大青沟自然保护区大型真菌区系多样性的研究

本文对内蒙古大青沟自然保护区内的真菌区系进行了多样性分析。结果:含10种以上的科为口蘑科、革盖菌科、丝膜菌科、蘑菇科、球盖菇科、蜡伞科和炭角菌科;含5种以上的属为丝盖伞属、小皮伞属、多孔菌属、鳞伞属、光柄菇属、炭角菌属、蘑菇属、赤褶菌属、蜡伞属、湿伞属、靴耳属、囊蘑属、栓菌属和马鞍菌属;从种的组成上可划分为世界分布种(34.11%)、北温带分布种(42.05%)、北温带－澳大利亚分布种(5.30%)、温带－亚热带、热带分布种(3.31%)、欧亚大陆分布种(2.98%)、东亚－北美间断分布种(2.32%)、东亚分布种(1.97%)、中国－日本共有种(4.64%)和特有成分(3.97%)等9个分布型,表现出鲜明的温带区系特征。在区系亲缘关系上与长白山较为接近,而与热带、亚热带的区系较为疏远。     

中国鳞伞属(广义)已知种类及其分布

对中国鳞伞属 (PholiotaKummer)真菌进行了整理、修订 ,并对有关分类学问题进行了扼要讨论。我国文献记载该属有 74个名称 ,分布于 2 7个省区。其中 ,有效名称 63种 (新拟中文名称 1种 )和 2变种 ,而主张转移到其他属的有 3种 ,错拼名称有 3种 ,另有存疑种 3种。     

中国裸伞属已知种的分布及1个大陆新记录种

对我国22个省区的裸伞属(GymnopilusP.Karst.)27个已知名称进行了整理和修订,并描述了1个中国大陆新记录种———藏花黄褶裸伞[Gymnopilus crociphyllus(Cooke&Massee)Pegler]。     

基于18S rDNA和无翅基因的中国瓢蜡蝉科分子系统发育关系研究(半翅目:蜡蝉总科)（英文）

研究测定了19属33种中国瓢蜡蝉和1种外群(Paravarcia decapterix)的18S r DNA及无翅基因(Wg)部分DNA序列,并利用最大简约法(maximum parsimony,MP)和贝叶斯法(bayesian inference,BI)进行系统发育关系分析。研究结果表明:采用最大简约法和贝叶斯法2种分析方法获得的瓢蜡蝉科(Issidae)系统发育树的拓扑结构基本一致,将该科分为5个亚科:杯瓢蜡蝉亚科(Caliscelinae)、汤瓢蜡蝉亚科(Tonginae)、帕瓢蜡蝉亚科(Parahiraciinae)、球瓢蜡蝉亚科(Hemisphaeriinae)和瓢蜡蝉亚科(Issinae)。并支持将角唇瓢蜡蝉属(Eusudasina)归入球瓢蜡蝉亚科(Hemisphaeriinae)。     

中国虫草属已知种类及其分布

对中国虫草属(Cordyceps(Fr．)Link)真菌进行了整理、修订,对有关分类学问题进行了简要讨论。文献记载我国该属有139个名称,分布于29个省区。其中,有效名称130个(包括125种、3变种和2变型),无效或不合格名称3种,错拼名称2种,存疑种4种,有无性型报道的种类38种,中国特有种46个。     

5种石竹科植物的染色体研究

石竹科(Caryophyllaceae)有70属,约1750种,广布世界,主要分布于温带和寒带。我国有31属372种,分布全国。该科部分种为观赏植物,药用的近50种。关于石竹科植物的染色体研究,国外报道较多,但我国在这方面的研究较少。从已报道的资料来看,该科的染色体数目和结构变异很大。因此,对该科植物进行较系统的染色体研究,探明该科染色体的变异     

洼甲螨科的分类研究进展(蜱螨亚纲:甲螨目:懒甲螨总科)

洼甲螨科隶属于蜱螨亚纲甲螨目懒甲螨总科,是低等甲螨中进化相对较高级,介于低等甲螨和高等甲螨之间的过渡类群,广泛分布于世界各大动物地理区,目前全世界有3属5亚属79种5亚种,国内现知2属16种.综述了洼甲螨科该科的分类沿革及分类研究进展;概述了洼甲螨科各属(亚属)的地理分布,指出该科目前所知分布较多的是古北界、新北界、东洋界;对中国洼甲螨科已知种进行了区系总结,目前青藏区和蒙新区各仅知1种,主要原因是缺乏深入研究;编制了洼甲螨科3个属及5个亚属和中国已知2属16种的分类检索表.     

中国蜡伞科云片衣属和地衣小荷叶属担子地衣（英文）

本文报道了中国蜡伞科担子地衣2个属4个种,其中包含1个新种和1个中国新记录种,新种为云南云片衣Dictyonema yunnanum,新记录种即为亚洲新记录种,灰盖地衣小荷叶Lichenomphalia velutina。云南云片衣的主要鉴别特征为:地衣体呈蓝绿色纤维状,纤维尖端白色至银白色,直立。本文对所研究的物种进行了详细形态描述并给出了每种的外形特征图,提供了中国蜡伞科担子地衣已知物种检索表。     

巨孢囊霉科真菌已知种及其分布特点

巨孢囊霉科 (Gigasporaceae)是丛枝菌根 (AM)真菌重要的科之一 ,该科有 2属 :巨孢囊霉属 (Gigaspora)和盾巨孢囊霉属 (Scutellospora) ,4 2种。该科真菌 6 0 %以上的种分布在沿海地区沙丘和海岛上 ,其他则分布在靠近海洋的内陆耕作农田和草原中 ,为内陆少见种。在我国主要分布在山东半岛、海南岛、广东、广西、福建、以及靠近沿海地区的江西省、云南省和呼和浩特市等。文章主要介绍该科、属、种的分类特征 ,旨在为该科真菌的分类工作提供便利。     

中国光柄菇属已知种类及其分布

对中国光柄菇属(Pluteus)真菌进行了整理、修订,并对有关分类学问题进行了扼要讨论。中国光柄菇属真菌有28个名称记录,分布于23个省(自治区)。其中只有10个分类单元引证了标本,有3个记录的报道未提供形态描述,另有1种存在拼写错误。     

中国小脆柄菇属已知种类及其分布

对中国小脆柄菇属(Psathyrella)真菌进行了整理、修订,对有关分类学问题进行了讨论。中国小脆柄菇属真菌共51个名称记录,分布于26个省(自治区)。其中有18个分类单元引证了标本,2个记录的报道未提供形态描述,2个种存在错误拼写。     

Relationships among the major lineages of Dictyoptera: the effect of outgroup selection on dictyopteran tree topology

Abstract Dictyoptera, comprising Blattaria, Isoptera, and Mantodea, are diverse in appearance and life history, and are strongly supported as monophyletic. We downloaded COII, 16S, 18S, and 28S sequences of 39 dictyopteran species from GenBank. Ribosomal RNA sequences were aligned manually with reference to secondary structure. We included morphological data (maximum of 175 characters) for 12 of these taxa and for an additional 15 dictyopteran taxa (for which we had only morphological data). We had two datasets, a 59‐taxon dataset with five outgroup taxa, from Phasmatodea (2 taxa), Mantophasmatodea (1 taxon), Embioptera (1 taxon), and Grylloblattodea (1 taxon), and a 62‐taxon dataset with three additional outgroup taxa from Plecoptera (1 taxon), Dermaptera (1 taxon) and Orthoptera (1 taxon). We analysed the combined molecular?morphological dataset using the doublet and MK models in Mr Bayes , and using a parsimony heuristic search in paup . Within the monophyletic Mantodea, Mantoida is recovered as sister to the rest of Mantodea, followed by Chaeteessa; the monophyly of most of the more derived families as defined currently is not supported. We recovered novel phylogenetic hypotheses about the taxa within Blattodea (following Hennig, containing Isoptera). Unique to our study, one Bayesian analysis places Polyphagoidea as sister to all other Dictyoptera; other analyses and/or the addition of certain orthopteran sequences, however, place Polyphagoidea more deeply within Dictyoptera. Isoptera falls within the cockroaches, sister to the genus Cryptocercus. Separate parsimony analyses of independent gene fragments suggest that gene selection is an important factor in tree reconstruction. When we varied the ingroup taxa and/or outgroup taxa, the internal dictyopteran relationships differed in the position of several taxa of interest, including Cryptocercus, Polyphaga, Periplaneta and Supella. This provides further evidence that the choice of both outgroup and ingroup taxa greatly affects tree topology.     

Higher taxa as surrogates of species richness of spiders in insect‐resistant transgenic rice

Abstract Biodiversity assessments can often be time‐ and resource‐consuming. Several alternative approaches have been proposed to reduce sampling efforts, including indicator taxa and surrogates. In this study, we examine the reliability of higher taxon surrogates to predict species richness in two experimental rice fields of Fujian Province, southeastern China during 2005 and 2009. Spider samples in transgenic and nontransgenic plots were collected using a suction sampler. Both the genus and family surrogates had significant and positive linear relationships with species richness in the transgenic and nontransgenic rice fields. The rice varieties did not significantly influence the linear relationships. Our findings suggest that higher‐taxon surrogacy could be a useful alternative to complete species inventory for risk assessments of transgenic rice.     

Cladistic biogeography of the moth tribe Cidariini (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) in the Holarctic and Indo-Chinese regions

A cladistic biogeographic analysis for the Holarctic and Indo-Chinese regions was undertaken based on seven genera of the tribe Cidariini: Cidaria Treitschke, Thera Stephens, Pennithera Viidalepp, Heterothera Inoue, Callabraxas Butler, Gandaritis Moore and Eulithis Httbner. Smallest coincident ranges of two species recognized 11 endemic areas. The study has two aims: to construct a hierarchical structure of those areas, and to recognize dispersal events. Under two assumptions [widespread taxa mapped (identical as assumption 0) and widespread taxa not mapped (identical as assumption 1)] the 11 endemic areas were mapped with 72 taxa. The best resolved area cladograms under the two assumptions differ in the placement of one endemic area, northern Europe. Area relationships found in this present analysis are congruent with the current landmass configurations: (North America, (Europe, (northern India, (southwestern Asia, (Baikal area, (south China, (Taiwan, (Russian Far East, Japan)))))))). These area cladograms postulate at least three vicariance events: (1) between North America and the Palaearctic; (2) western-eastern Palaearctic; (3) northern India–the rest of Asia. The approach to recognize dispersed taxa by pruning each taxon suggests that most dispersal events occurred in East Asia: from the Baikal area or south China to the Russian Far East; and from the Russian Far East to Japan. Relationships among endemic areas are briefly discussed.     

一种改进的PAE方法及其在锦鸡儿组(锦鸡儿属)特有性分析中的应用

针对特有性简约性分析（PAE）不足之处,提出一个新的改进分析方法。主要区别是,新方法对分布区内分类群区分了原始和演化,相应地编码为0／1;为了获取分类群原始和演化的特性,分析以分类群分支图为基础。新方法是系统发育与地理分布相统一原理的一个具体的定量化探讨。用新方法分析了豆科锦鸡儿属锦鸡儿组15种,结果表明新方法优于以前的PAE方法。用新的改进方法分析得到的可能的祖先分布区是原始类群树锦鸡儿和一大类属内原始类群的分布区。与目前属的起源问题的一般观点相一致。     

Karyological studies of some representatives of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tanacetum</Emphasis> L. (Anthemideae-Asteraceae) from north-east Anatolia

The karyotypes of nine Tanacetum taxa distributed in north-east Anatolia, Turkey, were determined and evaluated by cluster analysis and principal-components analysis. Chromosome numbers were 2n = 2x = 18 (8 taxa) and 4x = 36 (1 taxon). Somatic chromosome numbers of two taxa and a new ploidy level in one taxon are reported for the first time. Karyotype analysis indicated that chromosomes of Tanacetum taxa have predominantly median centromeres. The taxa studied differed significantly in the size of the short arms and long arms, and the arm ratio of each pair of homologous chromosomes, indicating structural rearrangements of the chromosomes have been involved in diversification of the taxa. They were placed in 2A, 3A, and 2B of Stebbins’ karyotype classification, showing the presence of a primitive symmetrical karyotype in the genus. Several systematic and evolutionary aspects of the genus are discussed on the basis of karyological data.     

Maximizing phylogenetic diversity in biodiversity conservation: Greedy solutions to the Noah's Ark problem

The Noah's Ark Problem (NAP) is a comprehensive cost-effectiveness methodology for biodiversity conservation that was introduced by Weitzman (1998) and utilizes the phylogenetic tree containing the taxa of interest to assess biodiversity. Given a set of taxa, each of which has a particular survival probability that can be increased at some cost, the NAP seeks to allocate limited funds to conserving these taxa so that the future expected biodiversity is maximized. Finding optimal solutions using this framework is a computationally difficult problem to which a simple and efficient "greedy" algorithm has been proposed in the literature and applied to conservation problems. We show that, although algorithms of this type cannot produce optimal solutions for the general NAP, there are two restricted scenarios of the NAP for which a greedy algorithm is guaranteed to produce optimal solutions. The first scenario requires the taxa to have equal conservation cost; the second scenario requires an ultrametric tree. The NAP assumes a linear relationship between the funding allocated to conservation of a taxon and the increased survival probability of that taxon. This relationship is briefly investigated and one variation is suggested that can also be solved using a greedy algorithm.     

Modelling the hydraulic preferences of benthic macroinvertebrates in small European streams

1. Relating processes occurring at a local scale to the natural variability of ecosystems at a larger scale requires the design of predictive models both to orientate stream management and to predict the effects of larger scale disturbances such as climate changes. Our study contributes to this effort by providing detailed models of the hydraulic preferences of 151 invertebrate taxa, mostly identified at the species level. We used an extensive data set comprising 580 invertebrate samples collected using a Surber net from nine sites of second and third order streams during one, two or three surveys at each site. We used nested non‐linear mixed models to relate taxon local densities to bed shear stresses estimated from FliesswasserStammTisch hemisphere numbers. 2. An average model by taxon, i.e. independent from surveys, globally explained 25% of the density variations of taxa within surveys. A quadratic relationship existed between the average preferences and the niche breadth of taxa, indicating that taxa preferring extreme hemisphere numbers had a reduced hydraulic niche breadth. A more complete model, where taxa preferences vary across surveys, globally explained 38% of the variation of taxa densities within surveys. Variations in preferences across surveys were weak for taxa preferring extreme hemisphere numbers. 3. There was a significant taxonomic effect on preferences computed from the complete model. By contrast, season, site, average hemisphere number within a survey and average density of taxa within a survey used as covariates did not consistently explain shifts in taxon hydraulic preferences across surveys. 4. The average hydraulic preferences of taxa obtained from the extensive data set were well correlated to those obtained from two additional independent data sets collected in other regions. The consistency of taxon preferences across regions supports the use of regional preference curves for estimating the impact of river management on invertebrate communities. By contrast, the hydraulic niche breadths of taxa computed from the different data sets were not related.     

Resource competition among saline-lake diatoms under varying N/P ratio, salinity and anion composition

1. A series of resource competition experiments were performed with four diatom taxa isolated from saline lakes in the Northern Great Plains of North America. Three variables were tested in a factorial design: N/P ratio (6 : 1, 12 : 1, 24 : 1, 48 : 1), salinity (5, 8, 11‰), and anion composition (sulphate versus bicarbonate-dominated medium).
2. Coexistence of Chaetoceros elmorei , Cyclotella quillensis , and Cymbella pusilla occurred at the two lowest N/P ratios. These three taxa have similar N requirements and thus competitive exclusion by the taxon with the lowest N requirement may have required more time.
3. Anomoeoneis costata , which had the highest nitrogen requirements and slowest growth rate of these four taxa, declined in all cases. Cyclotella biovolume concentration consistently declined at the two highest N/P ratios, indicating a higher P requirement, which is consistent with its distribution pattern.
4. In general, we found opposite trends with respect to all variables for Chaetoceros , a taxon that mainly inhabits sulphate systems, versus Cymbella , a bicarbonate-associated taxon. Our results suggest that Cymbella may be found mainly in bicarbonate systems because of a higher C requirement, whereas Chaetoceros may be less abundant in these systems, in part, because of competitive interactions with bicarbonate-associated taxa.