诺如病毒在贝类中的富集特性与机制研究进展

诺如病毒是一种全球范围内重要的食源性病毒。贝类通过滤食作用可将诺如病毒富集在体内,成为诺如病毒感染传播的重要载体。研究表明,贝类对不同型别的诺如病毒富集能力不同,并呈现季节性、空间性差异,我们前期研究显示,贝类中存在不同类型的组织血型抗原,推测其与诺如病毒积累并呈现差异密切相关,但具体机理不明。本文综述了诺如病毒在贝类中的蓄积、分布、季节性差异及结合机制的研究新进展,以期为我国贝类中诺如病毒的控制、风险预警等研究提供参考。     

诺如病毒在我国鲜食农产品中污染情况的研究进展

本文结合近年我国多地对鲜食农产品中诺如病毒的污染调查研究，总结了不同地区和不同鲜食农产品中诺如病毒的污染分布情况和发生季节特点，并对鲜食农产品中诺如病毒的污染来源进行了初步分析。诺如病毒是一种新型食物安全危害因子。自2006年以来，我国由诺如病毒引起的食源性疾病数量逐年持续增长。鲜食农产品是诺如病毒的主要传播载体之一，在生产中易被诺如病毒污染，且后期难以消除。我国对鲜食农产品中诺如病毒的污染研究起步较晚，相关数据积累较少，仅在少数地区检测并发现生菜和浆果中存在诺如病毒污染。在国外被污染的灌溉水被证实是农产品中致病微生物的主要污染来源，在国内由于缺乏灌溉水中诺如病毒污染的相关研究，鲜食农产品中诺如病毒的污染源头尚无法明确。本文通过对鲜食农产品和污水/河水中分离出的诺如病毒进行基因序列比对，初步分析了鲜食农产品的潜在污染来源，为后期开展农产品中诺如病毒的源头防控提供参考，以利于保障鲜食农产品的安全。     

贝类中人源诺如病毒污染净化技术研究进展

人源诺如病毒是全球引起人急性胃肠炎的食源性病原体之一。牡蛎、贻贝等贝类消化腺组织中含有诺如病毒受体类似物,可从污染水体中富集高浓度病毒,因此,生食或食用加工不当的受污染贝类极易造成诺如病毒感染。污染贝类的净化处理技术已成为诺如病毒防控领域中的研究热点,例如消杀试剂、臭氧处理工艺、新型非热消杀技术以及最近报道的具有抗病毒作用的益生菌等。诺如病毒活性检测对确定贝类中的病毒污染水平和评价消杀技术效果有重要作用,只有完整和具有感染力的病毒才会对人体健康造成威胁。因此,本文在前期工作基础上,进一步对诺如病毒活性鉴定方法、贝类产品消杀技术以及贝类养殖净化工艺等研究进展进行综述,以期为完善食源性病毒防控技术提供参考。     

水源性诺如病毒

诺如病毒是导致人类病毒性急性腹泻的主要病原,常常造成严重的公共卫生与食品安全事件,而水体是诺如病毒传播的重要载体。对水源性诺如病毒的环境抗性、浓缩和检测方法、流行病学以及目前对于水体中诺如病毒检测存在的突出问题和未来的发展方向进行了综述和展望。     

诺如病毒检测方法研究进展

诺如病毒是引起人类非细菌性胃肠炎的主要病原之一,具有很高的传染性和变异性,可导致严重的公共卫生问题,尤其在抵抗力弱的人群中有很高的发病率,因此开发快速、准确的检测技术对预防和控制诺如病毒的传播是非常重要的。本文综述了近年来RT-PCR、环介导等温扩增、实时荧光定量PCR、巢式PCR、ELISA、免疫层析、基因芯片等技术在诺如病毒检测中的应用及发展趋势。     

诺如病毒结构蛋白的研究进展

诺如病毒(Norovirus)是1972年由Kapikian在美国发现的一种新病毒[1],是非菌性急性胃肠炎的主要病原之一[2,3],属于杯状病毒科,诺如病毒属[4].1995年由方肇寅等学者证实国内婴幼儿存在诺如病毒的感染[5].     

我国诺如病毒易重组基因型GII.P12/GII.3毒株RNA聚合酶的表达与功能表征

[背景]诺如病毒是引起人类急性胃肠炎的主要食源性病原体.目 前尚无获批的诺如病毒疫苗和药物,诺如病毒RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶(RdRp)是当前抗诺如病毒药物开发的主要靶点.[目的]表达我国诺如病毒易重组基因型GII.P12/GII.3毒株的RdRp并系统地表征其复制特征.[方法]基于大肠杆菌系统表达并纯化得到高纯度可溶...     

草莓中诺如病毒不同洗脱和富集方法的评估

评估一种快速和敏感富集草莓中诺如病毒的方法,为病毒性食源性疾病的防控提供支持。以鼠诺如病毒-1(MNV-1)为模式病毒,考察Tralk洗脱液、TGBE洗脱液和NaOH洗脱液对MNV-1的洗脱效果,检测5%、10%和15%PEG6000/0.3M NaCl对MNV-1的富集效果,评估优化后方法对草莓中诺如病毒的富集效果和超滤二次浓缩对诺如病毒富集效果影响。结果表明TGBE缓冲液洗脱效果优于Tralk洗脱液和NaOH洗脱液;10%PEG6000/0.3M NaCl与15%PEG6000/0.3M NaCl对MNV-1的富集效果相同,且二者的富集效果均高于5%PEG6000/0.3M NaCl;该优化方法可在7h内完成草莓中诺如病毒的富集,诺如病毒的回收率最高可达44.04%,超滤二次浓缩后,诺如病毒的检测限达到102基因拷贝数/10g草莓。     

基于靶向结合的食源性诺如病毒富集与检测研究进展

诺如病毒(Noroviruses,NoVs)是全球急性胃肠炎的重要食源性病原。复杂基质的前处理技术一直是食品安全领域中病毒检测研究的重点和难点。除了絮凝沉淀、超速离心、超滤浓缩、电荷膜过滤等常用的非特异性富集技术外,基于分子互作的靶向病毒富集技术已成为了近年来的研究热点。常用的靶向结合种类包括抗原-抗体结合、病毒-受体结合、筛选特异性的核酸适配体、基于噬菌体表面展示技术筛选特异性的多肽、分子印迹等。因此,本文对近年来诺如病毒靶向富集技术的研究进展进行了综述,以期为完善食源性病毒快速检测技术提供参考。     

弹状病毒反向遗传操作系统研究进展

弹状病毒是一类重要的共患病病原,可引起人、动物、植物等多种生物的严重疫病。该病毒属不分节段的负链RNA病毒,其基因组相对简单。近年来,随着基因操作技术的发展,弹状病毒反向遗传操作系统技术研究取得显著成果。本综述从弹状病毒概论、弹状病毒反向遗传操作系统的建立及其疫苗研究中的应用等方面概述其反向遗传操作的研究进展,以期为弹状病毒防控相关研究提供参考。     

Murine norovirus, a recently discovered and highly prevalent viral agent of mice

Murine norovirus (MNV), a recently discovered viral agent of laboratory mice, is closely related to human norovirus, a contagious pathogen known to cause gastroenteritis. The prototype strain of MNV (MNV-1) was first isolated and characterized in 2003 as a sporadic, lethal pathogen in certain strains of immunocompromised knockout mice. Serological surveillance data from mouse colonies throughout the US and Canada have since shown that MNV is highly prevalent. Because MNV is unique among norovirus strains in its ability to replicate in cell culture, it serves as the most accessible model to elucidate the mechanisms of infection and replication of human norovirus. The author discusses the genetic diversity of MNV, its prevalence, pathology and potential research implications, as well as techniques for detection and eradication of this virus.     

Murine noroviruses bind glycolipid and glycoprotein attachment receptors in a strain-dependent manner

Human norovirus infections are the most common cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide, and glycan binding plays an important role in the susceptibility to these infections. However, due to the lack of an efficient cell culture system or small animal model for human noroviruses, little is known about the biological role of glycan binding during infection. Murine noroviruses (MNV) are also enteric viruses that bind to cell surface glycans, but in contrast to their human counterparts, they can be grown in tissue culture and a small animal host. In this study, we determined glycan-binding specificities of the MNV strains MNV-1 and CR3 in vitro, identified molecular determinants of glycan binding, and analyzed infection in vivo. We showed that unlike MNV-1, CR3 binding to murine macrophages was resistant to neuraminidase treatment and glycosphingolipid depletion. Both strains depended on N-linked glycoproteins for binding, while only MNV-1 attachment to macrophages was sensitive to O-linked glycoprotein depletion. In vivo, CR3 showed differences in tissue tropism compared to MNV-1 by replicating in the large intestine. Mapping of a glycan-binding site in the MNV-1 capsid by reverse genetics identified a region topologically similar to the histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-binding sites of the human norovirus strain VA387. The recombinant virus showed distinct changes in tissue tropism compared to wild-type virus. Taken together, our data demonstrate that MNV strains evolved multiple strategies to bind different glycan receptors on the surface of murine macrophages and that glycan binding contributes to tissue tropism in vivo.     

Model systems for the study of human norovirus Biology

The relative contribution of norovirus to disease burden on society has only recently been established and they are now established as a major cause of gastroenteritis in the developed world. However, despite the medical relevance of these viruses, an efficient in vitro cell culture system for human noroviruses has yet to be developed. As a result, much of our knowledge on the basic mechanisms of norovirus biology has come from studies using other members of the Caliciviridae family of small positive stranded RNA viruses. Here we aim to summarise the recent advances in the field, highlighting how model systems have played a key role in increasing our knowledge of this prevalent pathogen.     

Norovirus regulation of the innate immune response and apoptosis occurs via the product of the alternative open reading frame 4

Small RNA viruses have evolved many mechanisms to increase the capacity of their short genomes. Here we describe the identification and characterization of a novel open reading frame (ORF4) encoded by the murine norovirus (MNV) subgenomic RNA, in an alternative reading frame overlapping the VP1 coding region. ORF4 is translated during virus infection and the resultant protein localizes predominantly to the mitochondria. Using reverse genetics we demonstrated that expression of ORF4 is not required for virus replication in tissue culture but its loss results in a fitness cost since viruses lacking the ability to express ORF4 restore expression upon repeated passage in tissue culture. Functional analysis indicated that the protein produced from ORF4 antagonizes the innate immune response to infection by delaying the upregulation of a number of cellular genes activated by the innate pathway, including IFN-Beta. Apoptosis in the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line was also increased during virus infection in the absence of ORF4 expression. In vivo analysis of the WT and mutant virus lacking the ability to express ORF4 demonstrated an important role for ORF4 expression in infection and virulence. STAT1-/- mice infected with a virus lacking the ability to express ORF4 showed a delay in the onset of clinical signs when compared to mice infected with WT virus. Quantitative PCR and histopathological analysis of samples from these infected mice demonstrated that infection with a virus not expressing ORF4 results in a delayed infection in this system. In light of these findings we propose the name virulence factor 1, VF1 for this protein. The identification of VF1 represents the first characterization of an alternative open reading frame protein for the calicivirus family. The immune regulatory function of the MNV VF1 protein provide important perspectives for future research into norovirus biology and pathogenesis.     

CRISPR: a versatile tool for both forward and reverse genetics research

Human genetics research employs the two opposing approaches of forward and reverse genetics. While forward genetics identifies and links a mutation to an observed disease etiology, reverse genetics induces mutations in model organisms to study their role in disease. In most cases, causality for mutations identified by forward genetics is confirmed by reverse genetics through the development of genetically engineered animal models and an assessment of whether the model can recapitulate the disease. While many technological advances have helped improve these approaches, some gaps still remain. CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated), which has emerged as a revolutionary genetic engineering tool, holds great promise for closing such gaps. By combining the benefits of forward and reverse genetics, it has dramatically expedited human genetics research. We provide a perspective on the power of CRISPR-based forward and reverse genetics tools in human genetics and discuss its applications using some disease examples.     

Systematic assembly of a full-length infectious clone of human coronavirus NL63

Historically, coronaviruses were predominantly associated with mild upper respiratory disease in humans. More recently, three novel coronaviruses associated with severe human respiratory disease were found, including (i) the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, associated with a significant atypical pneumonia and 10% mortality; (ii) HKU-1, associated with chronic pulmonary disease; and (iii) NL63, associated with both upper and lower respiratory tract disease in children and adults worldwide. These discoveries establish coronaviruses as important human pathogens and underscore the need for continued research toward the development of platforms that will enable genetic manipulation of the viral genome, allowing for rapid and rational development and testing of candidate vaccines, vaccine vectors, and therapeutics. In this report, we describe a reverse genetics system for NL63, whereby five contiguous cDNAs that span the entire genome were used to generate a full-length cDNA. Recombinant NL63 viruses which contained the expected marker mutations replicated as efficiently as the wild-type NL63 virus. In addition, we engineered the heterologous green fluorescent protein gene in place of open reading frame 3 (ORF3) of the NL63 clone, simultaneously creating a unique marker for NL63 infection and demonstrating that the ORF3 protein product is nonessential for the replication of NL63 in cell culture. The availability of the NL63 and NL63gfp clones and recombinant viruses provides powerful tools that will help advance our understanding of this important human pathogen.     

Molecular modeling, organ culture and reverse genetics for a newly identified human rhinovirus C

A recently recognized human rhinovirus species C (HRV-C) is associated with up to half of HRV infections in young children. Here we propagated two HRV-C isolates ex vivo in organ culture of nasal epithelial cells, sequenced a new C15 isolate and developed the first, to our knowledge, reverse genetics system for HRV-C. Using contact points for the known HRV receptors, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), inter- and intraspecies footprint analyses predicted a unique cell attachment site for HRV-Cs. Antibodies directed to binding sites for HRV-A and -B failed to inhibit HRV-C attachment, consistent with the alternative receptor footprint. HRV-A and HRV-B infected HeLa and WisL cells but HRV-C did not. However, HRV-C RNA synthesized in vitro and transfected into both cell types resulted in cytopathic effect and recovery of functional virus, indicating that the viral attachment mechanism is a primary distinguishing feature of HRV-C.