华南典型树种凋落叶的野外分解和溶解性有机质溶出动态

选用华南亚热带地区常见阔叶树种木荷和针叶树种湿地松的新近凋落叶,在野外分解0、30、60、90、150、210、240、365 d,分析溶出的溶解性有机质(DOM)浓度、组成和性质的变化,以及对土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)的影响.结果表明: 随着分解的进行,尽管木荷叶片的DOM浓度高于松针,但是2种凋落叶DOM浓度、性质和物质组成变化规律一致;2种凋落叶的DOM浓度均呈下降趋势,芳香化程度和分子量增大,富里酸、腐殖酸类物质逐渐增多,可降解的简单芳烃蛋白(如酪氨酸)逐渐减少.在分解初期,DOM主要由亲水中性和酸性部分组成,易分解、易迁移,对表层土壤DOC影响不显著;在分解后期,DOM主要为腐殖酸和富里酸类物质,吸附性强,表层土壤DOC浓度显著下降.     

Possible method of aluminium speciation in forest soils

Labile Al forms and species can be a threat in acid soils due to their potential toxicity to plants. However, there is no universally accepted extraction method. Several extraction reagents for Al release from soil have been tested. KCl (0.5 or 1 M) is recommended for extraction of exchangeable Al, while 0.5 or 0.3 M CuCl(2) is suggested for extraction of 'weakly organically bound Al'. Both 0.1 and 0.05 M Na(4)P(2)O(7) are shown to be suitable for the extraction of 'total organically bound Al'. These extractions are relatively simple, robust, and applicable to different soils and soil horizons. In the second part of the paper, detailed speciation of exchangeable soil Al by means of an HPLC instrument equipped with an ion column (IC) is presented. An experimental set-up is described and tested on a set of samples. Interpretation of the speciation results is proposed, based on the separation of Al ions and Al complexes according to their charge. Speciation is shown to be dependent mainly on soil pH and organic matter quality. A general scheme of Al fractionation and speciation in soil is proposed.     

Seasonal changes in the character and nitrogen content of dissolved organic matter in an alpine/subalpine headwater catchment

We are studying the chemical quality of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in a high-elevation watershed in the Colorado Front Range. Samples were collected over the 2000 snowmelt runoff season at two sites across an alpine/subalpine ecotone to understand how the transition between the lightly vegetated alpine and forested reaches of the catchment influences the chemical character of DON. Samples were analyzed approximately weekly for dissolved organic material (DOM) content and chemical character. A subset of samples was analyzed for the elemental content of fulvic and hydrophilic acids. Concentrations of DON at both sites were highest in the spring at the initiation of snowmelt, decreased during snowmelt, and increased again during the late summer and fall. In contrast, concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) peaked on the ascending limb of the hydrograph and declined to seasonal minima on the descending limb of the hydrograph. The ratio of DOC:DON showed a seasonal shift at both sites with high values (40 to 55) during peak runoff in early summer and lower values (15 to 25) during low flows late in the runoff season. These results indicate that there was a seasonal change in the relative N content of DOM at both sites. Chemical fractionation of DOC showed that there were temporal and longitudinal changes in the chemical character of DOC. At the alpine site, the fulvic acid content of DOC decreased from 57% in June to 35% in September. The change in fulvic acid was less pronounced at the forested site, from 66% in June to 54% in September. Elemental analysis of fulvic and hydrophilic acids indicated that hydrophilic acids were N rich compared to fulvic acids. Additionally, fulvic and hydrophilic acids isolated at the alpine site had a lower C:N ratio than those isolated at the forested site. Similarly, the C:N ratio of organic acids at both sites was lower in September than in June during peak runoff. These differences appear to be a result of changes in both DOM precursor material and hydrologic flowpaths. Using C:N ratios of fulvic and hydrophilic acids, we estimate that nonhumic material carried between 54 to 73% of the organic N in surface water at the alpine site and 44 to 58% of the organic N in surface water at the subalpine site.     

Long-Term Fertilization Modifies the Structures of Soil Fulvic Acids and Their Binding Capability with Al

The binding characteristics of organic ligands and minerals in fulvic acids (FAs) with Al are essential for understanding soil C sequestration, remain poorly understood. In this study, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) analysis was applied for the first time to explore the binding of Al with organic ligands and minerals in soil FAs. For these analyses, two contrasting treatments were selected from a long-term (i.e., 22-year) fertilization experiment: chemical (NPK) fertilization and swine manure (SM) fertilization. The results showed that the long-term application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to soils had little effect on the compositions of the fluorescent substances and organic ligands in the soil FAs. However, long-term SM fertilization increased the weathered Al and Si concentrations in the soil FAs compared with long-term chemical fertilization. Furthermore, organic ligands in the soil FAs were mainly bound with Al in the NPK treatment, whereas both organic ligands and minerals (Al-O-Si, Si-O) were bound with Al under the M fertilization conditions. Both transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and X-ray diffraction spectra demonstrated that amorphous and short-range-ordered nanominerals were abundant in the soil FAs from the SM plot in contrast to the soil FAs from the NPK plot. This result illustrates the role nanominerals play in the preservation of soil FAs by during long-term organic fertilization. In summary, the combination of FTIR and 2D correlation spectroscopy is a promising approach for the characterization of the binding capability between soil FAs and Al, and a better understanding FA-Al binding capability will greatly contribute to global C cycling.     

Organic matter chemistry and dynamics in clear-cut and unmanaged hardwood forest ecosystems

Forest harvesting alters the organic matter cycle by changing litter inputs and the decomposition regime. We hypothesized that these changes would result in differences in organic matter chemistry between clear-cut and uncut watershed ecosystems. We studied the chemistry of soil organic matter (SOM), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil solutions and stream samples in clear-cut and uncut sites at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire using DOC fractionation techniques and solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.Alkyl-C (aliphatic compounds) and O-alkyl-C (carbohydrates) were the largest C fractions in soil and dissolved organic matter at Hubbard Brook. Alkyl-C ranged from 29–48% of soil C, 25–42% of soil solution C, and 22–42% of streamwater DOC. Carbohydrates comprised 32–49%, 36–43%, and 29–60% of C in soils, solutions, and streamwater, respectively. In both soils and soil solutions, the carbohydrate fraction decreased with increasing soil depth, while the aromaticity of organic matter increased with depth. There were no significant differences in the structural chemistry of SOM between clear-cut and uncut watersheds.The aromatic-C fractions in soil solutions at the clear-cut site ranged from 12–16%, approximately 40% greater than at the uncut site (8.5–11%). Thus, clear-cutting has resulted in the leaching of more highly decomposed organic matter, and depletion of more aliphatic compounds in the soluble organic pool. Because DOC fluxes are small compared to the SOM pool, large differences in soil solution chemistry do not substantially alter the overall composition of SOM. While the organic chemistry of stream DOC varied greatly among 3 sampling dates, there were no obvious clear-cutting effects. Thus, temporal variations in flowpaths and/or in-stream processes appear to be more important than disturbance in regulating the organic carbon chemistry of these streams.     

可溶性有机碳在米槠天然林不同土层中的迁移特征

选取我国中亚热带典型的常绿阔叶林米槠天然林(Castanopsis carlesii)为研究对象,采集林内米槠凋落物并通过挖剖面法分6个土层采集土样至1m。通过浸提米槠凋落物得到可溶性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)溶液并在室内模拟其在不同土层的淋溶过程,不仅分析了土壤性质对DOC淋溶的影响,还研究了淋溶前后DOC化学结构的变化,以阐明DOC在不同土层中的迁移特征及影响因素,探寻米槠天然林土壤的固碳潜力和DOC在土壤有机碳循环中的作用。结果表明:(1)下层土壤比上层土壤吸附DOC的能力更强,亲水性DOC与疏水性DOC间会争夺土壤颗粒表面的吸附位点,而且芳香化合物和大分子物质等疏水性DOC组分会被优先吸附;(2)红外光谱表明,芳香类和醚类等疏水性物质会优先被吸附,烷烃类物质却不易被吸附,土壤中原有的酚、醇类亲水性物质会被初始DOC中的疏水性物质置换出来;(3)土壤DOC的截留能力与粘粒、游离氧化铁含量呈极显著正相关,而与土壤有机碳和砂粒含量呈极显著负相关,其中土壤有机碳的含量是影响米槠天然林不同土层DOC截留量的关键因素。     

Dissolved Organic Carbon in Alaskan Boreal Forest: Sources, Chemical Characteristics, and Biodegradability

The fate of terrestrially-derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is important to carbon (C) cycling in both terrestrial and aquatic environments, and recent evidence suggests that climate warming is influencing DOC dynamics in northern ecosystems. To understand what determines the fate of terrestrial DOC, it is essential to quantify the chemical nature and potential biodegradability of this DOC. We examined DOC chemical characteristics and biodegradability collected from soil pore waters and dominant vegetation species in four boreal black spruce forest sites in Alaska spanning a range of hydrologic regimes and permafrost extents (Well Drained, Moderately Well Drained, Poorly Drained, and Thermokarst Wetlands). DOC chemistry was characterized using fractionation, UV–Vis absorbance, and fluorescence measurements. Potential biodegradability was assessed by incubating the samples and measuring CO₂ production over 1 month. Soil pore water DOC from all sites was dominated by hydrophobic acids and was highly aromatic, whereas the chemical composition of vegetation leachate DOC varied significantly with species. There was no seasonal variability in soil pore water DOC chemical characteristics or biodegradability; however, DOC collected from the Poorly Drained site was significantly less biodegradable than DOC from the other three sites (6% loss vs. 13–15% loss). The biodegradability of vegetation-derived DOC ranged from 10 to 90% loss, and was strongly correlated with hydrophilic DOC content. Vegetation such as Sphagnum moss and feathermosses yielded DOC that was quickly metabolized and respired. In contrast, the DOC leached from vegetation such as black spruce was moderately recalcitrant. Changes in DOC chemical characteristics that occurred during microbial metabolism of DOC were quantified using fractionation and fluorescence. The chemical characteristics and biodegradability of DOC in soil pore waters were most similar to the moderately recalcitrant vegetation leachates, and to the microbially altered DOC from all vegetation leachates.     

Geochemistry of aquatic humic substances in the Lake Fryxell Basin, Antarctica

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in Lake Fryxell, 10 streams flowing into the lake, and the moat surrounding the lake was studied to determine the influence of sources and biogeochemical processes on its distribution and chemical nature. Lake Fryxell is an amictic, permanently ice-covered lake in the McMurdo Dry Valleys which contains benthic and planktonic microbial populations, but receives essentially no input of organic material from the ahumic soils of the watershed. Biological activity in the water column does not appear to influence the DOC depth profile, which is similar to the profiles for conservative inorganic constituents. DOC values for the streams varied with biomass in the stream channel, and ranged from 0.2 to 9.7 mg C/L. Fulvic acids in the streams were a lower percentage of the total DOC than in the lake. These samples contain recent carbon and appear to be simpler mixtures of compounds than the lake samples, indicating that they have undergone less humification. The fulvic acids from just above the sediments of the lake have a high sulfur content and are highly aliphatic. The main transformations occurring as these fractions diffuse upward in the water column are 1) loss of sulfur groups through the oxycline and 2) decrease in aliphatic carbon and increase in the heterogeneity of aliphatic moieties. The fraction of modem¹⁴C content of the lake fulvic acids range from a minimum of 0.68 (approximately 3000 years old) at 15m depth to 0.997 (recent material) just under the ice. The major processes controlling the DOC in the lake appear to be: 1) The transport of organic matter by the inflow streams resulting in the addition of recent organic material to the moat and upper waters of the lake; 2) The diffusion of organic matter composed of relict organic material and organic carbon resulting from the degradation of algae and bacteria from the bottom waters or sediments of the lake into overlying glacial melt water, 3) The addition of recent organic matter to the bottom waters of the lake from the moat.     

Composition and reactivity of DOC in forest floor soil solutions in relation to tree species and soil type

Metal coordinating propertiesof DOC (dissolved organic carbon), and henceits influence on heavy metal release andmineral weathering, depend on the compositionand properties of DOC. Tree species producelitter with different chemical composition anddegradability, and these differences mightinfluence the composition and reactivity of DOCin soil solutions. Accordingly, analysis ofcomposition and reactivity of DOC in soilsolution samples collected by centrifugationfrom 16 forest soil O horizons from the fourtree species beech (Fagus sylvatica L.),oak (Quercus robur L.), grand fir (Abies grandis Lindl.), and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) on two clayey and twosandy soils were carried out. The compositionand properties of DOC were determined bycapillary zone electrophoresis, acid-basetitration, Cu ion titration, total elementalanalysis, IR and UV spectroscopy, and metalrelease assays. Concentrations of DOC rangedfrom 20 to 163 mM with pH ranging from 4.6 to7.3. Norway spruce produced the highest DOCconcentration, and the lowest pH. Carbon inlow-molecular-weight aliphatic carboxylic acids(LACA) accounted for less than 6% of DOC withformic and acetic acids as the most abundantLACAs. The DOC was cation exchanged and protonsaturated to obtain comparable forms of DOC.Titratable carboxylic acid and phenolic groupswere in the range 51 to 82 and 20 to64 mmol·mol^–1 C, respectively, with fewerphenolic groups in grand fir DOC as the onlysignificant difference. Infrared spectra offreeze-dried DOC samples suggest low contentsof aromatic C in the DOC especially from grandfir stands. Stability constants, log K of Cu-DOC complexes, determined by Cu ion titrationof DOC samples with fitting of the data to atwo-site binding model, were in the range 5.63to 6.21 for the strong binding sites and 3.58to 4.10 for the weak sites, but with nosignificant effects of tree species or site.Freeze-dried DOC samples were found to consistof 41 to 45% C, 38 to 49% O, 4.4 to 5.4% Hand 1.2 to 2.0% N and C/N ratios in the range26 to 42. Reactivity of DOC in terms of releaserates of Cd, Cu and Fe cations from a soilsample (flow cell experiments) showed nosignificant differences among DOC samples fromdifferent tree species and soil types.Apparently, only minor differences occur inchemical composition and reactivity ofequivalent concentrations of DOC in forestfloor soil solutions irrespective of origin,i.e. four tree species and two soil types. Soilsolution pH and the concentration of DOCproduced by various tree species are thecritical parameters when distinguishing amongtree species in relation to heavy metal releaseand mineral weathering.     

Studies on mobilization of chromium with reference to its plant availability – Role of organic acids

Metal-organic acid interactions with special reference to their plant availability have been studied. The role of organic acids in the mobilization of Cr by converting it into labile organically bound form, enhancing its availability, is highlighted. Pot experiments are conducted to investigate the effect of various organic acids on the uptake and translocation of root absorbed trivalent and hexavalent chromium by maize (z. mays) plants grown in sand and soil culture. Statistically significant increases in chromium accumulation from CrIII-treated plants in the presence of increasing concentrations of organic acid suggest the existence of CrIII – organic acid interactions in the soil plant system. In order to support the above mentioned hypothesis of formation of organically bound CrIII in the presence of various organic acids (carboxylic and amino acids), separate experiments have been performed to synthesize and estimate its respective organically bound forms. Amendments with organic acids, however, do not appear to markedly affect chromium accumulation from CrVI treatment. The results are discussed on the basis of the potential of organic acids to form complexes with CrIII.     

Characterization of solid and dissolved carbon in a spruce-fir Spodosol

Organic substances are an integral part of the biogeochemistry of many elements in forest ecosystems. However, our understanding of the composition, chemistry, and reactions of these materials are incomplete and sometimes inconsistent. Therefore, we examined in detail dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in forest floor leachates over a two-year period (1992–1993), soil C, and DOC adsorption by a mineral soil to determine the relationship between soil solid and solution C characteristics in a spruce-fir ecosystem. The structural composition of DOC, DOC fractions (hydrophobic and hydrophilic acids, hydrophilic neutrals), and soil samples from the organic and mineral horizons were also analyzed using¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.Total DOC in forest floor leachates ranged from 7.8 to 13.8 mmol L^–1 with an average of 8.6 mmol L^–1. Concentrations were highest in September of both 1992 and 1993. Fractionation of the forest floor DOC indicated these solutions contained high organic acid contents that averaged 92% of the total DOC. Hydrophobic acids were also preferentially adsorbed by the B horizon. The¹³C NMR data suggested alkyl, carbohydrate, aromatic, and carboxylic C were the primary constituents for organic and mineral soils, DOC, and DOC fractions. Compositional changes of C were observed as aromatic and carbohydrate decreased, whereas alkyl, methoxy, and carbonyl moieties increased with depth. However, C composition changed little among the three organic layers based on the similarity of alkyl/carbohydrates ratios as determined from NMR area integration, suggesting that in this acid soil, decomposition proceeds rather slowly. Hydrophobic acids contained high contents of aromatic C, whereas hydrophilic acids were comprised primarily of carboxylic C. Hydrophilic neutrals were rich in carbohydrate C. Results indicated that these DOC fractions were unaltered during the isolation process. Carboxylic C groups appeared to dissolve easily and were probably the primary contributor to organic acidity in our organic dominate leachates. Results also suggested that DOC materials adsorbed on the B horizon underwent further biodegradation. Several seasonal patterns of C composition were observed in the forest floor leachates and DOC fractions collected between 1992 and 1993.Overall, the evidence from this study suggested that (i) DOC levels were mainly controlled by biological activity, (ii) forest floor DOC was comprised primarily of organic acids, (iii) contact of soil leachates with B horizon material affected DOC quantitatively and qualitatively, (iv) phenolic, carboxylic, and carbonyl C appeared to dissolve readily in the forest Oa horizon, (v) DOC materials adsorbed on the B horizon selectively underwent further decomposition, and (vi) C composition is a function of the extent of decomposition and DOC fractions.     

经营方式对亚热带森林土壤可溶性有机碳含量和光谱学特征的影响

人工促进天然更新与人工造林经营方式中采伐剩余物管理等人工措施的差异,可能改变土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)的含量和结构,影响森林碳循环。本研究利用天然次生林(对照)采伐迹地上通过人工促进天然更新林(简称人促更新林)和人工造林两种营林方式,研究经营方式对中亚热带森林土壤溶液可溶性有机碳含量和光谱特征的影响。结果表明:天然次生林转换为人促更新林和人工林后,0～10 cm土层土壤DOC含量显著降低,分别下降21%和50%;0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层土壤DOC/SOC(土壤有机碳)值也显著降低,分别达到27%和43%。在0～10 cm土层中,人促更新林土壤DOC芳香化指数和腐殖化指数显著高于人工林,人促更新林土壤DOC在3700～3000、1650～1620、1160～1000、690～530 cm^-1范围内的红外吸收比例较人工林高,表明人促更新林土壤DOC的羧酸类物质、芳香化物质丰富;人促更新林和人工林土壤DOC的荧光指数均为1.4～1.9,且人促更新林自生源指数显著高于人工林,说明人工林土壤DOC类蛋白组分贡献大,容易被微生物分解利用。人促更新林与人工林土壤DOC含量和结构的差异可能是人促更新林的土壤碳库比人工林更高的原因之一。     

Chemical and seasonal controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in a coniferous old-growth stand in the Pacific Northwest,USA

Soil organic matter (SOM) is the largest terrestrial C pool, and retention and release of dissolved organic matter (DOM) cause formation and loss of SOM. However, we lack information on how different sources of DOM affect its chemical composition, and how DOM chemical composition affects retention. We studied seasonal controls on DOM production and chemical controls on retention in soils of a temperate coniferous forest. The O horizon was not usually the dominant source for dissolved organic C (DOC) or N (DON) as has been reported for other sites. Rather, net production of both DOC and DON was often greater in the shallow mineral soil (0–10 cm) than in the O horizon. DOM production in the shallow mineral soil may be from root exudation as well as turnover of fine roots and microflora in the rhizosphere. In the field, the two acid fractions (hydrophobic and hydrophilic acids) dominated the soil solution at all depths. A major portion of net production and removal of total DOC within the soil column was explained by increases and decreases in these fractions, although a shift in chemical composition of DOM between the O and mineral soil horizons suggested different origins of DOM in these layers. A larger loss of the free amino fraction to deep soil water at this study site than at other sites suggested lower retention of labile DON. Field DOM removal measurements suggest that field-measured parameters may provide a good estimate for total DOM retained in mineral soil.     

Cadmium mobilisation and plant availability – the impact of organic acids commonly exuded from roots

The present work highlights metal-organic acid interactions with special reference to their plant availability. Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of various organic (carboxylic and amino) acids on the uptake and translocation of root-absorbed Cd by maize (Zea mays) plants grown in sand and soil culture. Statistically significant increases in Cd accumulation from Cd-treated plants in the presence of increasing concentrations of organic acids, suggest the existence of Cd-organic acid interactions in the soil-plant system. In order to support the above hypothesis of formation of organically bound Cd, separate experiments were performed to synthesize and estimate its various forms viz. cationic, anionic and neutral. The chemical nature of the organically bound forms was ascertained by electrophoretic experiments. Amino acids have been found to be less effective in the mobilisation of cadmium compared to carboxylic acids. The results are discussed on the basis of the potential of organic acids to form complexes with Cd.     

Dissolved organic matter in small streams along a gradient from discontinuous to continuous permafrost

The Yenisei river passes every type of permafrost regime, from south to north, being characterized by increasing continuity of the permafrost and by decreasing thickness of the active layer. We used that situation to test the hypothesis that amounts and properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in small streams draining forested catchments respond to different permafrost regimes. Water samples were taken from eight tributaries along the Yenisei between 67°30′N and 65°49′N latitude. The samples were analysed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) and DOM was characterized by its chemical composition (XAD‐8 fractionation, sugars, lignin phenols, amino acids, protein, UV and fluorescence spectroscopy), and its biodegradability. Most properties of the tributary waters varied depending on latitude. The higher the latitude, the higher were DOC, DON and the proportion of the hydrophobic fraction of DOC. The contribution of hexoses and pentoses to DOC were higher in southern tributaries; on the other hand, phenolic compounds were more abundant in northern tributaries. Mineralizable DOC ranged between 4% and 28% of total DOC. DOM in northern tributaries was significantly (P<0.05) less biodegradable than that in southern tributaries reflecting the differences in the chemical properties of DOM. Our results suggest that the differences in DOM properties are mainly attributed to differences of permafrost regime, affecting depth of active layer, soil organic matter accumulation and vegetation. Soil organic matter and vegetation determine the amount and composition of DOM produced in the catchments while the depth of the active layer likely controls the quantity and quality of DOM exported to streams. Sorptive interactions of DOM with the soil mineral phase typically increase with depth. The results imply that a northern shift of discontinuous permafrost likely will change in the long term the input of DOM into the Yenisei and thus probably into the Kara Sea.     

氮沉降对杉木人工幼林土壤溶液可溶性有机物质浓度及光谱学特征的影响

为探究氮沉降对亚热带杉木人工幼林土壤溶液可溶性有机物质(DOM)浓度及光谱学特征的影响,采用负压法,对0～15和15～30 cm土层土壤溶液DOM进行了2年的动态监测及光谱学特征研究.结果表明:氮沉降显著减少了各土层土壤溶液可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度,增加了芳香化指数(AI)及腐殖化指数(HIX),但对可溶性有机氮(DON)无显著影响.土壤溶液DOM浓度存在明显的季节变动,夏秋季显著高于春冬季.傅里叶红外光谱结果表明,森林土壤溶液DOM在6个区域的相似位置存在吸收峰,其中1145～1149 cm^-1的吸收峰最强.三维荧光光谱表明,DOM主要以类蛋白质物质(Ex/Em=230 nm/300 nm)和微生物降解产物(Ex/Em=275 nm/300 nm)为主,施氮使0～15 cm土层类蛋白质物质减少.氮沉降可能主要是通过降低土壤pH、抑制土壤碳矿化和刺激植物生长等途径显著抑制土壤溶液DOC浓度,而表层被抑制的DOC成分以类蛋白质物质和羧酸盐物质为主.氮沉降短期可能有利于土壤肥力的储存,但随着氮沉降量的积累,土壤中营养物质将难以得到有效利用.     

亚热带米槠林不同更新方式对土壤可溶性有机质降解性的影响

可溶性有机质(DOM)的生物降解性影响着土壤有机质的存留和释放,对深入认识森林土壤养分循环意义重大。为探究森林更新对土壤DOM降解特征的影响,选取亚热带地区米槠天然林(NF)、米槠次生林(SF)和米槠人工促进天然更新林(AR)土壤DOM溶液为研究对象,进行室内降解(42 d)试验。结果表明: 1)3种林分土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)的降解率和易降解DOC的比例均为SF>AR>NF;可溶性有机氮(DON)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)是显著影响易降解DOC比例的因子;2)难降解组分占3种林分土壤DOC的大部分(72.3%～94.6%),其周转时间长,有利于稳定土壤有机质(SOC)的形成;3)土壤DOM最初的腐殖化指数(HIX_em)会影响易降解DOC的周转时间。DOM光谱结构随降解过程呈现动态变化,说明DOM中易降解组分被消耗完后,微生物会转而降解芳香类和疏水性物质以获取碳源。综上,米槠天然林更新为次生林和人促林后增加了易降解DOC的比例,提高了土壤DOM生物可降解性,不利于SOC的积累。     

Site‐to‐site variability and temporal trends of DOC concentrations and fluxes in temperate forest soils

Here, we report site‐to‐site variability and 12–14 year trends of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from organic layers and mineral soils of 22 forests in Bavaria, Germany. DOC concentrations in the organic layer were negatively correlated with mean annual precipitation and elevation whereas air temperature had a positive effect on DOC concentrations. DOC fluxes in subsoils increased by 3 kg ha^?1 yr^?1 per 100 mm precipitation or per 100 m elevation. The highest DOC concentrations were found under pine stands with mor humus. Average DOC concentrations in organic layer leachates followed the order: pine>oak>spruce>beech. However, the order was different for mean DOC fluxes (spruce>pine>oak>beech) because of varying precipitation regimes among the forest types. In 12 of 22 sites, DOC concentrations of organic layer leachates significantly increased by 0.5 to 3.1 mg C L^?1 yr^?1 during the sampling period. The increase in DOC concentration coincided with decreasing sulfate concentration, indicating that sulfate concentration is an important driver of DOC solubility in the organic layer of these forest sites. In contrast to the organic layer, DOC concentrations below 60 cm mineral soil depth decreased by <0.1–0.4 mg C L^?1 yr^?1 at eight sites. The negative DOC trends were attributed to (i) increasing adsorption of DOC by mineral surfaces resulting from desorption of sulfate and (ii) increasing decay of DOC resulting from decreasing stabilization of DOC by organo‐Al complexes. Trends of DOC fluxes from organic layers were consistent with those of DOC concentrations although trends were only significant at seven sites. DOC fluxes in the subsoil were with few exceptions small and trends were generally not significant. Our results suggest that enhanced mobilization of DOC in forest floors contributed to the increase of DOC in surface waters while mineral horizons did not contribute to increasing DOC export of forest soils.     

亚热带典型林分对表层和深层土壤可溶性有机碳、氮的影响

林分类型是影响土壤可溶性有机碳、氮库大小的重要因素,但目前对其研究主要集中在表层土壤(0～10 cm).本研究以亚热带地区天然林、毛竹林、格式栲人工林和杉木人工林为对象,用3种不同的浸提方式(冷水、热水和KCl溶液)提取表层(0～10 cm)和深层(40～60 cm)土壤中可溶性有机碳(DOC)和有机氮(DON),研究林分类型对表层和深层土壤可溶性有机碳、氮库的影响.结果表明: 林分类型对表层土壤DOC及其占土壤总有机碳(TOC)的比重有显著影响,深层土壤受林分类型的影响不显著;不同林分土壤DON含量仅在表层土壤存在显著差异,在深层土壤差异不显著.林分间土壤微生物生物量碳的差异仅在表层土壤达到显著水平.DON占土壤总氮(TN)的比重在各林分表层和深层土壤间差异均不显著.3种浸提方法得到的DOC和DON库大小顺序为热水>KCl>冷水,不同浸提方法得到的DOC库及DON库的相关性均达到显著水平,表明冷水、热水和KCl溶液浸提得到的有机碳、氮库含有相似组分.冷水和热水浸提方法得到的表层土壤DOC和DON含量及DOC占TOC比重在天然林和毛竹林均显著大于格式栲和杉木人工林,表明天然林和毛竹林土壤可溶性有机碳、氮含量高于格式栲和杉木人工林,更有利于土壤肥力的恢复.     

Size distribution of dissolved (<200 nm) organic carbon and aluminium in alkaline and humic lakes

Chemical equilibrium calculations treating humic substances as the simple diprotic phtalic acid, predicted no Al-humus at pH>6.5 in humic lake water. However, dissolved (<200 nm) organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved Al appeared to be linearly (r=0.597, P<0.001) correlated in samples from five different humic surface waters in The Netherlands with a DOC range of 10–36 mg.l^–1 and a (mean) pH range of 6.85–8.47. Yet, organic carbon (C_org) and Al did no exhibit similar size distributions between 5 and 200 nm revealed by ultrafiltration. Averaged 25% of the C_org and >50% of the Al occurred in the fraction <5 nm. Only in this fraction the C_org and Al were linearly correlated (r=0.515, P<0.001). This result suggests the presence of organic ligands in the DOC pool of humic waters having smaller molecular sizes and higher Al stability constants than the humic substances used to model aquatic Al speciation.