初始硝酸钠浓度对魏氏真眼点藻的生长、形态和油脂积累的影响

为了确定不同初始氮供应水平对产油微藻魏氏真眼点藻(Eustigmatos vischeri)生长、形态和油脂积累的影响, 本研究通过在改良的BG-11培养基中设置4种不同的初始硝酸钠浓度(17.6、11.7、5.9和3.0 mmol/L)对魏氏真眼点藻(E. vischeri)进行培养。观察结果表明, 魏氏真眼点藻(E. vischeri)的营养细胞为一具裂叶状叶绿体、细胞质中有一红色素体和许多振动颗粒及光滑细胞壁的球形单细胞; 细胞繁殖方式主要是形成二分裂和四分裂的似亲孢子。在低氮条件下, 随着培养时间的延长, 细胞内油体逐步形成, 至培养末期占据细胞的大部分空间, 同时培养物的颜色也由绿色向黄绿色转变, 最终呈橙黄色。实验结果表明, 魏氏真眼点藻(E. vischeri)生物质浓度在17.6 mmol/L组获得最大值为9.14 g/L; 总脂、中性脂和总脂肪酸三者占干重的含量随着初始硝酸钠浓度的降低而升高, 在3.0 mmol/L组获得最高值, 分别为60.81%、56.59%和53.47%; 三者的单位体积产率均在5.9 mmol/L组获得最高值, 分别为0.24、0.21和0.20 g/(Ld); 主要脂肪酸组成为棕榈酸(C16:0)、棕榈油酸(C16:1)、油酸(C18:1)和二十碳五烯酸(C20:53, EPA), 其中棕榈油酸的含量最高。上述研究表明, 魏氏真眼点藻(E. vischeri)是一株适合于生产生物柴油和长链不饱和脂肪酸EPA的高产油微藻。       

不同氮源及氮浓度对耐高盐真眼点藻生长、脂类积累及脂肪酸组成的影响

真眼点藻纲(Eustigmatophyceae)微藻可以积累高含量的EPA具有重要的开发利用价值。为了探究不同氮源及氮浓度对一株耐高盐真眼点藻(Eustigmatos sp.)的生长、脂类积累及脂肪酸组成的影响,实验以BG-11为基础培养基,选用三种不同类型氮源(硝酸钠、尿素、碳酸氢铵),每种氮源设置三种氮浓度(3.5 mmol/L、5.9 mmol/L、17.6 mmol/L),跟踪测定真眼点藻培养过程生物质浓度、总脂含量、脂类分级及脂肪酸组成的变化情况。结果显示:在以碳酸氢铵为氮源,氮浓度为17.6 mmol/L条件下真眼点藻的生物质浓度最高(7.07 g/L);三种氮源3.5 mmol/L组真眼点藻的总脂积累量均高于5.9 mmol/L组和17.6 mmol/L组,在3.5 mmol/L条件下,真眼点藻在以尿素为氮源的实验组中获得最高总脂产量(4.18 g/L),其次为硝酸钠(4.07 g/L),最低为碳酸氢铵(3.42 g/L)。氮胁迫可以使真眼点藻的中性脂比例增加,3.5 mmol/L组的中性脂比例均高于5.9 mmol/L组和17.6 mmol/L组,在3.5mmol/L条件下,真眼点藻在尿素组、碳酸氢铵组和硝酸钠组的中性脂含量分别为79.0%TL(TL为total lipid的简写)、77.0%TL和75.7%TL;真眼点藻的脂肪酸组成主要有C14:0(豆蔻酸)、C16:0(棕榈酸)、C16:1(棕榈油酸)、C18:1(油酸)、C18:2(亚油酸)、C20:4(花生四烯酸)和C20:5(EPA),其中C16:1的含量占51%TFA(TFA为total fatty acid的简写),在以硝酸钠为氮源的处理组中,17.6 mmol/L条件下C20:5(EPA)的百分含量最高,为7.18%TFA,尿素氮源次之(6.20%TFA),最小为碳酸氢铵(4.82%TFA)。该研究显示真眼点藻(Eustigmatos sp.)是一株极具开发潜力的微藻。     

高、低氮浓度对2株真眼点藻的生长和油脂积累的影响

【目的】研究氮浓度对真眼点藻纲(Eustigmatophyceae)的2株高产油微藻大真眼点藻(Eustigmatos magnus,EM)和波氏真眼点藻(Eustigmatos polyphem,EP)的细胞形态、生长、总脂含量、脂质组成和脂肪酸组成与含量的时序变化规律。【方法】利用高氮(18.0 mmol/L NO3?-N)和低氮(3.6 mmol/L NO3?-N)浓度培养微藻。【结果】形态观察结果表明,大真眼点藻(E. magnus)和波氏真眼点藻(E. polyphem)营养细胞具有1个周生的裂叶状叶绿体,细胞质中有液泡,内含能够振动的颗粒物,以及一个较为明显的红色色素体;生殖方式通过形成2个D形或4个四角形的似亲孢子;随着培养周期的延伸和营养盐的消耗,细胞中油体逐步形成,其数量不断增加,体积不断增大。实验结果表明,初始氮浓度对2种微藻的总脂积累及生长均有显著影响(P<0.05),低氮浓度下2种微藻的生物质浓度分别为9.0 g/L和8.5 g/L,均低于高氮浓度下的生物质浓度。而低氮浓度下2种微藻的总脂、中性脂和总脂肪酸的含量以及总脂、中性脂与总脂肪酸的单位体积产率均明显高于高氮浓度组,其最高值分别为：59.10%、51.90%、46.95%和0.28、0.24、0.22 g/(L·d) (EM);64.20%、56.80%、50.01%和0.32、0.28、0.25 g/(L·d) (EP)。脂肪酸分析结果表明,两种微藻的脂肪酸主要成分均为棕榈酸(C16:0)、棕榈油酸(C16:1)、油酸(C18:1)和二十碳五烯酸(C20:5,EPA),四者的总含量(占总脂肪酸)分别达到85.83%和85.48%,其中棕榈油酸的含量最高。【结论】低氮浓度胁迫有利于大真眼点藻和波氏真眼点藻细胞内油脂的积累,两种微藻均为适合于生产生物柴油的油脂生产藻株。     

不同培养模式下魏氏真眼点藻生长和产油特性的研究

为了解魏氏真眼点藻(Eustigmatos vischeri Hibberd)的生物学特性,探究"批量法"、"两步法"、"补料法"和"添加碳酸氢盐"4种不同培养模式对魏氏真眼点藻生长和油脂积累的影响,本文分别采用不同初始浓度的硝酸钠供应、更换培养基、分次少量补加硝酸钠及添加低浓度Na HCO3或NH4HCO3等方法培养魏氏真眼点藻。结果显示,"批量"培养下,硝酸钠浓度为3.0 mmol/L时藻细胞生物量达到8.41 g/L,油脂最高可达到65.16%,油脂产率为0.30 g·L-1·d-1。"两步法"和"补料法"培养对藻细胞油脂积累没有显著影响,而通过"添加碳酸氢盐"培养对该藻细胞生长和油脂积累的效果最显著,其中Na NO3+NH4HCO3组生物量达到11.56 g/L,油脂最高达60.92%,与相同氮浓度"批量"培养相比,生物质浓度提高了1.0 g/L,总脂含量提高了10%,大大提高了该藻的总脂产率(达到0.39 g·L-1·d-1)。因此,魏氏真眼点藻是一株高产油藻株,当添加低浓度碳酸氢铵时最有利于促进该藻生物质浓度和总脂含量的提高,这是一种最佳的培养模式,具有潜在的开发和利用价值。     

营养盐初始组合浓度对类波氏真眼点藻生长和油脂积累的影响

为了研究培养基中主要营养元素氮、磷、硫初始组合浓度对类波氏真眼点藻(Eustigmatos cf.polyphem D.J.Hibberd)生长、油脂积累和脂肪酸组成的影响,分别以NaNO_3、K_2HPO_4、MgSO_4为氮、磷、硫源,设置不同的营养盐初始组合浓度对其进行培养,采用干重法、重量法、气相色谱分析法、元素分析仪等依次对生物量、总脂、脂肪酸组成和细胞内元素含量进行测定。结果显示,氮、磷、硫三者的初始组合浓度变化对类波氏真眼点藻的生长和油脂积累具有明显的影响,9 mmol/L NaNO_3、0.92 mmol/L K_2HPO_4、0.3 mmol/L MgSO_4营养条件下其生物量达到最大值,为9.19 g/L;低氮、低磷胁迫或二者共同胁迫均促进其油脂积累,但低硫胁迫对油脂的积累影响不大,最大油脂含量出现在3 mmol/L NaNO_3、0.029 mmol/L K_2HPO_4、0.3 mmol/L MgSO_4条件下,为68.7%(DW)。此外,类波氏真眼点藻富含棕榈油酸,占总脂肪酸含量的最大值达60.88%。选择合理的氮、磷、硫初始组合浓度能够有效促进其生长或油脂及棕榈油酸的积累。     

6种微藻对氯霉素和硫酸新霉素敏感性研究

目的:探讨3种真眼点藻(点状魏氏藻(Visderia punctata)、波氏真眼点藻(Eustigmatos polyphem)、魏氏真眼点藻(Eustigmatos vischeri))和3种绿藻(栅藻(Scnedesmus sp.)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliqulis)、爪哇栅藻(Scenedesmus jaoaensis))对2种抗生素的敏感性.方法:采用藻液细胞计数法和藻细胞固体平板培养法研究了氯霉素和硫酸新霉素对6种微藻生长的影响.结果:液体培养,3种绿藻对氯霉素敏感性均高于硫酸新霉素,10μg·mL-1氯霉素即可明显抑制3种绿藻的生长(P＜0.05),而硫酸新霉素在浓度为200 μg·mL-1时才显示出明显抑制作用:3种真眼点藻对2种抗生素都不敏感.固体培养,除波氏真眼点藻外,其它5种微藻对氯霉素的致死浓度均为50μg·mL-1;波氏真眼点藻、栅藻、斜生栅藻和爪哇栅藻对硫酸新霉素的致死浓度分别为100 μg·mL-1、200μg· mL-1、50μg·mL-1和50μg·mL-1.结论:氯霉素可作为选育6种微藻抗性突变株的筛选剂.     

4株真眼点藻的生长及光合生理特性

目的:研究4株真眼点藻(Eustigmatos sp.、Eustigmatos polyphem、Vischeria helvetica、Nannochloropsis oculata)的生长、色素组成及光合生理特性。方法:采用重量法、HPLC和分光光度法及液相氧电极法测定藻细胞的色素组成和光合生理指标在不同时相的变化。结果:4种藻最大生物质浓度分别为:9.4 g·L-1(E.sp.)、10.42 g·L-1(E.polyphem)、7.26 g·L-1(V.helvetica)和7.15 g·L-1(N.oculata);随培养时间延长,其chlorophyll a/β-carotene和violaxanthin/β-carotene的值均降低,最大光合速率先上升后下降,最大呼吸速率则不断上升;N.oculata的最大光合速率和呼吸速率达到最高,分别为59.62μmol O2·mg-1Chla·h-1和54.23μmol O2·mg-1Chla·h-1;4种藻的77 K低温荧光发射光谱均没有高等植物PSⅠ730 nm处的特征峰。结论:真眼点藻的生长与光合生理特征具有种间差异性,其77 K低温荧光发射光谱与高等植物相比具有特异性。     

用混合氮源在室外培养产油链带藻的可行性研究

为探索两株链带藻（Desmodesmus sp.T28-1和Desmodesmus sp.NMX451）在室外培养的最优氮源,首先在室内就不同氮源（尿素、硝酸钠、碳酸铵以及尿素和硝酸钠混合氮源）下微藻的生长和油脂积累做了研究,筛选出最优的混合氮源在室外进行了培养的可行性研究。室内研究结果表明两株链带藻在尿素下培养油脂含量最低,在铵氮下培养生物量最低。且NMX451在混合态氮下的油脂产率显著性的高于其他氮源下的油脂产率。对两株链带藻在混合氮源下的脂肪酸组分做进一步分析,结果表明油脂组分适合生物柴油生产要求,估算的生物柴油品质达到国际和国内生产标准。将两株链带藻置于室外140 L柱式反应器中用混合氮源进一步扩大培养,结果表明NMX451比T28-1的油脂含量和油脂产率高,生产成本更低,且脂肪酸组分更适宜生物柴油生产。研究表明用混合氮源在室外培养微藻是非常可行的培养方法,也说明NMX451比T28-1在生物柴油生产方面具有更好的潜力。     

氮源种类及浓度对眼点拟微绿球藻生长密度、油脂产率和二十碳五烯酸含量的影响

氮源是影响微藻生长和油脂积累的重要因素,文中通过单因素试验比较了NaNO3、CO(NH2)2、NH4Cl、CH3COONH4及其浓度对眼点拟微绿球藻生长密度、生长速率、油脂产率、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)含量的影响。结果表明：NH4+更易被眼点拟微绿球藻利用,能更好地促进微藻生长和油脂积累;氮浓度的增加有利于微藻的生长和藻油脂肪酸的去饱和,但不利于微藻油脂的积累。在实验考察的氮源种类和浓度范围内,CH3COONH4是促进眼点拟微绿球藻生长和油脂积累、EPA生成的适宜氮源,其适宜的浓度为5.29 mmol/L。     

一株耐盐真眼点藻（Eustigmatos sp.）的户外培养及油脂提取工艺研究

真眼点藻(Eustigmatos)具有生长速率快、可以积累高含量油脂等特性,受到藻类学家的关注,评价它的户外生产性能和探索油脂提取工艺是实现其产业化的关键。利用自制的平板光生物反应器,通过测定生长、脂类积累及脂肪酸组成,评价一株分离自宁夏地区的耐盐真眼点藻(Eustigmatos sp. SCSIO-45821)的户外生长特性及乙醇提油可行性。结果显示,真眼点藻SCSIO-45821可以利用户外平板光生物反应器进行培养,6 cm光径反应器有利于生物质和二十碳五烯酸积累,平均生物质和二十碳五烯酸产率分别为93.5 mg/L·d和0.6 mg/L·d,而在促进油脂积累方面,4 cm光径反应器更加具有优势,平均油脂产率达到22.0 mg/L·d。利用100%乙醇、常温下提取真眼点藻油脂可以获得94.3%的提取率,所提油脂含有超过70%的中性脂与4.0%的EPA,但藻油需要进行精炼和脱色处理。户外平板光生物反应器是一种较理想的真眼点藻培养装置,但需要根据目标产物选择合适的光径,乙醇可以作为真眼点藻的油脂提取溶剂。     

FATTY ACIDS AND HYDROXY FATTY ACIDS IN THREE SPECIES OF FRESHWATER EUSTIGMATOPHYTES

The monocarboxylic fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids of three species of freshwater microalgae—Vischeria punctata Vischer, Vischeria helvetica (Vischer et Pascher) Taylor, and Eustigmatos vischeri (Hulbert) Taylor, all from the class Eustigmatophyceae— were examined. Each species displayed a very similar distribution of fatty acids, the most abundant of which were 20:5n-3, 16:0, and 16:1n-7; C₁₈ polyunsaturated fatty acids were minor components. These fatty acid distributions closely resemble those found in marine eustigmatophytes but are quite distinct from those found in most other algal classes. These microalgae also contain long-chain saturated and unsaturated monohydroxy fatty acids. Two distinct types of hydroxy fatty acids were found: a series of saturated α-hydroxy acids ranging from C₂₄ to C₃₀ with a shorter series of monounsaturated α-hydroxy acids ranging from C₂₆ to C₃₀ together with a series of saturated β-hydroxy acids ranging from C₂₆ to C₃₀. The latter have not previously been reported in either marine or freshwater microalgae, although C₃₀ to C₃₄ midchain (ω-18)-hydroxy fatty acids have been identified in hydrolyzed extracts from marine eustigmatophytes of the genus Nannochloropsis, and C₂₂ to C₂₆ saturated and monounsaturated α-hydroxy fatty acids have been found in three marine chlorophytes. These findings have provided a more complete picture of the lipid distributions within this little studied group of microalgae as well as a range of unusual compounds that might prove useful chemotaxonomic markers. The functions of the hydroxy fatty acids are not known, but a link to the formation of the lipid precursors of highly aliphatic biopolymers is suggested.     

BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND FATTY ACID CONTENT OF FILAMENTOUS NITROGEN-FIXING CYANOBACTERIA

The biochemical composition and fatty acid content of twelve strains of filamentous, heterocystous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria have been determined. When grown under diazotrophic conditions, protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and nucleic acids comprised 37–52%, 16–38%, 8–13%, and 8–11% of the dry weight, respectively. The presence of a combined nitrogen source resulted in an increase in the protein content of the cells and a decrease in the levels of lipids and carbohydrates, although biomass productivity was not affected significantly. Biochemical composition also changed during culture growth, with the highest levels of proteins and lipids occurring as the culture entered stationary phase, whereas the highest levels of carbohydrate and nucleic acids were found during the exponential phase. Total fatty acid levels in the strains assayed ranged between 3 and 5.7% of the dry weight. With regard to fatty acid composition, all strains showed high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SAFAs), with values of 24–45% and 31–52% of total fatty acids, respectively, whereas the levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were in general lower (11– 32%). Palmitic acid (16:0) was the most prevalent SAFA, whereas palmitoleic (16:1n- 7) and oleic acid (18:1n-9) were the most abundant MUFAs in all the strains. Among PUFAs, γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6) was present at high levels (18% of total fatty acids) in Nostoc sp. (Chile) and at lower levels (3.6% of total fatty acids) in Anabaenopsis sp. The presence of GLA has not been previously reported in these genera of cyanobacteria. The rest of the strains exhibited high levels (12–35% of total fatty acids) of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3). Linoleic acid (18:2n-6) was also present at a substantial level in most of the strains. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) was also detected in Nostoc sp. (Albufera). Some filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria therefore represent potential sources of commercially interesting fatty acids.     

Profiling of carotenoids in six microalgae (Eustigmatophyceae) and assessment of their β-carotene productions in bubble column photobioreactor

The profiles of carotenoids and production of β-carotene by six eustigmatophytes, Eustigmatos magnus, Eustigmatos polyphem, Eustigmatos vischeri, Vischeria helvetica, Vischeria punctata and Vischeria stellata, grown in a bubble column photobioreactor were measured. All eustigmatophytes contained β-carotene, violaxanthin and vaucheriaxanthin as their major carotenoids and accumulated large amount of β-carotene, which accounted for over 50?% of total carotenoids. Maximum intracellular β-carotene contents ranged 1.5–3.5?% of dry wt and in V. stellata it reached 5.9?% dry wt, accompanied by a biomass dry wt >7.3?g/l, with the highest up to 9.8?g/l. These eustigmatophytes are thus promising producers of β-carotene.     

一株富含α-亚麻酸栅藻的异养培养条件优化

HSJ296是本实验室分离纯化的1株能够异养生长、富含α-亚麻酸的栅藻(Scenedesmus sp.)。研究比较了不同温度、氮源和葡萄糖浓度对其生长的影响, 结果显示, 其最适培养条件为30℃、4 g/L尿素和20—40 g/L葡萄糖。通过分析不同培养条件下HSJ296总脂中的脂肪酸组成, 发现主要含有十六碳脂肪酸(C16:0)、油酸(C18:1)、亚油酸(C18:2)和α-亚麻酸(α-C18:3), 并且α-亚麻酸的含量稳定在35%—45%。栅藻HSJ296发酵产品或可用作鱼类饲料添加剂以补充α-亚麻酸等营养。