采用亲和层析结合制备凝胶电泳获得高纯度的重组抗原蛋白用于制备蛋白质芯片

为了得到制备抗原芯片所需的高纯度重组抗原蛋白,需要建立一套适合于多种重组抗原表达和纯化的技术路线．采用了亲和层析结合制备胶电泳的方法,对16种用于构建蛋白质芯片的食管癌相关抗原基因进行了克隆重组并在大肠杆菌中进行了表达．对高表达的重组蛋白首先制备包涵体,然后采用Ni-Sepharose亲和层析得到初步纯化的蛋白质,最后使用SDS-PAGE制备胶电泳作进一步纯化．经过透析复性后,用于制备蛋白质芯片．采用亲和层析纯化重组蛋白,得率为71% ,纯度约为70%;在SDS-PAGE制备胶进一步纯化后,得率为32%,纯度为95%,经过透析和复性后,最终得率为21%,纯度为95%．得到的重组蛋白RPS4在ELISA检测中可以和血清中识别RPS4 的自身抗体起反应,并且,采用精纯抗原制备的蛋白质芯片,在检测抗原与抗体这一对反应中也具有较高的敏感性和特异性,适合大规模血清抗体的检测．研究表明,采用亲和层析结合制备凝胶电泳纯化抗原蛋白,是一条简便快捷,适合需要量不大,但对纯度要求比较高的蛋白质芯片制备的技术路线．     

肠道病毒71型抗原ELISA定量检测方法的建立及应用

目的建立肠道病毒71型(EV71)抗原ELISA定量检测方法,用于EV71疫苗生产工艺中抗原定量检测。方法选取抗EV71单克隆抗体作为包被抗体,HRP标记抗EV71多克隆抗体作为酶标二抗,建立EV71抗原ELISA定量检测方法。该方法经系统验证后,应用于定量检测2BS及Vero细胞基质EV71疫苗生产工艺过程样品的抗原含量。结果验证结果显示,该方法的线性范围为3.125~50.000 U/m L,样品回收率为92.0%~110.0%,变异系数小于8.8%;孵育时间及温度在一定范围内偏差的样品回收率为100.8%~113.8%;检测其他肠道病毒中抗原其A值均小于cut-off值;试剂于37℃孵育3 d后的检测样品回收率为101.4%~112.4%;2BS及Vero细胞基质EV71疫苗生产工艺过程样品的适用性检测中,抗原回收率为92.1%~114.9%。结论建立并验证EV71抗原ELISA定量检测方法,其准确度、精密度、耐用性均优良,特异性强、稳定性好,适用于不同细胞基质的EV71疫苗及多价手足口病疫苗生产工艺过程的质量控制。     

一种从大肠杆菌包涵体中分离纯化GST-TRAF6融合蛋白的方法

利用8 mol/L尿素溶液对表达在大肠杆菌包涵体中的GST-TRAF6融合蛋白进行变性,通过逐级稀释复性的方法对尿素溶解后的GST-TRAF6融合蛋白进行复性,将复性后的GST-TRAF6融合蛋白进一步利用谷胱甘肽琼脂糖树脂亲和层析的方法进行分离纯化,将分离纯化后的蛋白通过Western blot方法进行验证,最后利用体外泛素化反应检测经包涵体变性、复性和纯化后的GST-TRAF6融合蛋白的生物学活性。经过包涵体变性、梯度稀释复性和谷胱甘肽琼脂糖树脂亲和层析3个步骤后纯化得到纯度达90%以上、浓度为396 ng/μL的蛋白质溶液。利用GST蛋白作为对照,经Western blot验证表明,纯化得到的蛋白确为GSTTRAF6融合蛋白。进一步利用体外泛素化反应分析其泛素连接酶活性发现,17 ng/μL浓度的GST-TRAF6融合蛋白能够以泛素分子作为底物在5 min内快速催化自由泛素链的生成。结果表明,表达在大肠杆菌包涵体中的GST-TRAF6融合蛋白经尿素变性溶解后能够成功复性并分离纯化,在溶解性改变的同时恢复了其泛素连接酶活性。为从大肠杆菌包涵体中大规模分离纯化蛋白质提供了一种新的复性方法。     

猪囊尾蚴CE18重组蛋白的复性纯化及抗原性鉴定

猪囊尾蚴CE18重组蛋白(rCE18)在大肠杆菌表达后形成包涵体, 为了获得高纯度的、有生物活性的rCE18, 本研究采用超声破碎菌体, 0.2%、2% DOC(脱氧胆酸钠)逐次洗涤包涵体及0.9% SKL(十二烷基肌氨酸钠)溶解包涵体后, 利用透析与凝胶过滤层析技术相结合对rCE18进行复性和纯化。同时, 采用GST-FF亲和柱层析及SDS-PAGE胶回收蛋白两种方法纯化rCE18, 比较三者的纯化效果。并通过间接ELISA检测复性蛋白的生物学活性。结果表明: 经透析与凝胶层析复性纯化后的rCE18蛋白的纯度可达到60%以上, 活性回收率为41.3%, 间接ELISA证实, 复性后的rCE18蛋白能特异性识别猪囊虫阳性血清, 检测敏感性高达97.2%, 与全囊虫抗原检测的符合率为100%。本试验初步建立了猪囊尾蚴rCE18包涵体纯化及复性的有效方法, 为猪囊尾蚴rCE18蛋白的诊断应用奠定了基础。     

兔抗肠道病毒71型截短VP1抗体的制备及鉴定

目的制备兔抗肠道病毒71型(EV71)截短VP1多克隆抗体,为EV71基础研究奠定基础。方法 RT-PCR扩增EV71VP1-N160基因(480 bp),以p GEX-6p-1为表达载体,构建重组表达质粒p GEX-6p-1-VP1-N160,转化大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达GST-VP1-N160融合蛋白,并对其进行纯化。以纯化的GST-VP1-N160融合蛋白作为免疫原,经背部皮下免疫新西兰大耳白兔,制备多克隆抗体,ELISA检测多克隆抗体效价,间接免疫荧光法和免疫印迹检测抗体特异性。结果经双酶切鉴定,表明重组表达质粒p GEX-6p-1-VP1-N160构建正确;GST-VP1-N160融合蛋白相对分子质量为35 000~55 000,主要为不可溶性包涵体形式,其在大肠杆菌中高效表达;纯化后目的蛋白纯度约为95%,蛋白质量浓度1.9 mg/m L;免疫家兔后,免疫血清效价可达1012,抗VP1-N160多克隆抗体可以识别EV71原核表达的重组蛋白及天然病毒抗原中的VP1,特异性好。结论成功制备了抗EV71截短VP1多克隆抗体。     

EV71病毒中和表位和诺如病毒P结构域嵌合蛋白的原核表达

目的:构建肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus71,EV71)的线性中和抗原表位与诺如病毒P结构域融合基因的重组质粒,在大肠杆菌中表达诺如病毒P结构域与EV71中和抗原表位的嵌合蛋白。方法:根据已报道的3个EV71线性中和抗原表位的氨基酸序列,按大肠杆菌密码子表达使用的偏好性优化和设计各线性中和抗原表位的核苷酸序列,将这些表位以单个或不同的组合克隆至含诺如病毒P结构域和GST标签的质粒中,经测序确认后,分别转化到E.coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中,通过IPTG诱导融合蛋白表达。用GST融合蛋白纯化磁珠对融合蛋白进行纯化,最后通过免疫印迹法确认融合蛋白的表达及嵌合蛋白的抗原性。结果:测序结果表明,成功地构建了含EV71病毒3个单表位和4个串联中和抗原表位的诺如病毒P结构域重组质粒,而且这7个含线性中和抗原表位的嵌合蛋白在大肠杆菌中都以可溶形式得到了表达。免疫印迹分析表达蛋白的抗原性结果表明,表达的嵌合蛋白都能与抗诺如病毒P结构域抗血清反应。除了含单表位的SP55和SP28嵌合蛋白外,其它的嵌合蛋白均能与抗EV71病毒的抗血清反应。结论:成功地在大肠杆菌中表达了诺如病毒P结构域和EV71病毒中和抗原表位的嵌合蛋白,且具有抗原性,这为诺如病毒和EV71病毒的二价疫苗及检测方法的研发奠定了基础。     

中国EV71病毒VP1蛋白生物信息学分析

以肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus71,EV71)VP1蛋白基因序列为基础,利用生物软件对EV71病毒中国分离株VP1蛋白进行进化树、N-糖基化位点、二级结构及抗原位点的预测和分析。结果显示国内分离株多为C4亚型,有3株湖南分离株为A型,提示疫苗的研发应着重于预防C4b亚型EV71疫苗的研发。     

肠道病毒71型外壳蛋白VP1全长在大肠杆菌中的高效表达及初步活性测定

目的:重组表达肠道病毒71型(EV71)外壳蛋白VP1全长,用于研制血清学检测试剂和疫苗研发。方法:在获得EV71全长基因并测序正确的基础上,将外壳蛋白VP1全长基因克隆到表达载体pET28a(+)上,构建重组表达质粒pET28a(+)/VP1,转化大肠杆菌BL21,IPTG诱导表达,利用Ni2+亲和层析柱对重组蛋白进行纯化,采用双抗原夹心检测技术评价重组抗原与27份EV71抗体阳性血清和18份阴性血清的反应情况。结果:重组EV71-VP1蛋白在大肠杆菌中诱导6 h后可获得高效表达,能与27份EV71抗体阳性血清中的21份发生阳性反应,EV71双抗原夹心检测与中和血清测试结果具有很好的一致性(P0.05)。结论:实现了肠道病毒71型外壳蛋白VP1的高效表达,为肠道病毒71型诊断试剂和疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

HIV-1 CN54 Pol P51抗原高效表达、纯化、复性及在抗体检测中的应用

为获得可溶性高纯度HIV-1中国株CN54PolP51抗原,将携带CN54polp51基因的重组质粒pTHioHisA51转化大肠杆菌BL21codonplus-RIL,用IPTG进行诱导表达。用Chelating SepharoseFF-Ni亲和层析柱及DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子交换层析柱纯化目的蛋白,采用透析复性法得到可溶性抗原,Western blotting检测目的蛋白。用纯化的P51抗原蛋白标记辣根过氧化物酶及包被酶标板进行双抗原夹心法ELISA检测。结果显示P51以包涵体的形式表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的50%,经两步层析和透析复性,目的蛋白纯度大于95%。Western blotting和双抗原夹心法ELISA检测均显示了良好的灵敏度和特异性。本研究可以为HIV-1疫苗研究和开发检测试剂提供支持。     

EV71结构蛋白VP0的表达及抗体的制备

目的:原核表达EV71结构蛋白VP0(VP2+VP4)并制备其多克隆抗体.方法:以肠道病毒71型(EV71)全基因组为模板,设计引物扩增出目的片段VP0,将其克隆至表达载体pET-30a(+),并转化大肠杆菌TG1,筛选出阳性克隆后进行测序.将重组表达载体pET-30a (+)-VP0转入大肠杆菌表达菌株Rosetta中.该重组菌经过IPTG诱导表达并通过SDS-PAGE电泳和Western Blot验证后,有与预期分子量大小一致的蛋白条带,并且主要以包涵体的形式存在.包涵体用6 mol/L盐酸胍溶解,经过Ni-NTA亲和层析法纯化,获得了纯度较高的目的蛋白.将纯化的蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔制备了VP0多克隆抗体,并对该抗体进行了细胞免疫荧光分析.结果:经过大肠杆菌重组表达并纯化得到了纯度较高的VP0蛋白,制备的多克隆抗体经过细胞免疫荧光的验证表明反应性良好.结论:成功地表达VP0蛋白并制备了其多克隆抗体,有利于EV71病毒的检测及下一步对其疫苗的研究.     

Expression and purification of enterovirus type 71 polyprotein P1 using Pichia pastoris system

Enterovirus type 71(EV71) causes severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) resulting in hundreds of deaths of children every year; However, currently, there is no effective treatment for EV71. In this study, the EV71 poly-protein (EV71-P1 protein) gene was processed and cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pPIC9k and then expressed in Pichia pastoris strain GS115. The EV71 P1 protein with a molecular weight of 100 kD was produced and secreted into the medium. The soluble EV71 P1 protein was purified by column chromatography with a recovery efficiency of 70%. The result of the immunological analysis showed that the EV71 P1 protein had excellent immunogenicity and could stimulate the production of EV71-VP1 IgG antibody in injected rabbits. We suggest that EV71-P1 protein is an ideal candidate for an EV71 vaccine to prevent EV71 infection.     

Preclinical Evaluation of the Immunogenicity and Safety of an Inactivated Enterovirus 71 Candidate Vaccine

Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality from Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) and neurological complications, particularly in young children in the Asia-Pacific region. There are no vaccines or antiviral therapies currently available for prevention or treatment of HFMD caused by EV71. Therefore, the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies against HFMD is of growing importance. We report the immunogenic and safety profile of inactivated, purified EV71 preparations formulated with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant in preclinical studies in mice and rabbits. In mice, the candidate vaccine formulations elicited high neutralizing antibody responses. A toxicology study of the vaccine formulations planned for human use performed in rabbits showed no vaccine-related pathological changes and all animals remained healthy. Based on these preclinical studies, Phase 1 clinical testing of the EV71 inactivated vaccine was initiated.     

人肠道病毒71型亚单位疫苗的研制

目的利用原核表达技术制备人肠道病毒71型（EV71）的亚单位融合疫苗,并通过小鼠模型对其保护效果进行评价。方法在大肠杆菌中融合表达EV71的亚单位肽段,随后将肽段免疫雌鼠,对其交配后产下的幼鼠进行病毒感染,通过检测其组织内的病毒拷贝数和病理变化,对疫苗的保护效果进行评价。结果通过肽段融合的方法,得到五种备选疫苗,分别为VacA,VacB,VacC,VacD和VacE,这五种疫苗均具有一定的体外保护能力,并且VacB和VacC与正常人大脑组织无明显交叉反应。动物模型评价结果显示,VacB和VacE能赋予幼鼠抗病毒感染的保护效果。结论利用EV71的小鼠感染模型评价了针对EV71的亚单位联合疫苗,VacB和VacE的保护效果较好,此外,VacB与人脑组织间无明显交叉反应,可以作为潜在的无神经毒性的临床使用疫苗。     

An overview of the evolution of enterovirus 71 and its clinical and public health significance

Since its discovery in 1969, enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been recognised as a frequent cause of epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) associated with severe neurological sequelae in a small proportion of cases. There has been a significant increase in EV71 epidemic activity throughout the Asia-Pacific region since 1997. Recent HFMD epidemics in this region have been associated with a severe form of brainstem encephalitis associated with pulmonary oedema and high case-fatality rates. The emergence of large-scale epidemic activity in the Asia-Pacific region has been associated with the circulation of three genetic lineages that appear to be undergoing rapid evolutionary change. Two of these lineages (B3 and B4) have not been described previously and appear to have arisen from an endemic focus in equatorial Asia, which has served as a source of virus for HFMD epidemics in Malaysia, Singapore and Australia. The third lineage (C2) has previously been identified [Brown, B.A. et al. (1999) J. Virol. 73, 9969-9975] and was primarily responsible for the large HFMD epidemic in Taiwan during 1998. As EV71 appears not to be susceptible to newly developed antiviral agents and a vaccine is not currently available, control of EV71 epidemics through high-level surveillance and public health intervention needs to be maintained and extended throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Future research should focus on (1) understanding the molecular genetics of EV71 virulence, (2) identification of the receptor(s) for EV71, (3) development of antiviral agents to ameliorate the severity of neurological disease and (4) vaccine development to control epidemics. Following the successful experience of the poliomyelitis control programme, it may be possible to control EV71 epidemics if an effective live-attenuated vaccine is developed.     

Characterization of full-length enterovirus 71 strains from severe and mild disease patients in northeastern China

Human enterovirus 71 (EV71)-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has been a leading cause of childhood infection in China since 2008. Epidemic and molecular characteristics of HFMD have been examined in many areas of China, including the central and southern regions. However, clinical and genetic characterization of EV71 in the northeastern region of China is scarce. In this study, a series of analyses were performed on seven full-length EV71 sequences from HFMD patients who had either severe or mild disease. We have determined that these seven circulating EV71 viruses from Changchun, China are actually complex recombinant viruses involving multiple type A human enterovirus (HEV). Classified as EV71 subtype C4 (EV71 C4), these Changchun EV71 viruses contain genetic recombination events between the CA4, CA5, EV71B4 and EV71C1 strains. Most of the structural protein region (P1) of these viruses resembled that of the prototype EV71 C1 strains. The non-structural protein domains (P2 and P3) showed a high degree of similarity with CA4, CA5 and EV71 B4 in different regions. The 5'UTR had unclassified recombination,while partial 3D region of these viruses showed a high degree of similarity to CA16. Phylogenetic analysis of full-length or partial sequences of isolates from severe or mild disease patients in Changchun always formed a single cluster in various phylogenetic analyses of different genomic regions, suggesting that all seven strains originated from one single common ancestor. There was no correlation between viral genomic sequence and virulence. Thus, we found that circulating recombinant forms of EV71 are prevalent among HFMD patients in Northeastern China. The existence of a unique cluster of EV71 related viruses in Northeast China has important implications for vaccine development that would address the increasing prevalence of HFMD.     

Challenges to licensure of enterovirus 71 vaccines

Human enteroviruses usually cause self-limited infections except polioviruses and enterovirus 71 (EV71), which frequently involve neurological complications. EV71 vaccines are being evaluated in humans. However, several challenges to licensure of EV71 vaccines need to be addressed. Firstly, EV71 and coxsackievirus A (CA) are frequently found to co-circulate and cause hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD). A polyvalent vaccine that can provide protection against EV71 and prevalent CA are desirable. Secondly, infants are the target population of HFMD vaccines and it would need multi-national efficacy trials to prove clinical protection and speed up the licensure and usage of HFMD vaccines in children. An international network for enterovirus surveillance and clinical trials is urgently needed. Thirdly, EV71 is found to evolve quickly in the past 15 years. Prospective cohort studies are warranted to clarify clinical and epidemiological significances of the antigenic and genetic variations between different EV71 genogroups, which is critical for vaccine design.     

EV71感染抗病毒药物及疫苗研究进展

手足口病在世界多个地区,尤其是亚洲爆发并流行,且其感染率和死亡率逐年增高,危害十分严重。肠道病毒71(Enterovirus 71,EV71)是手足口病(Hand,foot,andmouth disease,HFMD)的主要病原体,以感染婴幼儿为主,其感染常伴随神经系统并发症,严重可导致儿童死亡。近年来,分子生物学和抗病毒研究方面取得的进展为EV71感染的预防及治疗提供了新的途径。本文对EV71病毒学特点及抗EV71药物的筛选、疫苗开发、RNA干扰等进行了综述,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

柯萨奇病毒A组16型衣壳蛋白VP1的原核表达及初步活性测定

目的:原核表达柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CVA16)衣壳蛋白VP1,以便于研制血清学检测试剂。方法:在基因库中钓取CVA16-VP1的全长序列,采用PCR逐步合成法合成其全长基因,测序正确后克隆到表达载体pET28a(+)中,构建重组表达质粒pET28a(+)/VP1,转化大肠杆菌BL21,IPTG诱导表达,利用Ni2+亲和层析柱对重组蛋白进行纯化;建立捕获免疫酶联法检测IgM抗体,检测20份手足口病阳性血清和30份阴性血清,评价重组抗原的灵敏度和特异性;采用CVA16全病毒免疫的抗小鼠血清进行Western印迹。结果:重组CVA16-VP1蛋白在大肠杆菌中获得高效表达;用重组蛋白抗原检测,20份手足口病患儿阳性血清中有4份阳性,其中1份同时为肠道病毒71型(EV71)VP1阳性,30份阴性血清无反应。结论:实现了CVA16-VP1的高效表达,初步结果显示重组蛋白具有较好的抗原性,为柯萨奇病毒A组16型诊断试剂的研究奠定了基础。     

The persistent circulation of enterovirus 71 in People's Republic of China: causing emerging nationwide epidemics since 2008

Emerging epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) associated with enterovirus 71 (EV71) has become a serious concern in mainland China. It caused 126 and 353 fatalities in 2008 and 2009, respectively. The epidemiologic and pathogenic data of the outbreak collected from national laboratory network and notifiable disease surveillance system. To understand the virological evolution of this emerging outbreak, 326 VP1 gene sequences of EV71 detected in China from 1987 to 2009 were collected for genetic analyses. Evidence from both traditional and molecular epidemiology confirmed that the recent HFMD outbreak was an emerging one caused by EV71 of subgenotype C4. This emerging HFMD outbreak is associated with EV71 of subgenotype C4, circulating persistently in mainland China since 1998, but not attributed to the importation of new genotype. Originating from 1992, subgenotype C4 has been the predominant genotype since 1998 in mainland China, with an evolutionary rate of 4.6∼4.8×10⁻³ nucleotide substitutions/site/year. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of the virus during this epidemic was the most recent descendant of subgenotype C4 (clade C4a). It suggests that the evolution might be one of the potential reasons for this native virus to cause the emerging outbreak in China. However, strong negative selective pressure on VP1 protein of EV71 suggested that immune escape might not be the evolving strategy of EV71, predicting a light future for vaccine development. Nonetheless, long-term antigenic and genetic surveillance is still necessary for further understanding.     

Streamlined design of a self-inactivating feline immunodeficiency virus vector for transducing ex vivo dendritic cells and T lymphocytes

Background

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative viral agent responsible for large outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), a common rash illness in children and infants. There is no effective antiviral treatment for severe EV71 infections and no vaccine is available. The objectives of this study were to design and construct a DNA vaccine against Enterovirus 71 using the viral capsid protein (VP1) gene of EV71 and to verify the functionality of the DNA vaccine in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

The VP1 gene of EV71 from two local outbreak isolates were amplified using PCR and then inserted into a eukaryotic expression vector, pVAX1. The 3.9 kb recombinant constructs were transformed into competent E. coli cells and the positive clones were screened and selected using PCR analysis, restriction digestion analysis and DNA sequencing. The constructs were then tested for protein expression in Vero cells. Subsequently, in the in vivo studies, female Balb/c mice were immunized with the DNA vaccine constructs. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and virus neutralizing assay were performed to detect the presence of anti-VP1 IgG in mice and its neutralizing effect against the EV71.

Results

The pVAX1 vector was successfully cloned with the VP1 gene from each of the isolate (S2/86/1 and 410/4) in the correct orientation and in-frame. The DNA vaccine constructs with the VP1 gene were shown to be expressed in a cell-free in vitro expression system. The VP1 protein was successfully expressed in the mammalian cell line and was detected using RT-PCR, Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) and western blotting. The anti-VP1 IgG levels in mice immunized with the DNA vaccine constructs increased after the first booster but declined following the second booster. The anti-VP1 IgG in the mice immunized with the DNA vaccine constructs exhibited neutralising activity against EV71.

Conclusion

The promising results obtained in the present study have prompted further testing to improve the expression and immunogenicity of this potential EV71 DNA vaccine.