中华眼镜蛇毒膜毒素对鼠肝线粒体膜的作用位点的研究

中华眼镜蛇毒膜毒素C(MT-C)对鼠肝完整线粒体的呼吸有明显抑制作用,但不影响完整线粒体的氧化磷酸化活力以及线粒体碎片上F_1-ATP酶的活力表现。根据膜毒素(MT-C)明显地抑制Ca~(++)诱导下的线粒体6态呼吸速度和质子释放,本文认为膜毒素(MT-C)在鼠肝线粒体上的真正作用位点可能位于内膜上Ca~(++)的结合位点附近,而不在呼吸酶系或磷酸化酶系本身。     

生物膜能量偶联ATP酶的比较研究——Ⅱ.鼠肝线粒体ATP酶(F_1)与人原发性肝癌线粒体内膜的杂交重组及其对肝癌发生的遗传控制的初步分析

1974到1975年,我们用人原发性肝癌细胞的线粒体内膜进行ATP酶活力测定,结果证明人肝癌线粒体ATP酶活力极低(0.04～0.1微克分子/分/毫克蛋白)只相当于正常大鼠线粒体的1/10～1/25(0.49～1.07微克分子/分/毫克蛋白)。Walker肉瘤和人肝硬变组织的线粒体与人肝癌的酶活力相近。电镜负染标本观察证明肝癌线粒体内膜大部分失去特征性的直径为90(?)的ATP酶颗粒,表现为光滑膜。ANS萤光探针的发射萤光光谱测定和2,4-二硝基酚的激活试验均证明人肝癌细胞线粒体内膜的ATP酶大量消失是肝癌细胞的特征之一。用提取的大鼠肝线粒体ATP酶(F_1)与人肝癌线粒体内膜进行人工杂交重组,结果证明,重组后的杂交膜的ATP酶活力比人肝癌线粒体内膜高6～11倍;寡霉素敏感性也显著提高。电镜负染标本观察表明杂交膜出现了典型的直径为90(?)的ATP酶的颗粒形态;ANS萤光增强效应测定证明杂交膜的萤光强度比肝癌膜高276%(相对单位);0℃低温处理2小时,ANS萤光强度不变;酶活力在0℃2小时后,仍相当于原来活力的90%。此项试验结果证明杂交重组获得成功。鼠肝线粒体ATP酶与人肝癌线粒体内膜杂交后的特性表现了与天然线粒体内膜的ATP酶的一系列相似的特性。讨论了ATP酶复合体杂交重组试验在探索肝癌发生与细胞中两个遗传系统控制的可能关系问题。     

绿豆幼苗线粒体氧化磷酸化偶联因子

分离和初步提纯了绿豆黄化幼苗线粒体氧化磷酸化偶联因子 F_1。结果表明,得到的偶联因子 F_1具有 ATP 酶活性。初步提纯的制剂活性比线粒体的活性提高约54倍,达到水解 ATP生成无机磷2.14微克分子/分钟/毫克蛋白,其最适 pH 为8.5,最适温度为45℃。绿豆线粒体的偶联因子是冷不稳定的;当它与膜分离处于溶解状态时,失去对二环己基碳二亚胺(DCCD)的敏感性;它水解 ATP 需要 Mg~(++),能为2,4-二硝基酚(DNP)激活,但 Ca~(++),NaCl和 KCl 的激活作用没有观察到。利用凝胶电泳证明,它的分子量约为380,000。     

甘蔗叶片细胞器的Mg~(++)-ATP酶和Ca~(++)-ATP酶活性(简报)

在伸长盛期的甘蔗+1叶(最高可见肥厚带叶)的叶绿体、线粒体和细胞溶质中能普遍测出Mg~(++)-ATP酶和Ca~(++)-ATP酶活性。早熟高糖半产品种细胞溶质中的Mg~(++)-ATP酶和Ca~(++)-ATP酶活性都比较高。     

低钙浓度下血小板溶解液中肌动蛋白与肌球蛋白的相互作用

当低浓度的Ca~(++)加入到血小板溶解液时(Ca~(++)/EGTA=0.56,游离Ca~(++)=1.22×10~(-7)mol/L),立即形成白色沉淀。这种沉淀经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定为肌动蛋白、肌球蛋白和某些未知蛋白的复合物。沉淀的形成与钙的浓度有关。当Ca~(++)浓度从9.94×10~(-9)mol/L逐渐上升至1.22×10~(-7)mol/L时,溶液的浊度也逐步上升。当血小板溶解液事先与三氟拉嗪或氯丙嗪(50μmol/L)保温,然后再加入Ca~(++)时,白色沉淀同样形成,浊度与Ca~(++)浓度的关系曲线也保持不变。在游离Ga~(++)浓度为2.2×10~(-8)mol/L时,血小板溶解液生成沉淀的时间过程也不受钙调蛋白抑制剂的影响。药物对沉淀的Mg~(++)-ATPase活力有轻微抑制作用。这些结果表明,在休止血小板细胞中(游离Ca~(++)浓度10~(-7)mol/L),大部分肌动蛋白已与肌球蛋白和其他一些未知蛋白形成复合物。在复合物中肌动蛋白以F-型存在。     

阳离子及ATP对绿豆线粒体膨胀与收缩的影响

本文报道了一价阳离子 K~+、Na~+及两价阳离子 Mg~(++)、Ca~(++)以及 ATP 对绿豆线粒体膨胀和收缩的影响。K~+、Na~+在低渗条件下引起线粒体瞬时的迅速膨胀。在同样离子强度下K~+引起的膨胀大于 Na~+。ATP 和 Mg~(++)能诱发低渗条件下膨胀线粒体的收缩,但对等渗和高渗 KCl 或 Nacl 溶液中膨胀的线粒体无明显作用。生理浓度的 Mg~(++)、Ca~(++)在低渗条件下引起线粒体缓慢的但幅度较大的膨胀,5mmol/l ATP 引起这种膨胀线粒体的部分收缩。1mmol/lca~(++)在含0.125mmol/l KCl 或在含0.25mol/l甘露醇的等渗介质中几乎不引起膨胀,而ATP 促进大幅度膨胀,10mmol/l MgCl_2引起这种膨胀线粒体的部分收缩。2mmol/l MgCl_2在含有0.25mol/l 甘露醇的等渗介质中引起明显膨胀,ATP 促进这种膨胀。0.125mol/lKCl+2mmol/l MgCl_2为肌动蛋白从单体聚合成多聚体所必须的条件。在此条件下,线粒体几乎不膨胀,而加入 ATP 后则促进大幅度膨胀。在电子显微镜下观察了等渗及低渗条件下线粒体形态变化。     

有机磷农药在水生态系中生物净化机理研究——1.对硫磷的酶解

从氧化塘系统中分离出能降解对硫磷的细菌Pseudomonas sp.代号CTP-01,能将对硫磷分解成对硝基酚和二乙基硫代磷酸酯,并进一步分解对硝基酚。在有Cu++存在的情况下,酶比活可以达到1×104毫微克分子/毫克蛋白/分钟,Cu++对酶有激活作用,并对温度和pH影响有保护作用。对硫磷水解酶反应最适温度为40—50℃,超过50℃活性急剧降低,80℃完全失活。 CTP-01的对硫磷水解酶大部分是同膜片结合状态存在,超声破碎的无细胞酶制剂中,只有37.2%的活力存在于可溶性蛋白部分。       

大鼠心肌线粒体Ca2+-ATP酶的制备及活性测定

Ca~(2 )在细胞内有许多重要的功能,它参与不同酶系和多种类型细胞活动的调节。细胞内Ca~(2 )的这些功能需很低的Ca~(2 )浓度(μmol/L或更低),维持细胞浆低Ca~(2 )浓度是与细胞Ca~(2 )调节装置有关,心肌细胞的这类装置包括肌膜、肌浆网、线粒体以及一些与Ca~(2 )结合的蛋白(如钙调素)和小分子物质,其中线粒体是重要的机构之一。Vasington等首次报道了肾脏线粒体对Ca~(2 )的摄取作用,并注意到这一过     

电针、吗啡镇痛和耐受时某些脑区线粒体结合钙的变化

采用 Tb~(3+)荧光探针和离子选择电极研究了电针和吗啡镇痛及镇痛耐受时,动物不同脑区游离 Ca~(2+)和线粒体膜结合 Ca~(2+)的变化。实验结果表明,电针和吗啡都有较强的镇痛作用,与此同时,导水管周围灰质和下丘脑的线粒体膜结合 Ca~(2+)升高。脑室内预注钌红,则能降低这两个脑区的线粒体膜结合 Ca~(2+)和痛阈。另一方面,在电针或吗啡耐受时,两脑区的游离 Ca~(2+)浓度增加,线粒体膜结合 Ca~(2+)降低。结果提示,神经细胞质膜内外 Ca~(2+)的移动可能在电针和吗啡镇痛中起某种调节作用。     

Cry1A毒素与二化螟中肠刷状缘膜囊泡受体蛋白配基结合分析

分离和鉴定二化螟Chilo suppresalis幼虫中肠刷状缘膜囊泡（BBMV）中Cry1A毒素的受体蛋白,对于阐明Cry1A毒素作用机理和二化螟抗性机理具有十分重要的意义。为此,本文就Cry1A毒素对二化螟杀虫活性及Cry1Ac与二化螟中肠受体的配基结合进行了研究。结果表明: Cry1Ab对二化螟室内品系(CN)的毒力高于Cry1Ac,而Cry1Ac高于Cry1Aa。配基结合分析表明二化螟CN品系幼虫中肠BBMV中有6个Cry1Ac结合蛋白(分子量分别为50,70,90,120,160和180 kDa), 其中180,160和90 kDa结合蛋白的条带颜色明显深于其他结合蛋白的条带,表明这3个受体蛋白具有较高的结合浓度。同源竞争结合研究表明,180和90 kDa结合蛋白为Cry1Ac的低亲合性结合蛋白,其他4个为高亲合性结合蛋白。为了研究Cry1Ac和Cry1Ab受体结合部位的相互作用,进行了异源竞争结合研究。Cry1Ab可以与Cry1Ac所有的6个结合蛋白进行竞争性结合,与180,120,70和50 kDa结合蛋白具有高亲合性,而与160和90 kDa结合蛋白具有低亲合性。结果显示,Cry1Ac与Cry1Ab在二化螟幼虫中肠BBMV上拥有多个共享的结合位点,但对每个结合位点的亲合性有差异。基于毒素结合部位的相似性,Cry1Ac和Cry1Ab不宜同时用于转基因Bt水稻来控制二化螟。     

Effect of in vivo and in vitro application of glucagon, insulin and epinephrine on Ca++-transport properties of liver mitochondria.

In vivo administration of glucagon, insulin or epinephrine, respectively, gives rise to an increase of Ca++-retention time as well as of the Ca++-uptake rate in subsequently isolated rat liver mitochondria. Whereas the changes of Ca++-transport properties after pretreatment with glucagon or epinephrine occur already 6--15 min after their administration, the effect of insulin is observed not earlier than 30 min after its application. Under diabetic and starving conditions the Ca++-retention time of isolated liver mitochondria is prolonged, whereas no alteration of the uptake rate occurs. Since alloxan as well as streptozotocin induced qualitatively similar changes, a specific action of alloxan on liver mitochondria can be ruled out. Application of insulin 60--90 min prior to decapitation normalizes the changes of mitochondrial Ca++-transport observed under chronic alloxan diabetic conditions. Cycloheximide abolishes the prolongation of Ca++-retention in mitochondria from alloxan diabetic rats, but has no influence on the changes induced by glucagon pretreatment.     

A kinetic study of mitochondrial calcium transport.

This report describes a kinetic analysis of energy-linked Ca2+ transport in rat liver mitochondria, in which a ruthenium red/EGTA [ethanedioxy-bis(ethylamine)-tetraacetic acid] quenching technique has been used to measure rates of 45Ca2+ transport. Accurately known concentrations of free 45Ca2+ were generated with Ca2+/nitrilotriacetic acids buffers for the determination of substrate/velocity relationships. The results show that the initial velocity of transport is a sigmoidal function of Ca2+ concentration (Hill coefficient = 1.7), the Km being 4 muM Ca4 at 0 degrees C and pH 7.4. These values for the Hill coefficient and the Km remain constant in the presence of up to 2 mM phosphate, but with 10 mM acetate both parameters are increased slightly. Both permeant acids increase the maximum velocity to an extent dependent on their concentration. The Ca2+-binding site(s) of the carrier contains a group ionizing at pH approximately 7.5 at 0 degrees C, which is functional in the dissociated state. The stimulatory effect of permeant acids is ascribed to their facilitating the release of Ca2+ from the carrier to the internal phase, an interpretation which is strengthened by the lack of effect of the permeant anion SCN- on Ca2+ transport. Studies on the time-course of Ca2+ uptake and of EFTA-induced Ca2+ efflux from pre-loaded mitochondria demonstrate the reversibility of the carrier in respiring mitochondria and the extent to which this property is influenced by permeant acids. These data are accommodated in a carrier mechanism based on electrophoretic transport of Ca2+ bound to pairs of interacting acidic sites.     

Thapsigargin directly induces the mitochondrial permeability transition.

High concentrations of thapsigargin (TG) have been used to study the process of necrotic cell death, which involves mitochondria in the cell rapidly undergoing the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). We therefore investigated the effects of TG on MPT in isolated liver and heart mitochondria. Using a matrix swelling assay in combination with a novel enzymatic method based on inner membrane permeability to citrate synthase substrates, TG induced MPT in a concentration-dependent manner, independent of extramitochondrial [Ca2+] and inhibitable by cyclosporin A. Evidence from alamethicin-permeabilized mitochondria suggests that TG induces MPT by causing Ca2+ release from mitochondrial matrix Ca2+-binding sites. These findings suggest that the MPT-inducing effect of TG may contribute to its pro-necrotic and pro-apoptotic effects in various cell types.     

Cyclo (His-Pro), a metabolite of thyrotropin-releasing hormone: specific binding to rat liver membranes

[3H]cyclo(His-Pro) bound with high affinity (59 nM) to a single class of sites in rat liver plasma membranes, without significant tracer degradation during equilibration for 60 min at 0 degrees C. Binding was specific and saturable (3.9 pmol/mg protein), and were increased by the addition of K+, Mg++ and Na+ at optimal concentrations, but not of Ca++ at all concentrations tested. In vivo administration of cyclo(His-Pro), but not thyrotropin-releasing hormone, to rats caused the downregulation of cyclo(His-Pro)-binding sites with decreases in specific binding numbers but did not change binding affinity.     

A series of point mutations reveal interactions between the calcium-binding sites of calmodulin.

Calmodulin is a member of the "EF-hand" family of Ca(2+)-binding proteins. It consists of two homologous globular domains, each containing two helix-loop-helix Ca(2+)-binding sites. To examine the contribution of individual Ca(2+)-binding sites to the Ca(2+)-binding properties of CaM, a series of four site-directed mutants has been studied. In each, the glutamic acid at position 12 in one of the four Ca(2+)-binding loops has been changed to a glutamine. One-dimensional 1H-NMR has been used to monitor Ca(2+)-induced changes in the mutant proteins, and the spectral changes observed for each mutant have been compared to those for wild-type CaM. In this way, the effect of each mutation on both the mutated site and the other Ca(2+)-binding sites has been examined. The mutation of glutamate to glutamine at position 12 in any of the EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding loops greatly decreases the Ca(2+)-binding affinity at that site, yet differs in the overall effects on Ca2+ binding depending on which of the four sites is mutated. When the mutation is in site I, there is only a small decrease in the apparent Ca(2+)-binding affinity of site II, and vice versa. Mutation in either site III or IV results in a large decrease in the apparent Ca(2+)-binding affinities of the partner C-terminal site. In both the N- and C-terminal domains, evidence for altered conformational effects in the partners of mutated sites is presented. In the C-terminus, the conformational consequences of mutating site III or site IV are strikingly different.     

Characteristics of a rat liver cellular extract protein which mediates transport of various phospholipids from liposomes to mitochondria]

The effect of pH, Ca++ and Na+ concentration on the phosphatidylethanolamine transport from liposomes to mitochondria by an aspecific soluble rat liver protein has been studied. Results obtained indicate that at pH higher than 6.5 and Ca++ ion concentrations from 5 mM on the transport is strongly inhibited. Preliminary data with ESR spectrometry concerning the nature of lipoprotein association between phosphatidylethanolamine and carrier protein during the transport are also presented.     

Characterization of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and calcium mobilization in a hepatic plasma membrane fraction

The distribution of hepatic binding sites for the calcium-mobilizing second messenger, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), was analyzed in subcellular fractions of the rat liver by binding studies with [32P]IP3 and compared with the Ca2+ release elicited by IP3 in each fraction. Three major subcellular fractions enriched in plasma membrane, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum were characterized for their 5'-nucleotidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, succinate reductase, and angiotensin II binding activities. The fraction enriched in plasma membrane showed 7- and 20-fold increases in IP3 binding capacity over those enriched in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, respectively, and contained a single class of high-affinity binding sites with Kd of 1.7 +/- 1.0 nM and concentration of 239 +/- 91 fmol/mg protein. IP3 binding reached equilibrium in 30 min at 0 degrees C, and the half-time of dissociation was about 15 min. The specificity of the IP3 binding sites was indicated by their markedly lower affinities for inositol 1-phosphate, phytic acid, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate. The Ca2+-releasing activity of IP3 in the subcellular fractions was monitored with the fluorescent indicator, Fura-2. All three fractions showed ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake and rapidly released Ca2+ in response in IP3. The fraction enriched in plasma membrane was the most active in this regard, releasing 174 +/- 67 pmol Ca2+/mg of protein compared to 45 +/- 10 and 48 +/- 7 pmol/mg protein for the fractions enriched in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, respectively. These data suggest that the [32P]IP3 binding sites represent specific intracellular receptors through which IP3 mobilizes Ca2+ from a storage site associated (or co-purifying) with the plasma membrane of the rat liver. It is likely that a specialized vesicular system (to which IP3 can bind and trigger the release of Ca2+) is located in close proximity with the plasma membrane and is thus adjacent to the site at which IP3 is produced during stimulation of the hepatocyte by Ca2+-mobilizing hormones.     

Microwave enhancement of membrane conductance: calmodulin hypothesis

It has been found that 2450 MHz microwave radiation increases membrane conductance in molluscan neurons. Analysis of this effect points to the important role of Ca++ in the mechanism of neuron microwave response. However, regulation of many intracellular processes is not a direct Ca++ effect, but is mediated through calmodulin, a Ca++-binding multifunctional protein. Furthermore, there is some evidence showing that Ca++ regulation of a Ca pump, endoplasmic reticulum Ca++ buffering, and Ca++-activated K+ conductance are mediated via calmodulin. Based on that, calmodulin is hypothesized to be a microwave susceptible protein, and a qualitative model of microwave enhancement of membrane conductance is suggested.     

A survey of the interaction of calcium ions with mitochondria from different tissues and species

A survey was made of the capacity of mitochondria isolated from a number of different tissues and species to accumulate Ca(2+) from the suspending medium during electron transport. The species examined included the rat, mouse, rabbit, hamster, guinea pig, cow, chicken, turtle, blowfly, yeast and Neurospora crassa. The tissues examined included vertebrate liver, kidney, brain, heart, spleen, thyroid and adrenal cortex, and the flight muscle of the blowfly. The mitochondria from all vertebrate tissues examined showed: (a) stimulation of State 4 respiration by added Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)/~ activation ratio about 2.0), accompanied by accumulation of Ca(2+) and ejection of H(+), with a H(+)/Ca(2+) ratio about 1.0; (b) a requirement of phosphate for accumulation of large amounts of Ca(2+); (c) respiration-independent high-affinity binding sites for Ca(2+); (d) endogenous Ca(2+), which is largely released by uncoupling agents. However, mitochondria from yeast and blowfly flight muscle are unable to accumulate Ca(2+) in a respiration-dependent process and possess no high-affinity Ca(2+)-binding sites. These findings support the view that the high-affinity sites represent the ligand-binding sites of a specific Ca(2+) ;permease' or transport system in the membrane. The relatively high affinity for Ca(2+), which equals or exceeds the affinity for ADP, and the generally uniform characteristics of Ca(2+) transport in all the vertebrate mitochondria tested strongly suggest that respiration-linked Ca(2+) accumulation plays a general and fundamental role in vertebrate cell physiology.     

Binding of Ca2+ to glycoprotein from bovine heart mitochondria

It is shown that glycoprotein from bovine heart mitochondria which forms Ca2+-selective conductance channels in a bilayer lipid membrane possesses Ca2+-binding activity. Ca2+-binding sites of two kinds were revealed in the glycoprotein molecule: high affinity sites with Kd = 2.8 X 10(-6) M and low affinity sites with Kd 1.1 X 10(-5) M. Ca2+-binding by the high affinity sites occurs co-operatively. The Hill coefficient is about 2.