黄芪皂苷、多糖及黄酮在抗细胞凋亡方面的研究进展

黄芪系豆科植物蒙古黄芪Astragalus menabranaceus (Fish.)Bge.var.meongholicus (Bge.)Hsiao或膜荚黄芪Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge.的干燥根.其味甘,性微温,具有“补气升阳、益卫固表、利尿消肿、托毒生肌”之功效.黄芪含有皂苷、多糖、黄酮、氨基酸等多种活性成分,对免疫系统、内分泌系统和心血管系统等均有明显功效,其中很多药理功效作用与抗氧化损伤、调节钙稳态、抗线粒体损伤有关.氧自由基损伤、钙超载、线粒体损伤三者是启动细胞程序性凋亡的共同通路,现从这三方面综述黄芪活性成分在抗细胞凋亡机制的研究进展.     

膜荚黄芪中的紫檀烷和异黄烷化合物

前文[1]报道了从膜荚芪（Astragalus membranaceus(Fish.)Bunge）根的乙醇提取物中分离得到的2     

膜荚黄芪中两个新的抗菌异黄烷化合物

膜荚黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.)Bunge）为豆科植物,其根入药,有补气固表、利尿脱毒、敛疮疤生肌、益气补中之功效,主要用于气虚乏力、食少便溏、中气下陷、久泻脱肛、便血崩漏、表虚自汗、气虚     

新疆紫草毛状根总糖及多糖含量分析

采用超声提取法,对新疆紫草固体培养毛状根、液体培养毛状根以及2～3年野生根中的总糖和多糖进行了提取测定.结果表明:毛状根中水溶性总糖含量为25.573%,是野生根总糖含量的3.4倍;固体培养的毛状根多糖含量最高,达4.289%,是液体培养毛状根的3.37倍,是野生根的4倍.稳定性试验和重复性试验表明,该研究结果可靠性强,重复性好且稳定.研究发现,新疆紫草毛状根中水溶性总糖和多糖的含量高于野生根.     

羧甲基化黄芪多糖的制备及其保润性能

采用浸提法,从膜荚黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus)中提取、纯化得到一种黄芪多糖(Astragalus Polysaccharide,简称APS),并制备其羧甲基化产物(carboxymethylated product,APS-C);以羧甲基化取代度(Degree of Substitution,DS)为指标,采用正交试验优化了黄芪多糖的羧甲基化工艺条件;以烟丝干基含水率为指标,对APS、APS-C、丙二醇和甘油的物理保润性能进行了测试,并考察了其对卷烟感官舒适度的影响。结果表明:1)羧甲基化的最佳工艺条件:反应温度60℃,反应时间4 h,20%Na OH溶液用量350 m L,氯乙酸用量65 g,在此条件下取代度大于1.5;2)APS-C的保湿性能明显优于丙二醇和甘油,APS的保湿性能不如APS-C,但优于丙二醇和甘油;3)APS-C可使卷烟烟气圆润、柔和,减少刺激性和杂气,具有提升口感舒适性的作用。     

膜荚黄芪中的异黄酮化合物

从上海崇明产膜荚黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bunge)根的乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了6个异黄酮化合物:8,3＇-二羟基-7,4＇-二甲氧基异黄酮、奥刀拉亭-7-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖甙、芒柄花素、7,3＇-二羟基-8,4＇-二甲氧基异黄酮、毛蕊异黄酮和毛蕊异黄酮-7-O-β-D葡萄吡喃糖甙。其中,前两个为新化合物。     

黄芪皂苷、多糖及黄酮在抗细胞凋亡方面的研究进展

黄芪系豆科植物蒙古黄芪Astragalus menabranaceus(Fish.)Bge.var.meongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao或膜荚黄芪Astragalus mem-branaceus(Fisch.)Bge.的干燥根。其味甘,性微温,具有"补气升阳、益卫固表、利尿消肿、托毒生肌"之功效。黄芪含有皂苷、多糖、黄酮、氨基酸等多种活性成分,对免疫系统、内分泌系统和心血管系统等均有明显功效,其中很多药理功效作用与抗氧化损伤、调节钙稳态、抗线粒体损伤有关。氧自由基损伤、钙超载、线粒体损伤三者是启动细胞程序性凋亡的共同通路,现从这三方面综述黄芪活性成分在抗细胞凋亡机制的研究进展。     

膜荚黄芪内生真菌次生代谢产物鉴定及抑菌活性

从膜荚黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus)叶中分离出一株内生真菌———瓶霉菌属(Phialophorasp.)。鉴定次生代谢产物中含有皂甙类、多糖类和黄酮类物质,并通过薄层层析证明内生真菌次生代谢产物的粗提物与黄芪植物水煎液的粗提物含有相同的成分。证明发酵液及菌丝体提取物对4种常见细菌具有不同程度的抑菌活性。     

粉葛主要营养物质、异黄酮成分的积累规律及其相关性分析

为确定粉葛的最佳采收时期及各部位的应用价值，探索粉葛主要营养物质与异黄酮成分的积累规律及相关关系，该研究以广西藤县粉葛为材料，采用测试盒法、酶重量法、索氏抽提法、高效液相色谱法等生理生化技术，测定了成熟期不同部位异黄酮成分的含量及不同生长时期粉葛块根主要营养物质、异黄酮成分的含量，并分析了各营养物质与异黄酮成分积累的相互关系。结果表明：(1)在成熟期，粉葛不同部位的染料木素含量差异均不显著，但叶片的大豆苷元含量显著小于中藤，根头和藤的总异黄酮、葛根素、大豆苷的含量显著大于叶片和块根，并且根头和藤的葛根素含量均超过1.00%。(2)不同生长时期，粉葛的淀粉、多糖、粗蛋白、可溶性蛋白的积累在11月和12月达到最大，不溶性膳食纤维的积累在12月最小，可溶性膳食纤维在8月和12月的积累量最大，总异黄酮和葛根素在8月和9月的积累量最大。(3)总异黄酮、葛根素的积累与淀粉、多糖的积累呈显著负相关，总异黄酮、葛根素的积累与不溶性膳食纤维的积累呈显著正相关。综上结果认为：粉葛的根头、藤蔓含有丰富的总异黄酮、葛根素、大豆苷，具有很好的药用开发价值；粉葛药用的最佳采收期为8月和9月，粉葛食用的最佳采收期为...     

干旱胁迫对蒙古黄芪和膜荚黄芪不同器官黄酮类成分积累的影响

以一年生蒙古黄芪和膜荚黄芪幼苗为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,研究连续干旱胁迫12 d及恢复浇水对2种黄芪生理状态及其根、茎、叶中毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷和毛蕊异黄酮2种黄酮类成分含量的影响。结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫明显抑制了2种黄芪地上部生长,对其根系生长则无明显影响;土壤相对含水量在连续干旱处理4 d后就下降,但2种黄芪的叶片相对含水量只有在中度干旱胁迫(连续干旱8～12 d)下才下降,且膜荚黄芪的下降幅度大于蒙古黄芪。(2)干旱胁迫下,蒙古黄芪和膜荚黄芪根和叶中的SOD和POD活性均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且蒙古黄芪根和叶中的SOD和POD活性均低于膜荚黄芪。(3)干旱胁迫下,膜荚黄芪不同器官中的毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量表现为叶茎根,而蒙古黄芪根、茎和叶之间毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量差异不明显;膜荚黄芪中的毛蕊异黄酮含量表现为叶大于茎,在蒙古黄芪中则表现为茎大于叶;而且2种黄芪的黄酮类成分在同一器官中的积累也有一定的差异性。研究认为,蒙古黄芪的抗旱性高于膜荚黄芪,适度的干旱胁迫能够促进黄芪器官中毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷和毛蕊异黄酮的积累。     

腐皮镰刀菌对不同品种核桃抗性生理指标的影响

为分析腐皮镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)引起的核桃根腐病对寄主抗性生理指标的影响,该研究以铁核桃、绵阳早熟、新疆2号3个核桃品种为材料,研究各品种受腐皮镰刀菌侵染后,不同时期的发病情况以及丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖含量以及过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的动态变化。结果表明：接种病原菌50 d 后,铁核桃100％发病,属高感品种,绵阳早熟和新疆2号发病率分别为23.33％和16.67％,属抗病品种;在50 d 监测范围内,各品种对照组各项叶部生理指标仅出现上下波动且差异不显著;然而,各品种核桃接入腐皮镰刀菌后,可溶性糖含量随时间迅速下降,MDA 含量和 POD 活性总体表现为先上升趋势,SOD、PPO 活性总体则表现为先上升后下降的变化趋势,并且5个指标品种间差异显著,而 CAT 活性变化无规律。相关性分析表明,可溶性糖、MDA 含量、SOD、POD、PPO 活性可以作为核桃品种抗性评价指标。该研究结果为深入研究由腐皮镰刀菌引起的核桃根腐病发病机制以及通过诱导等措施提高其抗性的研究提供了理论基础。     

Developmental changes of sugar contents in the gall on the leaf of elm (Zelkowa serrata Makino) formed byParacolopha morrisoni Baker (homopetra)

To understand cell wall polysaccharide synthesis and the role of gall in interaction with aphids, the changes of sugar contents in the galls during their growth and development were determined from May 2 to June 8, 1996. The sugar content in the symplastic (MeOH and hot water) fractions decreased as the developmental stages progressed. In the cell wall fraction, the amount of pectic substances (2-3 mg per gram fresh weight) did not change. The hemicellulosic substance increased by 40% from May 14 to May 31. Among the neutral sugar components of hemicellulosic polysaccharides, xylose and arabinose contents increased during development of the gall, suggesting that xylans with arabinose residues were massively synthesized. On the other hand, glucose content decreased during development of the gall. The cellulose substance consistently increased 5 folds from May 2 to 31. The relationship between the aphid and the changes in sugar contents of cell walls during the development of aphid and the gall formation was discussed.     

扁藻多糖的性质及结构特征的研究

利用不同浓度范围的乙醇从培养至平衡期后的扁藻细胞内沉淀分离出不同组分的扁藻多糖级分,对其理化性质和结构特征进行了相应的测定和对比分析。结果表明,经过凝胶层析分离后,乙醇浓度在0%~50%范围时沉淀的扁藻多糖与乙醇浓度为50%~75%范围时沉淀的扁藻多糖相比,前者分子量大、糖含量高、其结合的蛋白质也多,但前者的溶解度和粘度小于后者。两个级分的扁藻多糖的官能团相似,均含有硫酸基和氨基,但其含量不同。所得结果为深入研究扁藻多糖的结构及其实际应用提供了实验依据。     

氮、磷、钾营养对膜荚黄芪幼苗根系活力和游离氨基酸含量的影响

运用水培试验法研究不同营养水平对黄芪幼苗根系活力和游离氨基酸组成及含量的影响。结果表明:缺素显著降低黄芪根系活力,不同营养处理游离氨基酸含量差异显著,游离氨基酸总量的变化规律为叶片>根,各处理游离氨基酸总量为-K>-P>NPK>-N。全素处理与缺素处理相比,能提高根系活力、协调根冠比。黄芪幼苗通过提高体内游离氨基酸含量以增强对营养胁迫逆境的适应能力。     

Preparation of Acetylated Grapefruit Peel Polysaccharide

Grapefruit peel polysaccharide has antioxidant, antitumor, hypoglycemic and other biological activities, and chemical modification can further improve the properties of the polysaccharide. Acetylation modification of polysaccharides has the advantages of simple operation, low cost and little pollution, and is widely used at present. Different degrees of acetylation modification have different effects on the properties of polysaccharides, so it is necessary to optimize the preparation technology of acetylated grapefruit peel polysaccharides. In this article, acetylated grapefruit peel polysaccharide was prepared by acetic anhydride method. With the degree of acetyl substitution as the evaluation index, combined with the analysis of sugar content and protein content in the polysaccharide before and after modification, the effects of three feeding ratios of 1:0.6, 1 : 1.2 and 1 : 1.8 (polysaccharide: acetic anhydride, mass/volume) on acetylation modification were explored through single factor experiments. The results showed that the optimum ratio of material to liquid for acetylation modification of grapefruit peel polysaccharide was 1:0.6. Under these conditions, the degree of substitution of acetylated grapefruit peel polysaccharide was 0.323, the sugar content was 59.50 % and the protein content was 1.038 %. The results provide some reference for the study of acetylated grapefruit peel polysaccharide.     

Studies on the Carbohydrates of Horse Radish,Cochlearis Armoracia L

In the root of horse radish, sucrose, fructose, glucose and two unknown fructose-oligosac-charides were found in the form of free sugars, in the decreasing order just given, and large amounts of starch, hot 50% methanol-soluble polysaccharide, water-soluble polysaccharide, pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose and a small amount of lignin were found as polysaccharides. As the constructive sugar of these polysaccharides, the following, i.e., glucose, fructose, galactose, arabinose, galacturonic acid and xylose were detected.     

Some effects, especially on yield, of artificially defoliating sugar beet

The effects of completely defoliating sugar beet at different dates from May to October were examined in four years. In each year there were plots given the usual nitrogen fertiliser application to the seedbed, and also in two of the years plots given no nitrogen. At harvest in mid-November, minimum root weights followed defoliation in July or August, but defoliation in August or later gave minimum sugar contents. When nitrogen was applied to the seedbed sugar yields were smallest after August defoliation; in the absence of nitrogen, July defoliation gave the lowest sugar yields, root yield being smaller but sugar content usually greater than with nitrogen. Up to 40% of the sugar yield was lost by July or August defoliation and late defoliation increased some of the impurities in the root juice. Yields, and recovery from defoliation, were greater with nitrogen than without. Partial defoliation in May had relatively little effect on yield. Defoliation affected the incidence of virus yellows differently in different years.     

Chemical and biological characterization of a polysaccharide biological response modifier from Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berg

Three purified polysaccharide fractions designated as PAC-I, PAC-II, and PAC-III were prepared from Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berg. by membrane fractionation and gel filtration HPLC. The polysaccharide fractions had molecular weights of 10,000 kDa, 1300 kDa, and 470 kDa, respectively. The major sugar residue in the polysaccharide fractions is mannose, which was found to be 91.5% in PAC-I, 87.9% in PAC-II, and 53.7% in PAC-III. The protein contents in the polysaccharide fractions was undetectable. NMR study of PAC-I and PAC-II demonstrated the polysaccharides shared the same structure. The main skeletons of PAC-I and PAC-II are beta-(1-->4)-D linked mannose with acetylation at C-6 of manopyranosyl. The polysaccharide fractions stimulated peritoneal macrophages, splenic T and B cell proliferation, and activated these cells to secrete TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, INF-gamma, IL-2, and IL-6. The polysaccharides were nontoxic and exhibited potent indirect antitumor response in murine model. PAC-I, which had the highest mannose content and molecular weight, was found to be the most potent biological response modifier of the three fractions. Our results suggested that the potency of aloe polysaccharide fraction increases as mannose content and molecular weight of the polysaccharide fraction increase.     

盐胁迫下沙棘的渗透调节效应

分别用含有0、100、200和300mmol LNaCl的Hoagland培养液处理1年生沙棘(HippophaerhamnoidesL.)苗30d后,测定其鲜重,干重,含水量,可溶性糖、脯氨酸和无机离子(Na 、Cl-)的含量及叶片渗透势和渗透调节能力。结果表明:100mmol LNaCl处理的沙棘地上部和根的鲜重和干重最大,其含水量也最大;NaCl浓度超过100mmol L时,沙棘地上部分和根的鲜重和干重随盐浓度增加而逐步下降,其下降的趋势为地上部大于根部。随NaCl浓度不断升高,沙棘体内Na 和Cl-浓度随之升高,茎叶和根系中Cl-含量明显高于Na ,对Na 的相对吸收量多于Cl-。沙棘对盐胁迫有一定的适应能力,随NaCl浓度的升高,沙棘叶内脯氨酸含量升高,可溶性糖含量增加,渗透势降低,渗透调节能力增强。本结果可为盐碱地营造沙棘林提供依据。