施用硫肥对几种作物与牧草产量和硫素含量的影响

为了研究不同作物的需S状况。对我国北方3种主要农作物(小麦、玉米、油菜)和牧草(苜蓿)进行了5个施硫水平(0、5、10、20和40mg·kg^-1)的盆栽试验．结果表明。增施一定量的硫肥可以提高作物生物量和产量．4种作物生物量增加5％～32％．小麦和油菜籽粒产量增加3％～20％．同时。增施硫肥可以使作物体内S素增加,但不同作物含硫量明显不同,油菜含硫量最高(0．479％～1．228％)。玉米含硫量最低(0．043％～0．091％)．同一作物不同部位含硫量不同。但同一作物不同部位含硫量呈显著的线性正相关．如油菜I、油菜Ⅱ和小麦植株与其种子含硫量的相关性都达极显著水平,R2值分别为0．399、0．654和0．547(n=15)．作物生物量、产量与施硫量相关性除苜蓿外．都达显著或极显著水平;作物生物量、产量与作物体内硫素含量除苜蓿外也显著或极显著相关;作物从土壤中吸收的S开始时随土壤的有效硫增加而增加,但达到一定程度时。随着有效硫的增加吸收的S略有下降．     

辽西半干旱区农田水肥耦合作用对春小麦产量的影响

最优饱和设计试验建立的春小麦产量回归数学模型表明,水分是影响辽西半干旱区春小麦产量最为重要的因子,但在自然降水条件下,灌水量上、下限分别为４５ｍｍ和３６０ｍｍ时,Ｎ对春小麦产量影响更为敏感,其次为水与Ｐ因子,三因子对小麦产量影响统计分析达显著水平,并且其对小麦产量的影响符合报酬递减率,获得最大利润时,Ｎ、Ｐ和水三因素最佳经济配比模式为施Ｎ量１８６ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２,施Ｐ量６３ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２,灌水量     

栽培因子对长江流域早熟棉花短季栽培产量影响及建成模型研究

长江流域棉花生育期长,不利于棉油两熟制种植。通过调控栽培因子缩短棉花生育期,实现棉油单作,提高种植效益。本文以棉花早熟品种JX0010为试验材料,采用二次最优回归设计(311设计),研究了栽培因子施氮量、种植密度、播种期对棉花产量形成的影响。根据回归模型分析表明,各栽培因子与籽棉产量的单因子效应分析得出其对籽棉产量的影响顺序为:播种期>密度>施氮量。播种期对籽棉产量有明显的负效应,施氮量、密度对籽棉产量有明显的正效应。两因子互作效应对籽棉产量影响的大小顺序为:施氮量与密度的互作>密度与播种期的互作>施氮量与播种期的互作。因此,在生产上应当充分发挥施氮量与密度的互作效应,同时结合适当的播种期,以促进棉花增产。     

水肥耦合对橡胶树产胶量的影响

水分和养分是限制橡胶树生长和产胶量的重要因子.以17年生的7-33-97橡胶树为试验材料,采用施氮量、灌水量、施磷量和施钾量四因素五水平(1/2实施)的二次回归通用旋转设计,通过田间小区试验,研究了不同水肥耦合水平对橡胶树产量和干胶含量的影响,并建立了橡胶树干胶产量的水肥回归数学模型.结果表明：不同水肥耦合水平对橡胶树橡胶产量和干胶含量都有显著影响;各因素对橡胶产量的效应顺序为：施氮量＞灌水量＞施磷量＞施钾量;各因素间耦合效应顺序为：氮、水＞氮、磷＞磷、水＞钾、水,且施钾量和土壤水分呈负交互效应;水肥调控的最佳组合为：尿素用量为476.39 kg·hm^-2,过磷酸钙用量为187.70 kg·hm^-2,氯化钾用量为225.77 kg·hm^-2,土壤相对含水量控制在82.78％左右.     

西藏栽培白菜型油菜种群构件与环境因子的灰色关联度分析

以生物构件理论为基础,应用灰色关联分析技术对西藏栽培白菜型油菜种群构件与环境因子的关系进行了研究,结果表明:(1)产量构成指标是由每株角果数、每角果粒数和千粒重组成,随着每株角果数、每角果粒数的增多和千粒重的升高,西藏栽培白菜型油菜的产量会明显增加,它们之间的关联度较大;(2)主茎系统是西藏栽培白菜型油菜植株的基础,它们之间的关联性显示了与其他构件组成间的整合作用;(3)研究的7个环境因子与西藏栽培白菜型油菜种群的生长关系都较密切,其中日照和温度是影响西藏栽培白菜型油菜分布和生长发育相对重要的环境因子,而降水则为相对次要的因子。     

油菜肥料运筹的动态知识模型

通过分析和提炼油菜施肥管理方面的最新研究资料,利用养分平衡原理,以产量目标和土壤理化特性等为基础,建立了系统化和广适性的油菜肥料运筹动态知识模型。该模型可用于精确定量不同环境条件下油菜生产过程中的总施氮量、施磷量、施钾量和施硼量、有机氮与无机氮的比例以及氮、磷、钾基肥与追肥的比例等。利用南京、仪征和如皋3个不同生态点常年气象资料、不同土壤类型和不同产量目标等对所建肥料运筹知识模型进行了实例分析,结果表明,所建知识模型总体上具有较好的决策性和适用性。     

栽培密度和施肥水平对春油菜产量的影响

本试验以春油菜品种阳光85为材料,采用正交试验设计,研究了密度、氮肥、磷肥对春油菜产量的影响,了解春油菜生产中合理施肥和科学调控群体结构。结果表明,不同密度和施肥水平对春油菜株高,分枝部位高,有效分枝数、主轴角果数、单株角果数和角果粒数均影响显著,但对千粒重影响不显著。株高和分枝部位随密度的增大而升高,也随氮肥施用量的增加而升高,但与施磷量没有规律性变化。随种植密度的增加有效分枝数大大减少,群体主轴角果比例增大,主轴角果数决定大田产量的29.4%变异,角果粒数决定大田产量的20.7%变异,全株产量决定大田产量的30.1%变异,这三个主要因子决定了大田产量80.2%变异。说明在春油菜生产中单株产量起着关键性作用,需较高的氮肥水平促进个体发育。从施肥量与密度的互作效应可以看出,施氮量190 kg/hm~2,施磷量40 kg/hm~2,种植密度提高到44万株/hm~2时增产效果最好。     

稻油轮作下秸秆还田配施化肥对作物产量及肥料利用率的影响

水稻-油菜轮作集约化耕作导致土壤肥力下降,而秸秆还田是培肥土壤肥力的主要途径之一。通过水稻-油菜轮作田间长期定位试验,设置了秸秆不还田的不施氮肥(CK)和农民习惯处理(FPP),3个秸秆还田配施化肥处理(SF1、SF2、SF3),每年水稻秸秆以3000kg·hm~(-2)的量还田,SF1、SF2、SF3配施氮、磷、钾肥量依次增加,分析了水稻和油菜产量、养分积累利用及平衡状况。结果表明:不同施肥处理,水稻和油菜籽粒产量表现出相似的格局,即SF3SF2SF1FPP,但SF2与SF3产量差异不显著;与FPP比较,秸秆还田配施化肥处理周年平均产量增加了17.5%～28.6%,水稻和油菜氮、磷、钾积累量随施肥量的增加而增加,水稻氮、磷、钾积累量平均增加了21.7%、17.7%、14.0%,油菜则分别增加了22.4%、19.6%、51.8%,秸秆还田与增施钾肥使油菜钾积累量增幅最高;同样,秸秆还田配施化肥处理提高了水稻和油菜的氮肥偏生产力和农学利用率,其中氮肥偏生产力分别增加了8.1%～31.1%和4.2%～29.3%,以SF2增幅最高,但降低了磷肥和钾肥偏生产力;养分平衡计算显示,秸秆还田配施化肥处理水稻磷、钾亏缺,油菜氮、磷、钾盈余超出可接受范围。在水稻-油菜轮作体系中,秸秆还田配施化肥可以提高作物产量和养分积累量,增加氮肥利用率,大量磷、钾肥的投入及秸秆还田提供的养分造成了油菜养分盈余和肥料利用率下降,需进一步调整优化秸秆还田下化学肥料的投入量,使生产系统中养分循环利用更加合理和持续。     

丹参氮、磷肥效效应及最佳施肥模式研究

在陕西省商州市山阳县不同肥力土壤上,采用N、P二因素五水平最优设计,进行了丹参氮、磷优化配方施肥模式研究的多点田问试验。根据田间试验结果,求得不同土壤肥力水平下的N、P肥效反应方程,根据方程提出丹参不同产量水平的N、P合理配比和肥料用量。寻优结果表明,在山阳低肥力土壤目标产量10000～11500kg／hm^2之间的施氮为88．17～165．7kg／hm^2,施磷(P2O4)为88．18～165．7kg／hm^2;中肥力土壤目标产量在11000～14000kg／hm^2之间的施N量为108．5～187．4kg／hm^2,施磷(P2O5)为105．1～179．5kg／hm^2;高肥力土壤目标产量在20000～25000kg／hm^2之间的施N量为85．4～173．1kg／hm^2,施磷(P2O5)为121．95～179．01kg／hm^2。合理施用N、P肥有利于提高丹参产量,但过量施肥会造成丹参减产。     

栽培因子对胡麻天亚9号产量的影响

为了探讨甘肃省胡麻高产栽培方案,以‘天亚9号’为试验材料,采用播种量（X₁）、底施氮肥（X₂）、底施磷肥（X₃）、底施钾肥（X₄）、叶面施钾肥（X₅）、叶面施硼肥（X₆）、生长调节剂（多效唑,X₇）、生育期灌水量（X₈）的8因素均匀设计,研究不同栽培因子对高产优质胡麻‘天亚9号’籽粒产量的影响,并对胡麻产量与各栽培因子进行相关性分析、通径分析及主成分分析.结果表明： 影响胡麻产量的因素为播量、底施氮肥、底施钾肥、生长调节剂、底施磷肥、叶面喷施钾肥;其相关性依次为播量>生长调节剂（多效唑）>底施氮肥>底施磷肥>叶面喷施钾肥>底施钾肥.进一步进行最高产量模拟寻优,采用频数分析法得到胡麻产量大于173.58 kg·hm^-2的优化栽培因子为：播量4.68～4.92 kg·hm^-2,底施氮肥11.59～14.75 kg·hm^-2,底施磷肥17.26～21.95 kg·hm^-2,底施钾肥7.00～12.50 kg·hm^-2,叶面肥（磷酸二氢钾）1.41～1.81 kg·hm^-2,生长调节剂（多效唑）751.74～954.04 g·hm^-2.     

茴香薄翅野螟虫口密度与油菜产量损失关系及其防治指标的研究

在网室内人工接茴香薄翅野螟Evergestis extimalis Scopoli卵,研究结果表明,随着幼虫数量的增加,油菜产量损失增加;与对照相比,当接卵数为216、399、858、1665和3279粒时,产量损失分别达3.13%,2.08%,12.5%,25.10%和43.33%。各网室实际接虫数(x)与其相应的小区油菜产量(y)的关系为:y=-0.0007x+4.8129,表明虫口密度与油菜产量为负相关。在青海省油菜种植区内每平米幼虫或卵数超过10头或粒时,应即时防治。     

春小麦拔节期有限供水的产量和生理效应研究初报

本文研究了春小麦在中度水分亏缺（４０％土壤毛管持水量,ＣＷ）生长下,拔节期不同水平供水处理（３０─１００％ＣＷ,１０天）下的植株生长发育、水分代谢及产量组成方面的变化,初步发现,拔节期保持４０％ＣＷ是水分利用的效率（ＷＵＥ）与产量同步增加的下限,６０％ＣＷ是达到较高ＷＵＥ和较高产量的下限;春小麦拔节期增加限量供水能有效增加籽粒产量。产量增加又同植株干物质积累、株高、根系生长、旗叶面积及单株穗粒数紧密正相关。此外,拔节期有限供水的增加,蒸腾速度、叶水势和渗透势等生理指标也有一定程度的效应变化。     

萝卜细胞质甘蓝型油菜“三系”研究初报

1984年3月,我们从蔬菜a血缘的材料中,找到了萝·甘油A[注]的恢复源;又经同年8月,在昆明夏季繁殖时,筛选出5个全恢复株系。这为萝·甘油A实现“三系”(不育系、保持系、恢复系)配套奠定了基础。这一最先发现,使国内外尚未解决萝·甘油A的恢复源和其杂种缺乏叶绿素问题得到了解决。     

Identification of the conjugated linoleic acid isomer that inhibits milk fat synthesis

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are octadecadienoic fatty acids that have profound effects on lipid metabolism. Our previous work showed that CLA (mixture of isomers) markedly reduced milk fat synthesis. In this study, our objective was to evaluate the effects of specific CLA isomers. Multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 3x3 Latin square design, and treatments were 4-day abomasal infusions of 1) skim milk (control), 2) 9,11 CLA supplement, and 3) 10,12 CLA supplement. CLA supplements provided 10 g/day of the specific CLA isomer (cis-9,trans-11 or trans-10,cis-12). Treatments had no effect on intake, milk yield, or milk protein yield. Only the 10,12 CLA supplement affected milk fat, causing a 42 and 44% reduction in milk fat percentage and yield, respectively. Milk fat composition revealed that de novo synthesized fatty acids were extensively reduced. Increases in ratios of C(14:0) to C(14:1) and C(18:0) to C(18:1) indicated the 10,12 CLA supplement also altered Delta(9)-desaturase. Treatments had minimal effects on plasma concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, insulin, or insulin-like growth factor-I. Overall, results demonstrate that trans-10,cis-12 CLA is the isomer responsible for inhibition of milk fat synthesis.     

A glycerol-free process to produce biodiesel by supercritical methyl acetate technology: An optimization study via Response Surface Methodology

In this study, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) have been successfully produced from transesterification reaction between triglycerides and methyl acetate, instead of alcohol. In this non-catalytic supercritical methyl acetate (SCMA) technology, triacetin which is a valuable biodiesel additive is produced as side product rather than glycerol, which has lower commercial value. Besides, the properties of the biodiesel (FAME and triacetin) were found to be superior compared to those produced from conventional catalytic reactions (FAME only). In this study, the effects of various important parameters on the yield of biodiesel were optimized by utilizing Response Surface Methodology (RSM) analysis. The mathematical model developed was found to be adequate and statistically accurate to predict the optimum yield of biodiesel. The optimum conditions were found to be 399 °C for reaction temperature, 30 mol/mol of methyl acetate to oil molar ratio and reaction time of 59 min to achieve 97.6% biodiesel yield.     

Influence of formaldehyde-treated soybean and commercial nutrient supplementation on mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) yield and in-vitro dry matter digestibility of spent substrate

Summary Pleurotus sajor-caju 537 was grown on chopped, pasteurized wheat straw non-supplemented and supplemented with formaldehyde-treated soybean, commercial delayed-release nutrient (SpawnMate II SE) or vegetable oil. Yield was 2.1-fold higher for substrate supplemented (12% dry wt) with low-volume formaldehyde-treated soybean as compared to non-supplemented substrate. Mushroom yield from substrate supplemented with commercial nutrient was 1.7-fold higher than yield from non-supplemented substrate. As the supplement level increased, the mushroom yield response increased. The yield ranged from 3.56 kg/m² for non-supplemented substrate to 7.36 kg/m² for substrate supplemented (12% dry wt) with formaldehyde-treated soybean. The type of supplement affected in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of spent substrate; commercial supplement resulted in higher IVDMD compared to formaldehyde-treated substrate. An opportunity exists for commercial development of a nutrient(s) specifically designed for Pleurotus cultivation.     

Utilisation of fish oil in ruminants: II. Transfer of fish oil fatty acids into goats’ milk

A study was conducted to determine the transfer of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) from fish oil into goats’ milk. Goats were sequentially offered three diets: control (C) pellets (lucerne hay-oat grain: 60/40 w/w), C plus tuna oil protected against ruminal biohydrogenation (PTO pellets), and C plus unprotected tuna oil (UTO pellets). In supplemented diets, tuna oil constituted 3% of total dry matter (DM), and each supplement was fed for 7 days, with 12 days allowed between the two fish oil feeding periods to minimise carry-over effects. Dry matter intake, milk yield, protein and fat yield were reduced by feeding UTO, but not PTO, pellets. Goats produced ω-3 enriched milk (0.3–0.5% EPA and 1.01–1.12% DHA) when fed either supplement. The rate of transfer of dietary EPA and DHA to milk ranged from 3.5 to 7.6%. Significant transfer of EPA and DHA from tuna oil into goat milk, without deleterious effects on intake or milk yield is possible, provided that the oil supplement is substantially protected against ruminal biohydrogenation.     

Comparison of acute absorption of commercially available chromium supplements

Chromium (Cr) supplements are available as picolinate, nicotinate or chloride (the latter primarily in multivitamin-mineral supplements). The picolinate form has been reported to be the best absorbed and most efficacious, but some reports question which form has superior absorption. The present study examined acute Cr absorption, based on 24h urinary Cr values, for picolinate, two types of nicotinate, and chloride in young adult, non-overweight females. College-aged women were given 200 microg of Cr as each of the four supplement types in random order accompanied by a small standardized meal, separated by at least a week washout. Cr picolinate produced significantly higher 24h urinary Cr than either of two nicotinate supplements or Cr chloride given in a multivitamin-mineral supplement. This difference was seen for absolute values of the urinary Cr and for percent increases. In conclusion, based on an indirect measure of acute absorption, Cr picolinate was superior to three other Cr complexes commonly sold as supplements.     

Production of 21% (v/v) ethanol by fermentation of very high gravity (VHG) wheat mashes

Summary Very high gravity wheat mashes containing 300 g or more sugares per liter were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of starch and fermented with a commercial preparation of active dry yeast. The active dry yeast used in this study was a blend of several strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The fermentation was carried out at 20°C at different pitching rates (inoculation levels) with and without the addition of yeast extract as nutrient supplement. At a pitching rate of 76 million cells per g of mash an ethanol yield of 20.4% (v/v) was obtained. To achieve this yeast extract must be added to the wheat mash as nutrient supplement. When the pitching rate was raised to 750 million cells per g of mash, the ethanol yield increased to 21.5% (v/v) and no nutrient supplement was required. The efficiency of conversion of sugar to ethanol was 97.6% at the highest pitching rate. This declined slightly with decreasing pitching rate. A high proportion of yeast cells lost viability at high pitching rates. It is suggested that nutrients released from yeast cells that lost viability and lysed, contributed to the high yield of ethanol in the absence of any added nutrients.     

State-dependent choice and ecological rationality

Decision makers who minimize costly errors should flexibly adjust the way they trade off competing demands, depending on their current state. We explore how state (amount of hoarded food) affects willingness to take extra predation risk to obtain larger food rewards, particularly in animals that may overemphasize safety. Assuming a sigmoid fitness function, we explore how a supplement in state influences this willingness trade danger for food energy. Above a threshold, the model predicts the supplement will weaken this willingness. Incremental increases in state in the deceleratory phase yield smaller fitness gains, so it pays to increase emphasis on safety after receiving a supplement. Below this threshold, the model makes the opposite prediction because incremental increases in state yield bigger fitness gains and so it pays to decrease emphasis on safety. We use the model to explain why hoarding gray jays (Perisoreus canadensis) were induced by an experimental subsidy to accept greater danger. This formerly puzzling finding makes sense if the jays' effective hoard was relatively small, due to theft and decomposition. We discuss adaptive state-dependent choice as a general explanation for apparently irrational behavior.