低氧及酸化胁迫对大黄鱼幼鱼离子调节与鳃组织结构的影响

为探讨大黄鱼幼鱼在低氧及酸化胁迫下机体离子调节情况,本研究探讨了低氧(溶解氧量DO 3.5 mg·L-1,pH 8.1)、酸化(DO 7.0 mg·L-1,pH 7.35)以及低氧酸化协同胁迫(DO3.5 mg·L-1,pH 7.35)对大黄鱼幼鱼鳃组织结构以及离子调节相关生理指标的影响.结果 表明:低氧胁迫下,大黄鱼...     

水体低氧对香鱼幼鱼生长和消化酶活性的影响

水体溶氧量是影响鱼类的重要环境因子,本研究检测了不同水平的低溶氧胁迫对香鱼幼鱼生长和消化酶活性的影响。结果显示:低氧胁迫后香鱼幼鱼生长受到抑制,溶氧量分别为4.5 mg/L和3.0 mg/L的两组实验鱼在胁迫7 d、14 d和21 d时的体重均显著小于溶氧量为7.5 mg/L的对照组(P0.05),其中胁迫21 d时两组实验鱼的体重分别比对照组鱼的体重轻10.89%和20.73%;胁迫0～7 d期间两个实验组鱼的体重均为负增长(增重率分别为-2.30%、-4.78%),而对照组鱼的体重为正增长(增重率21.31%);胁迫7 d后两个实验组的鱼均恢复生长,且7～14 d期间的体重增重率均大于对照组,表现为补偿性生长;胁迫14～21 d期间溶氧4.5 mg/L的实验组的增重率与对照组相当,溶氧3.0 mg/L的实验组的增重率则略低于对照组。此外,低氧胁迫下两个实验组的淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性均较对照组显著降低(P0.05),而胰蛋白酶活性与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。其中,胃蛋白酶活性受低氧影响最大,胁迫21 d时两个实验组的胃蛋白酶活性分别仅为对照组的58.40%、62.34%,而淀粉酶活性已恢复至与对照组相当的水平,脂肪酶活性也有所恢复。由此表明,低氧胁迫会降低香鱼幼鱼消化酶活性,阻碍鱼体生长,同时鱼体对低氧环境也有一定的适应性,表现为在低氧环境下生活一段时间后消化酶活性有所恢复,鱼体出现一定程度的补偿性生长。     

雌雄罗氏沼虾应对低氧胁迫的行为生理响应

为查明雌雄罗氏沼虾应对低氧胁迫的行为生理响应,设置6.46(对照)、4.48和3.27 mg·L^-13种溶解氧水平,研究了雌、雄个体在胁迫6 d后肝胰脏和肌肉能量代谢酶活性及游泳和弹跳速度。结果表明: 溶解氧从6.46 mg·L^-1降至4.48 mg·L^-1,雌雄个体肌肉有氧代谢酶活性及游泳速度均显著下降,且雄性下降幅度小于雌性,厌氧代谢酶活性并无显著变化;溶解氧继续降至3.27 mg·L^-1,雌雄个体肌肉有氧代谢酶和厌氧代谢酶活性均显著下降,肝胰脏厌氧代谢酶中的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性及弹跳速度显著下降,且雌性肝胰脏LDH活性下降幅度小于雄性。雌雄罗氏沼虾游泳速度与游泳足肌肉有氧代谢酶活性呈显著正相关,弹跳速度则与腹部肌肉厌氧代谢酶活性呈显著正相关。表明罗氏沼虾可以通过降低能量代谢水平应对低氧胁迫,但这种生理调节会导致运动能力下降,雄性优先将能量分配于肌肉以满足运动,雌性则优先保障肝胰脏能量供应。     

水淹生境下秋华柳对Cd污染土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响

三峡库区消落带面临水淹及Cd污染双重胁迫,为探究秋华柳(Salix variegata Franch.)在水淹条件下对Cd污染土壤的修复能力,以秋华柳扦插苗为试验材料,设置正常供水(CK)和水淹组(FL)两个水分处理方式,4个Cd浓度梯度:对照组(0mg/kg)、低浓度(0.5mg/kg)、中浓度(2mg/kg)及高浓度(10mg/kg),分别对处理60 d和120 d的土壤微生物数量及酶活性变化特征进行研究。试验结果表明:(1)Cd浓度处理均未显著影响土壤微生物数量(P0.05),水淹显著降低处理60 d土壤细菌数、真菌数及处理120 d的土壤放线菌数及真菌数(P0.05)。(2)种植秋华柳显著提高处理60 d土壤细菌数量(P0.05),对土壤放线菌、真菌数量也有一定提升。(3)Cd浓度处理显著影响处理60 d土壤磷酸酶活性及处理120 d脲酶活性(P0.05),水淹显著降低处理60 d土壤磷酸酶活性及处理120 d脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性(P0.05)。(4)正常供水及水淹条件下,种植秋华柳对土壤酶活均有一定改善作用。种植秋华柳显著提高了处理60 d土壤磷酸酶活性以及处理120 d脲酶和蔗糖酶活性(P0.05)。研究结果表明:水淹生境中,秋华柳对Cd污染土壤微生物数量及酶活性具有改善作用,在Cd污染土壤修复方面有一定应用前景。     

外源γ-氨基丁酸对低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

以甜瓜品种‘西域一号’幼苗为材料,采用营养液水培方法,设置正常通气(对照)、正常通气+GABA(5mmol.L-1)、低氧胁迫、低氧胁迫+GABA(5mmol.L-1)4个处理,研究了外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对正常通气和低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明:与正常通气处理相比,低氧胁迫处理导致甜瓜幼苗体内O2.-产生速率和H2O2、MDA含量显著增加,同时SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR等抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质AsA、GSH含量显著提高。低氧胁迫下外源GABA能显著提高甜瓜幼苗叶片SOD、CAT、APX、GR等酶活性和AsA、GSH含量,降低了植株体内O2.-产生速率和H2O2、MDA含量;而正常通气条件下添加外源GABA处理对甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响较小,仅CAT、GR活性和AsA、GSH含量显著提高,而H2O2、MDA含量显著降低。结果证明,添加外源GABA可以通过显著提高低氧胁迫下抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量来降低甜瓜幼苗活性氧积累,维持其细胞膜结构稳定性,从而有效减轻低氧胁迫对甜瓜幼苗的伤害。     

低温下饥饿胁迫对大黄鱼血清生化指标的影响

研究了在低温(13℃)下饥饿胁迫对9月龄大黄鱼血清生化指标的影响。将400尾大黄鱼随机分成两组,一组为实验组,不投喂饲料;另一组为对照组,定时投喂饲料。实验开始30 d后,测定大黄鱼11种血清生化指标。结果显示,实验组大黄鱼血清的尿酸(UA)、尿素(UREA)、总胆固醇(TC)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)含量极显著高于对照组(P0.01),甘油三酯(TG)、钙离子(Ca2+)含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);而白蛋白(ALB)、谷草转氨酶(AST)含量极显著低于对照组(P0.01);血糖(GLU)、总蛋白(TP)、镁离子(Mg2+)含量在实验组与对照组之间则无显著性差异。实验组血清中的蛋白质代谢产物和脂类物质明显高于对照组,但是血糖和总蛋白含量没有显著差异。     

根际低氧胁迫对网纹甜瓜果期根系氮代谢的影响

采用气雾法栽培系统,研究了根际低氧(10%和5% O2)胁迫对网纹甜瓜(Cucumis melo)果实发育期间根系氮代谢的影响。结果表明:在30 d试验期内,与对照(21% O2)相比,低氧胁迫网纹甜瓜根系硝态氮(NO3--N)含量、铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、谷氨酰氨合成酶(GS)活性先增后降;在低氧处理20 d时,网纹甜瓜上述指标显著高于对照,低氧处理30 d时,显著低于对照,且5% O2处理变化的幅度大于10% O2处理;谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性在低氧处理10 d时显著低于对照,处理20 d时,与对照差异不显著;谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性在低氧处理20 d时与对照差异不显著,处理30 d时,显著低于对照;在5% O2处理期间谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性显著低于对照,10% O2处理20 d时显著低于对照;在低氧处理期间,根系中可溶性蛋白质含量、根系伤流液中氨基酸的总量和大部分氨基酸的含量均随着根际O2浓度的降低而减少;网纹甜瓜果实发育期间根际O2浓度长期处于10% O2以下时,根系对氮的吸收、代谢能力下降,植株氮循环水平降低。     

亚硝酸氮对中华小长臂虾的急性毒性及非特异性免疫指标的影响

采用生物毒性实验方法研究了亚硝酸氮(NO_2~--N)对体重为(0.28±0.05)g的中华小长臂虾(Palaemonetes sinensis)的急性毒性作用。结果表明:在温度为18±1℃、pH 7.3±0.1条件下,NO_2~--N对中华小长臂虾24、48、72和96 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为37.9、27.3、24.9和23.2 mg·L~(-1),安全浓度为2.32 mg·L~(-1);根据96 h LC50和安全浓度按照等差数列设置5个NO_2~--N浓度梯度,分别为6.0、9.5、13.0、16.5和20 mg·L~(-1),研究了NO_2~--N胁迫对中华小长臂虾非特异性免疫指标的影响;在24 h时,除20 mg·L~(-1)处理组肌肉的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性外,各NO_2~--N处理组的中华小长臂虾肝胰腺和肌肉SOD活性与对照组均无显著性差异(P0.05);到96 h时,13、16.5和20 mg·L~(-1)处理组肝胰腺SOD活性下降,显著低于对照组(P0.05),但肌肉组织则未出现显著性下降,而6和9.5 mg·L~(-1)处理组显著性高于对照组;24 h时,只有最高浓度20 mg·L~(-1)组的肝胰腺酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性以及6 mg·L~(-1)组的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著高于对照组,其他处理组与对照组均无显著性差异;随着处理时间的延长,到达96 h时,出现了与SOD相同的趋势,即13、16.5和20 mg·L~(-1)处理组酶活性显著低于对照组(P0.05);与肝胰腺不同的是,24 h时肌肉组织ACP和AKP活性出现了明显的"毒物兴奋效应",除了13和20 mg·L~(-1)的AKP外,其他处理组均出现了显著性升高(P0.05);到96 h时,除9.5 mg·L~(-1)处理组外,其他处理组的ACP和AKP活性均与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05)。本研究发现,中华小长臂虾可耐受较高浓度NO_2~--N,而长时间的NO_2~--N胁迫则对中华小长臂虾的免疫酶活性存在抑制作用,研究结果可为中华小长臂虾健康养殖提供科学依据。     

饲料蛋白质水平与投喂频率对大黄鱼生长、体组成及蛋白质代谢的影响

以初始体重为(13.640.18)g的大黄鱼( Pseudosciaena crocea R.) 幼鱼为实验对象, 采用32双因子实验, 研究饲料蛋白质水平(40%、45%、50%)和投喂频率(2次/d、1次/d)及其交互作用对其生长、体组成和蛋白质代谢的影响。养殖实验在海水浮式网箱中进行, 养殖周期为8周。结果表明: 饲料蛋白质水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼幼鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料转化率(FCR)均影响显著(P0.05)。在40%和45%蛋白质组, 1次/d投喂的大黄鱼幼鱼的WGR和SGR均显著低于2次/d投喂组, 而FCR则相反。在2次/d投喂时, 45%蛋白质组的大黄鱼幼鱼SGR显著高于40%蛋白质组, 但与50%蛋白质组差异不显著(P0.05)。而在1次/d投喂时, 50%蛋白质组的大黄鱼幼鱼SGR显著高于40%和45%蛋白质组。在两种投喂频率下, 随着饲料蛋白质水平提高, 鱼体水分含量均有升高趋势, 蛋白质含量显著升高而脂肪含量显著下降(P0.05)。饲料的蛋白质水平和投喂频率分别对大黄鱼幼鱼的肝脏指数(HSI)、内脏指数(VSI)和血清中的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)及谷草转氨酶(AST)均影响不显著(P0.05)。投喂频率对肝脏的ALT和AST的影响不显著(P0.05)。在同一投喂频率下, 肝脏ALT和AST均随着饲料蛋白质水平的增加而显著提高(P0.05)。饲料中的蛋白质水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼幼鱼的生长和FCR的影响存在显著的交互作用(P0.05), 而对血清和肝脏中的ALT和AST、HSI、VSI、肥满度(CF)以及体组成的影响均无交互作用。       

溶解氧水平对青海湖裸鲤体肾组织结构及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为研究溶解氧水平对青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)体肾组织结构及抗氧化酶活性的影响, 选择平均体重为(97.68±0.12) g 的青海湖裸鲤, 随机分为三组: 中度低氧组(3.0±0.1) mg/L、重度低氧组(0.7±0.1) mg/L和常氧组(8.4±0.1) mg/L, 于低氧胁迫8h和24h, 观察体肾显微结构和线粒体超微结构并检测线粒体膜电位及抗氧化酶活性。结果显示, 中度和重度低氧胁迫对体肾显微结构和线粒体超微结构未造成损伤, 但中度和重度低氧胁迫24h时体肾杆状线粒体比例增加(P<0.05), 且中度和重度低氧胁迫使体肾线粒体膜电位降低(P<0.05)。中度低氧胁迫对体肾超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量无影响(P>0.05), 但重度低氧胁迫使SOD活性和H₂O₂含量增加(P<0.05)。中度和重度低氧胁迫使体肾总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)和丙二醛(MDA)含量增加(P<0.05)。推测为适应不同低氧环境, 青海湖裸鲤体肾在线粒体形态和相关抗氧化酶活性方面做出适应性调整。研究结果为揭示青海湖裸鲤低氧适应机制提供了一定的理论依据。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.