2．0m沙棘与豆科牧草立体配置的土壤含水量均高于沙棘与禾本科牧草的立体配置;2．0～5．0m沙棘与禾本科牧草立体配置的土壤含水量均高于沙棘与豆科牧草的立体配置。其提高幅度为3％～5％。未采用工程整地措施的沙棘林地,在沙棘生长的第3年,土壤干层的分布深度不甚明显;从第5年土壤干层厚度逐渐加深到1．8m;第7年土壤干层厚度为2．6m;第9年土壤干层厚度为3．1m;第11年土壤干层厚度为2．6m;第13年土壤干层厚度为2．2m。     

马尾松工程林水土保持效果监测初报

采用径流小区定位观测法测定广西桂平市金田林场马尾松工程林林地的水土及养分流失量。结果表明,挖大穴整地造林林地年平均水流失量比荒坡地的低１５２％,泥沙流失量比全垦和带状整地造林的分别低７６２％和４６７％,养分流失量依次低７５３％和４６３％。林地径流系数年度差异显著,随造林时间推移而逐年下降。林地泥沙流失量的季节分配规律与降雨量的季节分布一致,多雨季节（５～７月）的流失量大,少雨季节（１～４月和８～１２月）的流失量小     

不同整地施肥措施对银杏构件生长及药用成分的影响

研究了田间条件下不同整地施肥措施对银杏构件生长及药用成分的影响．结果表明,对银杏株高生长促进作用最大的措施依次为：施农家肥+间作>爆破整地+间作>施农家肥>爆破整地>间作,提高生长量分别为14．5％、8．6％、5．7％、3．2％和0;对银杏当年新梢生长促进作用最大的措施依次为：施农家肥+间作>爆破整地+间作>间作>施农家肥>爆破整地,提高生长量分别为58．1％、36．6％、33．1％、30．2％和14．0％;不同的整地、施肥和间作措施样地长枝数无显著差异,而短枝数量与总叶数有显著差异;施农家肥加间作措施对提高银杏药用成分含量作用最大,叶片中懈皮素和芦丁含量分别为对照的4．2倍和2．2倍．     

黄土丘陵区沙打旺草地土壤水分过耗与恢复

研究了黄土丘陵区沙打旺 (Astragalusadsurgens)草地土壤水分的动态规律和恢复过程及人为调控土壤水分的效果。结果表明 :沙打旺在该区生长年限为 6～ 7a,生物量形成的高峰期在第 3～ 4年 ,之后土壤水分大量亏缺 ,生物量逐年下降 ,第 6年生物量和水分均下降到最低点。同时土壤水分的消耗深度与根系的分布相一致 ,土壤干层主要集中在根系分布的密集区 0 .3～0 .8m。随着沙打旺生长年限的延长及根系的下扎 ,土壤干层逐渐加深 ,3～ 6年生沙打旺草地土壤干层平均厚度为 2 .3m;土壤水分要自然恢复到种植前的含水量需要 6～ 7a;通过水平阶和水平沟整地进行人工调控 ,土壤水分比自然恢复可提前 2～ 3a,一般需要 4～ 5 a的时间即可恢复正常     

三只羊岩溶峰丛洼地桃树优质高产栽培技术研究

在广西三只羊岩溶峰丛洼地进行幼龄期桃树作物套种、施肥以及疏果等栽培技术的对比试验。结果表明,套种黄豆能明显促进桃树基茎和主枝直径的增长,套种玉米则抑制桃树基茎和主枝直径的增长;混施猪粪水和磷肥的桃树其果实品质明显优于混施羊粪和磷肥以及牛粪和磷肥的桃树的果实;同时,中等疏果强度,即保留枝条上桃果间距14~18cm,可获最大种植效益,桃果重量增加50.3%,桃树的产值提高52.9%。     

人工堆垫地貌微地形改造及其水土保持效果研究进展

人工堆垫地貌由城镇、工矿建设中松散易侵蚀的弃土、弃渣堆垫而成,全世界每年数百亿立方米的堆积物压占大量土地并造成严重的岩土侵蚀。微地形改造可调控地表径流,有效控制水土流失,改善地表微生境。鉴于此,本文阐述了人工堆垫地貌岩土侵蚀特征;对梯田、水平阶、水平沟、鱼鳞坑、挡水埂等微地形改造方法的国内外研究进展进行了系统梳理和总结,对比分析不同微地形改造方法的适用范围、优缺点;探讨了不同微地形整地措施的减流减沙、蓄水保肥、植被恢复等方面的水土保持效果;并指出当前人工堆垫地貌微地形改造方法、整地措施组合应用等方面存在的问题,同时提出了堆垫地貌径流侵蚀机理、水文学原理研究发展方向,以期为人工堆垫地貌岩土侵蚀治理、生态脆弱区水土保持提供新思路。     

施用氮、磷肥对作物体内养分含量的影响

２年四季盆栽试验结果表明：（１）施用磷肥能改善作物地上部生物学产量向籽粒分配．在Ｎ、Ｐ胁迫条件下,施Ｎ增加非经济产量与经济产量比值．（２）对于谷子,在Ｎ、Ｐ亏缺条件下,施Ｎ能增加茎叶含Ｎ量,降低Ｎ向籽粒中转移;施磷能改善Ｎ在茎叶与籽粒之间的分配。（３）对于小麦,在Ｎ或Ｐ胁迫条件下,补施Ｐ或Ｎ均能增加冠根吸Ｎ量之比,对于谷子,其对冠根吸Ｎ量之比影响与小麦完全不同．（４）谷子在Ｎ、Ｐ胁迫条件下,施Ｎ能降低Ｐ在籽粒中积累,施Ｐ却能显著地改善磷向籽粒中转移,小麦在Ｎ、Ｐ胁迫条件下,增施Ｐ或Ｎ均能显著改善磷向籽粒中转移。     

平衡施肥对缺磷红壤性水稻土的生态效应

为了研究平衡施肥对缺磷水稻土的生态效应,对长期缺施磷肥水稻土进行了3.5年平衡施肥试验。试验采取盆栽水稻的方式,在长期缺施磷肥的红壤性水稻土上比较不施磷肥（NK）、平衡施用氮磷钾无机肥（NPK）、无机氮磷钾肥配施硅肥（NPKSi）、无机氮磷钾肥配施有机肥（无机肥占3/5）、NPK基础上增施磷肥（NKhP）、NPKM基础上增施磷肥（NKhPM）处理的土壤肥力、土壤微生物特性、土壤磷的渗漏量以及地上部水稻产量、养分利用率、磷肥利用率的变化。试验表明,平衡施肥处理NPK、NPKSi、NPKM、NKhPM显著提高水稻产量,比不施磷肥（NK）平均增产147%,其中NPKM提高152%;能提高土壤肥力,比不施磷肥土壤有机质含量平均提高18.5%,其中NPKM提高30.1%;显著提高土壤微生物生物量,比不施磷肥土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）平均提高57.2%,其中NPKM提高87.1%;提高氮素、钾素养分利用率,比不施磷肥平均分别提高120.3%、33.6%,其中NPKM分别提高152%、43%。而长期重施无机磷肥处理（NKhP）虽然水稻产量比不施磷肥处理提高125.1%,但因土壤中磷酸根离子含量过高影响土壤微生物正常生长,土壤微生物活度比不施磷处理降低9.4%,土壤微生物量碳（MBC）降低2.4%,稻田土壤微生物生态系统质量劣化。此外,重施磷肥处理（包括NKhP、NKhPM）易导致稻田水体的磷污染。各处理比较,NPKM综合生态效应最佳,以下依次是NKhPM、NPKSi、NPK,NKhP,NKhP对稻田土壤微生物生态系统产生负效应。根据试验结果,平衡施肥是恢复缺磷水稻土的有效措施,其中在平衡施用氮磷钾化肥的基础上增施有机肥或硅肥效果较好。     

杂交油菜高产栽培多因素组合数学模型的研究

试验采用五因素五水平二次回归正交旋转组合设计,对影响油菜产量的播种期、密度、施氮肥量、施磷肥量和施钾肥量五个可控因子进行了研究,利用微机处理技术建立了油菜产量对五个栽培因子反应的数学模型．研究中运用数学模型优化筛选出油菜不同产量水平的各项栽培因子技术指标,为指导油菜生产、满足不同产量水平的需要,提供一系列切实可行的优化技术方案．通过大面积示范,效果很好．     

Ap—2号磷菌肥的生产及田间应用效果

用深层发酵法生产Ａｐ—２号磷菌肥,于１９９０年至１９９２年在黑龙江省进行了田间试验。结果表明,与单施化学磷肥相比使小麦增产１８．１％;当代替５０—７０％化学磷肥时,与对照相比,使玉米分别增产１４．２７％和１２．１４％;用于大豆,其增产幅度与施磷菌肥的数量成正相关。当代替５０％、７０％和１００％化学磷肥时,分别比单施化学磷肥增产１２．８６％、１３．３２％和１４．１３％。     

Does Restoration Enhance Regeneration of Seasonal Deciduous Forests in Pastures in Central Brazil?

The goal of restoration is to accelerate ecosystem recovery, but in ecosystems that naturally regenerate rapidly restoration techniques need to be selected carefully to facilitate rather than impede natural recovery. We compared the effects of five restoration techniques, such as plowing the soil, removing grasses, adding forest litter, seeding, and planting nursery‐growing seedlings, on the regeneration of seasonal deciduous forest trees in four abandoned pastures in central Brazil. We monitored all woody stems immediately prior to treatments and again 14 months after the treatments. We recorded an average of 16,663 tree stems per hectare and a total of 83 species before implementing treatments. Planting strongly increased species richness; adding litter and seeding had weaker positive effects on richness; and plowing and grass removal had no effect. Plowing substantially reduced the density of naturally established stems. Despite the high survival of planted seedlings, stem density in planting treatments did not change because the tractor and digging holes to plant seedlings caused mortality of naturally regenerating seedlings. Tree stems grew more in the grass release plots than in the control plots. Our results suggest that early succession of seasonal deciduous forest in pastures in the region studied does not need to be stimulated once the perturbation is stopped and that intensive restoration efforts may actually slow recovery. We recommend only enrichment planting of seedlings that are not able to resprout.     

Post-Planting Treatments Increase Growth of Oregon White Oak (Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook.) Seedlings

The extent of Oregon white oak woodland and savanna ecosystems in the U.S. Pacific Northwest has diminished significantly during the past century due to land use changes and fire suppression. Planting Oregon white oak seedlings is often necessary when restoring these plant communities. Our objective was to determine the efficacy of post‐planting treatments for establishing Oregon white oak seedlings on sites characterized by low growing season precipitation and coarse‐textured soils. We evaluated the effects of control of competing vegetation, tree shelters, fertilization, irrigation, and planting date on growth of planted seedlings. Survival was generally high (90%), but growth rate varied substantially among treatments. Plastic mulch increased soil water content and increased annual seedling height growth by an average of 56% relative to one‐time manual removal of competing vegetation. Solid‐walled tree shelters reduced browse damage and increased mean annual height growth compared to mesh shelters and no shelter by averages of 7.5 and 10.9 cm, respectively. Controlled‐release fertilizer applied at planting did not consistently increase seedling growth. Weekly irrigation (3.8 L/seedling) increased first‐year seedling growth only where mulch also was applied. Seedlings planted by late February had greater root growth by summer than those planted in early April. Soil water management was necessary for best seedling growth, and the improved height growth in solid‐walled tree shelters allowed the terminal shoot to grow more quickly above the height of animal browse. Our results indicate effective methods for establishing Oregon white oak seedlings, but these results may also be applicable to establishment of other tree species on similarly droughty sites.     

Microsite determinants of variability in seedling and cutting establishment in tropical forest restoration plantations

Plantations are frequently established on abandoned pasture lands to speed forest recovery. This strategy requires matching a tree species mix with the prevailing microenvironmental conditions. In four degraded pastures of the Mexican Lacandon rainforest, we planted 2,400 trees of 6 species (Guazuma ulmifolia, Inga vera, Ochroma pyramidale, Trichospermum mexicanum, Bursera simaruba, and Spondias mombin) to (1) test survival, initial growth, and establishment costs; (2) evaluate whether vegetative cuttings outperform direct seeding or transplants of nursery‐raised seedlings; (3) determine tree response to herbaceous dominance and soil compaction; and (4) scrutinize the results' consistency across sites and sampling scales of tree–microenvironment interactions (individual tree vs. averaged plot responses). After 2 years, overall survival and growth rates were high for 2 of 3 nursery‐raised species. Contrary to expectations, all seedlings outperformed the cuttings while direct seeding resulted in a cost‐effective option of intermediate efficacy. The impact of soil resistance to root penetration on tree biomass accumulation was species dependent while bulk density was not relevant. Soil‐covering, herbaceous vegetation accelerated growth in 3 of 4 tested species during the dry season. At this initial stage of forest restoration in abandoned pastures, Guazuma and Trichospermum were the most restoration‐effective species. Costs can be reduced by using direct‐seeding Inga and avoiding weeding during the dry season. Finally, our results demonstrate how species selection trials can be misleading due to site variations in tree response and to sampling scales that fail to account for small‐scale environmental heterogeneity. We recommend ways to improve the design of restoration trials.     

Forest reclamation of fly ash deposit: a field study on appraisal of mycorrhizal inoculation

An extensive field trial was established on a fly ash deposit (1) to evaluate whether the inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and/or ectomycorrhizal fungi (EcMF) improves growth and survival of 13 planted tree species and (2) to trace the inoculated mycorrhizal fungi in tree roots after one growing season. Molecular methods were applied to characterize AMF and EcMF entering the studied system (inocula, native soil, and roots of nursery seedlings). Biometric parameters and mortality of the trees were recorded and the presence of AMF and EcMF in sampled trees was determined both microscopically and genetically. Mycorrhizal inoculation did not improve survival or growth of any tree species. Most AMF‐host and all EcMF‐host seedlings were highly precolonized already from the nursery. An abundant and diverse AMF community was also found in the field soil. The AMF inoculum taxa partially overlapped with AMF in the native soil and in the precolonized roots. After one season, the only two inoculum‐unique AMF taxa were detected in host species non‐precolonized or only partially precolonized from the nursery. The components of EcMF inoculum were not detected in any sampled tree. After the season, the ectomycorrhizal hosts maintained most of their original EcMF taxa gathered in nursery, some tree species were additionally colonized by EcMF probably originating from the soil. Our results show considerable self‐restoration potential of nature on the target site. Mycorrhizal inoculation thus did not bring any conclusive advantage to the planted trees and seems superfluous for reclamation practice on the fly ash deposit.     

Survival and growth responses of eight Everglades tree species along an experimental hydrological gradient on two tree island types

Questions: How are the early survival and growth of seedlings of Everglades tree species planted in an experimental setting on artificial tree islands affected by hydrology and substrate type? What are the implications of these responses for broader tree island restoration efforts? Location: Loxahatchee Impoundment Landscape Assessment (LILA), Boynton Beach, Florida, USA. Methods: An experiment was designed to test hydrological and substrate effects on seedling growth and survivorship. Two islands – a peat and a limestone‐core island representing two major types found in the Everglades – were constructed in four macrocosms. A mixture of eight tree species was planted on each island in March of 2006 and 2007. Survival and height growth of seedlings planted in 2006 were assessed periodically during the next two and a half years. Results: Survival and growth improved with increasing elevation on both tree island substrate types. Seedlings' survival and growth responses along a moisture gradient matched species distributions along natural hydrological gradients in the Everglades. The effect of substrate on seedling performance showed higher survival of most species on the limestone tree islands, and faster growth on their peat‐based counterparts. Conclusions: The present results could have profound implications for restoration of forests on existing landforms and artificial creation of tree islands. Knowledge of species tolerance to flooding and responses to different edaphic conditions present in wetlands is important in selecting suitable species to plant on restored tree islands     

Initiating Autogenic Restoration on Shallow Semiarid Sites

Our objectives were to evaluate the use of microcatchments in the establishment of Leucaena retusa (little-leaf leadtree) and Atriplex canescens (four-wing saltbush) and their role in the initiation of autogenic landscape restoration processes on a shallow semiarid site. Three six-month-old seedlings of either Leucaena retusa or Atriplex canescens were planted in 1.5-m² microcatchments. An equal number of seedlings was planted in control plots (unmodified soil surface). The water collection effects on shrub survival, standing biomass, and the natural immigration of herbaceous vegetation were determined over 42 months. Planting in microcatchment basins doubled Leucaena seedling survival and resulted in a five-fold increase in standing biomass, compared to the control, during the first growing season. There was a significant increase in soil organic matter in the microcatchment basins within 32 months. At the same time, microcatchments planted with Atriplex canescens seedlings had a ten-fold increase in seedling standing biomass compared to the control. Forty-two months after transplanting, the herbaceous standing crop was significantly greater near Atriplex canescens or in microcatchment basins than in plots with unmodified surface soil. Basins containing Atriplex produced significantly more herbaceous vegetation than basins containing Leucaena, and empty basins produced the least herbaceous vegetation of three basin treatments. These data suggest that landscape-scale procedures that concentrate scarce resources (water, organic matter, nutrients, and propagules), establish keystone species, and ameliorate microenvironmental conditions can initiate autogenic restoration of degraded semiarid ecosystems.     

Woody biomass potential of the Chinese tallow tree

The Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum Roxb.) is a rapid-growing species that has become naturalized along the Gulf and southern Atlantic coasts. The tree is particularly well adapted to poorly-drained and saline soils. Chinese tallow seedlings planted at 2’×2’ spacing produced over 5 dry tons of biomass/acre at the end of the second growing season while the biomass accumulation on coppiced plots was more than 7 dry tons /acre at the end of the second year. The Chinese tallow tree has considerable promise as a woody biomass species in the southern coastal regions of the United States.     

Competitor or facilitator? The ambiguous role of alpine grassland for the early establishment of tree seedlings at treeline

Alpine treelines are expected to move upslope with a warming climate. However, so far treelines have responded inconsistently and future shifts remain difficult to predict since many factors unrelated to temperature, such as biotic interactions, affect responses at the local scale. Especially during the earliest regeneration stages, trees can be strongly influenced by alpine vegetation via both competition and facilitation. We aimed to understand the relative importance of these two types of interaction in different vegetation structures for treeline regeneration dynamics. Effects of herbaceous alpine vegetation on seedling emergence and first‐year performance were studied in a field experiment in the French Alps (2100 m a.s.l.) with five important European treeline tree species: Larix decidua, Picea abies, Pinus cembra, Pinus uncinata and Sorbus aucuparia. Total emergence and locally‐germinated seedling survival were not affected, but for seedlings planted at two months of age, negative vegetation impacts dominated for all response parameters: first‐year survival, growth and carbohydrate accumulation. However, in the winter half‐year, evergreen tree seedlings increased carbohydrate reserves under the protection of senescent herbs. Also, responses of locally‐germinated seedlings suggest facilitative vegetation effects in the first two months after emergence. Thus, the interaction switched between competition and facilitation according to ontogenetic stage and seasons. Still, the net outcome after one year was negative, but species differed in their susceptibilities. Because initial establishment is the first bottleneck determining whether treelines remain stable or move upslope, understanding establishment, including site‐, life‐stage and species‐specific processes, is essential for understanding observed treeline spatial patterns and dynamics. When developing predictive models of treeline dynamics, all these ‘local’ aspects should be incorporated in addition to more global drivers like changes in temperature.     

Selection of shade trees in forest restoration plantings should not be based on crown tree architecture alone

The planting of tree seedlings is a common restoration technique in the tropics, and using large‐crowned, fast‐growing shade species is recommended to suppress invasive grasses and accelerate forest succession. We analyzed the effectiveness of shade species in shading the forest floor during the rainy and dry seasons at young forest restoration sites, whether shade changes according to site for a given species, and whether crown architecture can predict the shade level. We measured the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted by the tree crowns of 14 species in two 3‐year‐old restoration plantings. The ability to predict shade based on crown architecture traits was evaluated using multiple linear regressions. The interception of PAR varied according to species, site, and season for seven species and was generally higher during the rainy season. Low values of tree and first branch height and high values of trunk diameter and mean area of a leaf predicted greater light interception. For the dry season, the ability to predict PAR interception was weaker than that for the rainy season and affected by a shorter tree height and a greater crown area. The crown architecture of shade species did not completely predict their shading ability, and the preselection of shade species for forest restoration purposes based only on crown architecture traits is not effective. Therefore, it is important to consider other factors, such as how long trees retain their leaves throughout the year and the soil and management conditions of the sites undergoing restoration, during the selection of species.