柘林湾表层沉积物中的生物可利用磷

对2002年7月至2003年7月间采集的柘林湾表层沉积物样品中的总磷(TP)、有机磷(OP)及各形态无机磷进行分析。结果表明,各形态磷的空间分布与调查海区沉积物粒径有关,并受沿岸污水排放及近岸养殖排污等人为活动的影响。表层沉积物各形态磷的平面分布基本呈现为湾内(除S1、S7站外)高于湾外的总体趋势。无机磷中以自生磷(Au-P)为主要存在形态,占总磷的47.3%,有机磷(OP)含量次之,占总磷的19.5%,铁结合磷(Fe-P)最低。其中,生物可利用磷(包括Ex-P、Fe-P、OP和部分Au-P)占TP的35.7%~83.0%,在国内外海湾中处于较高水平。     

黄东海陆架区沉积物中磷的形态分布及生物可利用性

采用1992年Ruttenberg连续提取法(SEDEX)将黄东海陆架区沉积物中的磷分为交换态磷(Ex-P),Fe结合态磷(Fe-P),自生磷(Au-P),碎屑磷(De-P),有机磷(Or-P),分析了各形态磷的平面和垂直分布特征;利用沉积物年代序列测定的结果,探讨了柱状沉积物中不同形态磷的含量变化,并进一步分析了该区域磷形态的生物可利用性.结果表明,黄东海陆架区表层沉积物各形态磷平均含量为:Au-P(140.72 μg/g)＞De-P(59.23 μg/g)＞Or-P(32.69 μg/g)＞Fe-P(29.91 μg/g)＞Ex-P(5.92 μg/g);各形态磷在沉积时间序列上分布不同,反映了不同时期人类活动和气候环境等因子对磷埋藏量影响的不同,其中Au-P在长江口H1-18站位含量比南黄海中部3个站位要低得多;调查区表层潜在生物有效磷为13.55％左右,仅仅占沉积磷中的一小部分.     

小型浅水湖泊沉积物磷的赋存形态及其相关性分析

以孔目湖沉积物为研究对象, 应用七步连续提取法测定其中的不同形态磷, 探讨了该湖泊沉积物中各赋存形态磷的分布特征, 并对其进行了相关性分析。结果表明: 该湖泊遭受的磷内源负荷比较大, 磷污染严重; 沉积物中TP含量在2338.63-2954.98 mg•kg-1, 平均为2671.37 mg•kg-1; 沉积物中各形态磷含量从高到低依次为: Fe-P>De-P>Ca-P> OP>Al-P>Oc-P>Ex-P, 分别占TP的53.9%、28.7%、8.8%、6.2%、1.2%、0.9%、0.3%; 生物有效磷含量为1583.59 mg•kg-1, 占TP的59.28%; 沉积物中TP与Fe-P极显著相关, Oc-P与Ca-P和OP与Ca-P均相关, 而TP与Ex-P、Al-P、Ca-P和OP相关性较差, 说明沉积物中TP含量主要来自于Fe-P。这一研究结果为揭示小型湖泊富营养化发生机制提供了数据及理论支撑。     

武汉南湖水体及沉积物不同形态磷的季节变化

在武汉南湖5个采样点分别采集了湖水和柱状沉积物样品,对水体、沉积物及其间隙水中磷的季节变化以及沉积物中的不同形态磷进行了研究.结果表明: 水体总磷（TP）和正磷酸盐磷（PO₄^3--P）的平均含量分别为0.240和0.033 mg·L^-1.TP和PO₄^3--P均在11月含量最高,但TP含量的最低值出现在2月,PO₄^3--P含量的最低值出现在8月.沉积物中TP的平均含量为1.005 mg·g^-1, 4—11月呈上升趋势,11月至次年2月趋于稳定;其垂直分布上随沉积深度增加逐渐降低.其间隙水PO₄^3--P的平均含量为0.209 mg·L^-1,11月最高,2月最低,其垂直分布规律与沉积物TP一致.沉积物中的不同形态磷以无机磷为主,占TP的61.4%～77.1%.沉积物中活性磷（BA-P）的含量很高,但BA-P随沉积深度增加显著降低.相关性分析表明,沉积物主要通过BA-P和自生钙磷（ACa-P）的释放向水体供给磷.     

泉州湾洛阳江河口沉积物中磷的形态分布

分析了泉州湾洛阳江河口沉积物中总磷及5种形态磷(可交换态磷(DP)、铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)、钙结合态磷(Ca-P)、有机磷(OP)和闭蓄态磷(Re-P))的含量,探讨了它们的垂向分布特征、相互关系及环境指示意义。结果表明:沉积物中的总磷(TP)以无机磷为主,占TP比例76%~89%;除可交换态磷外,沉积物中形态磷的垂向分布规律具有相似性,大体随深度增加而减小,且在表层有富集现象,反映了沉积物中总磷和各形态磷的分布受人类活动影响较明显;通过相关性分析,钙结合态磷是总磷和无机磷的主要控制因素,而总磷和其他形态磷(除了可交换态磷外)相互间均具有显著相关性,且有机质对各形态磷的分布均有一定影响;TP和各形态磷含量,以及(Fe/Al-P)/TP、Ca-P/TP、OP/TP都在同一层出现了显著变化,反映了水利设施和围垦工程对沉积环境和各形态磷迁移转化有较大影响。     

乌江流域不同营养水平的梯级水库沉积物中磷形态特征

分析了乌江干流及支流不同营养水平的梯级水库(东风-贫营养、红岩-中营养、乌江渡-富营养)沉积物粒度的垂向分布,并以改进的连续提取法(SEDEX)调查了不同磷形态垂向分布特征。结果表明:3水库沉积物粒径均随深度的增加而减小,东风水库粒径最大,红岩水库其次,处于下游的乌江渡水库粒径最小;乌江渡、红岩和东风水库沉积物总磷(TP)的平均含量分别为2.07、1.22和1.11mg.g-1,总无机磷分别占到总磷53.8%、44.5%和81.9%,有机磷占TP的41.9%、55.5%和18.1%;3水库各形态磷所占比例不同,其中,乌江渡水库交换态磷所占比例相对较大,与其富营养化状态一致;乌江渡水库沉积物表层10cm,各形态磷含量随深度的增加呈下降趋势,红岩水库除交换态磷,其他各形态磷变化趋势不明显。东风水库各形态磷变化趋势不明显;河流梯级开发使下游水库颗粒物粒径变小,从而使下游水体中的磷更易吸附和释放,下游水库沉积物与水体交换也更强烈,除总磷外,交换态磷、自生磷和有机磷也可较好地反映水库富营养程度及演变。     

洱海湖滨带与湖中心带表层沉积物磷的形态对比分析与环境学意义

采用连续提取方法对洱海湖滨带和湖中心带表层沉积物磷的形态及其分布特征进行了分析。结果表明湖滨带TP的含量为741.35-1061.36 mg·kg^-1, 平均为872.61 mg·kg^-1, 显著高于湖中心带(含量范围576.38-722.98 mg·kg^-1, 平均值663.67 mg·kg^-1)。两区域均以IP 为主赋存形态, 分别占TP 的79.70-84.97%(湖滨带)和78.1-92.28%(湖中心带), 而IP 中以Ca-P 为主, 分别占IP 的26.76-63.38%(湖滨带)和28.67-55.16%(湖中心带)。从各形态磷的含量分布特征来看, 湖滨带的TP、IP、OP、Ads-P、Fe-P 和Ca-P 均显著高于湖中心带, 而De-P 则相反, 反映了磷在迁移过程中与环境因子变化之间响应关系。相关分析表明湖滨带TP 与IP、OP、Ads-P 均呈显著的正相关关系, 而在湖中心带这种关系则仅存于TP 与IP 之间, 说明湖滨带磷具有较强的释放潜力, 而湖中心带则更多的体现了洱海区域的地质特点。该研究对于正确认识环境因子与沉积物中磷的形态之间的内在联系与响应关系, 揭示高原湖泊磷的地球化学特征与环境效应具有重要意义。     

象山港南沙岛不同养殖类型沉积物酸可挥发性硫化物的时空分布

2007年分4个航次测定了象山港南沙岛不同养殖类型(贝类养殖、藻类养殖和网箱养殖)沉积物酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)含量的时空变化规律.研究结果表明,南沙岛养殖区沉积物AVS变化范围为0.01-30.03μmoL/g,平均3.75μmol/g,其中贝类养殖区、藻类养殖区、网箱养殖区和对照区AVS年平均含量分别为1.03、0.64、5.06和0.70 μmol/g.网箱养殖中心区(S10)AVS的含量分别是贝类养殖区、藻类养殖区和对照区的8.5倍、13.6倍和12.6倍.ANOVA分析表明,表层沉积物(0-3cm) AVS含量的季节变化差异不显著,但柱状样(0-15 cm)平均含量差异显著,夏秋季明显高于冬春季.AVS含量总体上随着沉积物深度的增加而增加,6-9 cm达到最大值,夏秋季尤为明显.聚类分析表明,南沙岛养殖区调查站位分为3类,网箱养殖中心区(S10)和距离较近的S13和S12为一个类群,贝类养殖区、藻类养殖区和对照区为一个类群,其余站位为一个类群.总体上,养殖中心区AVS含量最高,随着与养殖中心区距离的增加含量逐渐降低,网箱养殖对底质AVS的影响主要集中在200 m以内,500 m以外则影响较小.     

山东省南四湖夏冬季沉积物及间隙水中磷分布特征及其相关性

利用柱状沉积物采样器和Peeper间隙水采集器,分别于夏冬两季获取山东省南四湖不同湖区原位柱状沉积物和间隙水,分析沉积物磷形态和间隙水磷分布特征,探讨沉积物和间隙水磷之间的相关性.结果表明:南四湖沉积物含有较丰富的磷,空间差异性显著,总体呈北高南低的趋势.这与南四湖北部距离济宁市区较近、受污染较重有关.各磷形态组分中以无机磷(IP)含量最高,夏冬两季IP含量分别占总磷(TP)的52.3％～87.2％和60.6％～88.3％.4个湖区表层沉积物TP含量(5 cm内)均呈现夏季＞冬季的特征,可能与夏季水产品养殖旺盛、湖区周围耕地大量施用化肥,以及旅游活动频繁等有关.间隙水磷(PO43--P)浓度夏冬两季在垂直方向上均呈先增加后降低的趋势,夏季含量明显高于冬季,说明沉积物中的磷在夏季具有更大的向上覆水释放的潜力.夏季沉积物有机磷(OP)和IP相关性显著,冬季相关性不显著,说明夏季IP与OP间的形态转化较冬季活跃.沉积物铁铝结合态磷(Fe/A1-P)和IP与间隙水磷含量具有显著正相关关系.夏冬两季Peeper法获取间隙水磷的平均含量比传统离心法高出20％ ～50％,前者可能更精确.     

池塘内循环流水养殖模式对养殖塘上覆水-沉积物-间隙水磷时空分布特征及释放通量的影响

为了揭示池塘内循环流水养殖模式(Inner-circulation Pond Aquaculture, IPA)上覆水-沉积物-间隙水不同磷形态时空分布特征, 探讨沉积物-水界面磷的释放通量及其主要影响因素, 在IPA一条水槽前后端设置6个采样点, 共设置4条, 同时对常规传统池塘(Usual Pond Aquaculture, UPA)设置5个采样点, 采用SMT(磷形态标准测试程序)法测量沉积物中磷的形态组成, 对上覆水-沉积物-间隙水磷时空分布特征进行了分析, 统计了磷释放通量及主要影响环境因子的关系。结果表明: (1)从整体上, IPA上覆水及间隙水中不同形态磷含量低于UPA, 且IPA水体磷空间分布差异较大, 水槽后端沉积物向上覆水释放, 水槽前端则表现为上覆水向沉积物汇集; (2)在养殖中后期, 空间上, IPA水槽后端沉积物不同磷形态随着距离增加逐渐降低, 且均低于UPA; 时间上, 2种模式TP、IP、OP和Fe/Al-P随着养殖的进行而显著增加, Ca-P呈先降低后增加的趋势; (3)UPA基本表现为沉积物对磷的吸收, 而IPA磷释放通量时空差异较大, 养殖初期, 水槽前端表现对磷的吸收, 水槽后端10 m内则少量释放; 至养殖中后期, 槽后端10 m内表现对磷的大量释放; 而后端20和30 m在养殖初期磷通量较小, 至养殖中期均转变为对磷的吸收, 至养殖末期则转变为对磷的释放; (4)2种模式磷通量和环境因子的关系基本一致, TP、IP释放通量和pH呈显著正相关, 各形态磷释放通量和沉积物Eh呈显著负相关, 其中温度的升高对各沉积物不同形态磷的释放有显著的促进作用。综上所述, IPA沉积物磷组分时空差异较大, 主要集中分布在水槽后端10 m内, 且在养殖中后期向上覆水大量集中释放。研究旨在为IPA改进固体颗粒物拦截方法、提高残饵和粪便的收集效率及养殖水环境调控提供理论依据。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.