云南省腾冲县药用维管植物资源与多样性

研究区域药用植物资源的分布与多样性,可为区域药用植物资源保护和开发利用提供科学依据。于2010-2011年期间,采用野外调查、标本采集、文献资料与标本查阅等方法,对腾冲县药用维管植物资源进行了系统研究。结果表明:腾冲县有药用维管植物153科450属651种,其中蕨类植物32科51属68种,裸子植物仅有3科3属4种,被子植物118科396属579种。腾冲县药用植物优势科为唇形科、菊科和豆科。从药用部位来看,全草类植物比例较高,其次是根和根茎类。按药用功效划分,腾冲药用维管植物以清热、祛风湿和活血化瘀类药用植物居多。在此基础上,提出了加强县域药用植物种质资源合理开发和有效保护的建议与措施。     

具有防晒作用的植物资源初步研究

本文应用植物资源学的研究方法,对目前国内市场上常见的防晒剂进行了调查,并对其所用的药用植物进行了初步研究,结合<本草纲目>中的所记载有行滞祛斑、面色滋润的中草药和中草药中有防晒效果的植物进行了研究,初选出此类植物27种,隶属于16科.就其主要形态特征、地理分布、防晒化学成分、药用功效和资源利用部位等进行较为详细的说明,旨在初步弄清我国防晒药用植物资源种类和分布,并对开发利用这些资源提出建议.     

淄博市博山区药用植物资源调查与保护

目的：掌握淄博市博山区药用植物分布规律与资源现状,为该区域药用植物资源保护和合理开发提供参考依据。方法：以《山东省草本植物种质资源普查与收集技术流程》为工作准则,通过野外外业调查对植物进行采集和内业标本制作、整理数据编制药用植物名录,从而对该区域的药用植物资源进行全面调查研究。结果：淄博市博山区共有225种药用植物,隶属于72科117属。药用植物生活型以草本植物为主,占比67.11%。植物入药部位以全草类和根及根茎类为主。该地区有常用药用植物93种,占总数41.33%。珍稀濒危植物84种。结论：淄博市博山区野生药用植物资源相对丰富,但植物利用开发程度不高,尚需合理开发和保护。     

福建泉州闽南饮食文化中野生药用植物的利用初探

采用民族植物学的研究方法和手段,在文献研究的基础上,结合民间调查、标本采集和鉴定及后期整理分析等,初步研究了泉州闽南饮食文化中野生药用植物利用的传统知识。结果表明:1)泉州闽南饮食文化中,可利用的野生药用植物约有56科117属148种,其中野生蔬菜46种、药膳植物37种、代茶植物38种、野果植物22种、调味植物4种、制作凉粉植物1种;2)这些植物中种类较多的科是:菊科(Compositae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、唇形科(Lamiaceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、豆科(Leguminosae)、茜草科(Rubiaceae)、百合科(Liliaceae)、兰科(Orchidaceae)和桑科(Moraceae);3)对各种野生药用植物在区域内的利用状况进行了较详细的分析,对如何传承民间的野生植物饮食文化和保护这些药食两用野生植物资源进行了探讨。     

广州市郊野生药用植物资源调查

对广州市郊的药用植物资源作了系统调查,根据标本鉴定和查阅资料,广州市郊有野生药用植物112科354种,其中蕨类植物18科20属26种,种子植物94科246属328种。按药用功能划分成清热解毒、疏风解表类等8类,并重点介绍了常见的药用植物。对药用植物资源的保护和开发利用提出了建议。     

新疆巩乃斯沟药用植物资源多样性研究

从数量、生活型、药用部位等方面对巩乃斯沟药用植物多样性进行了研究。巩乃斯沟的药用植物资源具有丰富的多样性,共有野生药用植物54科260多种,分别占伊犁河谷地区药用植物科、种数的54.54%和46.34%。其中珍稀濒危药用种子植物21种,新疆道地药材8种,蒙医药地道药材38种;多年生草本类型占该区药用种子植物总数的70%以上;全草类和根类药用植物最多,分别占该区药用种子植物总数的50.84%和21.40%,大多数种类属于北温带分布区类型;优势科主要有菊科、蔷薇科、毛茛科和豆科,优势属主要有蒿属,毛茛属和委陵菜属。本文提出了保护和开发利用的具体建议。     

察隅河流域药用种子植物资源多样性研究

为揭示西藏察隅河流域药用种子植物资源多样性特征及保护现状,采用线路和典型样地、样方套、野外标本采集等方法对该区药用种子植物进行了深入调查,对植物生活型、药用部位、药性、药味、药用功效、野生重点药用植物、区系成分等进行系统分析,为研究区药用种子植物的合理利用和科学管理提供理论依据和参考价值。结果表明,(1)察隅河流域药用种子植物共有114科427属846种(含变种),包含裸子植物4科8属14种,被子植物110科419属832种,单种科、寡种科和单种属、寡种属是研究区药用种子植物科和属水平上的主要构成部分。(2)生活型以草本类药用植物为主。(3)药用部位以全草、根及根茎类入药较多,分别占总种数的45.51%和44.21%。(4)温性药用植物占总种数的27.66%,居药性植物资源之首。(5)苦味类药用植物占总种数的61.94%,在药用植物药味中占比最高。(6)清热是察隅河流域药用种子植物的主要功效,占总种数的29.43%。(7)药用植物区系呈现热带成分向温带成分过渡的性质,分布类型复杂多样。研究表明,为提高对察隅河流域药用种子植物资源的利用效率,可以将草本类药用种子植物作为高原特色产业原材料...     

黄河中游河漫滩(禹渡口-桃花峪)种子植物资源

黄河中游河漫滩有种子植物84科、358属、818种,根据用途资源植物种类有56科270种,可划分为有6类、25亚类.其中含种数较多的依次为:纤维植物类、饲用植物类、药用植物类、抗污染植物类、指示植物类、水土保持植物类.文章分析了该区域的主要资源植物特点,并对资源植物的开发利用和保护提出了建议.     

江西马头山苔藓植物资源研究

马头山位于江西省资溪县东北部,武夷山脉中段,共有苔藓植物69科、149属、267种(含1亚种和1变种)。本文讨论了马头山苔藓植物的基本特点,根据用途将其划分为4类:药用植物资源、园艺及景观植物资源、环境监测植物资源、五倍子蚜虫冬寄主(藓类)植物资源;并对该区苔藓植物资源的保护及开发利用提出建议。     

西藏米林县珍稀濒危药用植物优先保护评价

通过设置样方和路线踏查,对米林县的野生药用植物资源进行调查,并利用多个指标定量计算各濒危植物的优先保护值,确定其珍稀濒危物种优先保护序列,对珍稀濒危药用植物的种类、药效和入药部位多样性进行了分析。结果表明:米林县共有药用保护植物37科72属97种,分别占药用植物总科数、总属数、总种数的48.05%、32.00%、30.70%。其中,被子植物有35科69属95种,裸子植物有2科2属2种。97种珍稀濒危药用植物中,处于Ⅰ级保护的药用植物有9科11属11种,处于Ⅱ级保护的药用植物有18科25属27种,处于Ⅲ级保护的药用植物有28科46属59种。从珍稀濒危药用植物的药效来看,清热功效和补虚功效的药用植物较多,分别有32种和20种,各占濒危药用植物总种数的32.99%、20.62%;从药用部位统计,根与根茎类和全草类的药用植物分别有34种和26种,占珍稀濒危药用植物总数比例较大,分别为35.05%、26.80%。该区评估的优先保护等级和濒危等级与保护植物名录有一定差异,桃儿七在本区的保护等级由Ⅲ级升为Ⅰ级,另外有7种植物的濒危程度在本区加强。基于调查和研究结果分析了米林县珍稀濒危药用植物的致濒原因,并就此提出了一些具体的保护建议和措施。     

福建省福州市马尾区药用植物资源研究

依托第四次全国中药资源普查工作,摸清马尾区药用植物资源种类、分布、重点中药材品种以及药材栽培等情况。根据第四次全国中药资源普查要求,通过实地调查、走访以及栽培基地调查等方法对马尾区药用植物资源进行调查,查阅相关资料确定野生药用植物的药用部位、生活型等。马尾区野生药用植物种类共计506种,隶属于132科360属,含2～5种的寡种科占绝对优势地位;草本为主要生活型,药用部位集中在根类和全草类;有福建省重点药材50种、特色药材22种。由于长期受人为干扰,马尾区原生植被破坏严重,药用植物种类较为贫乏。因此,可考虑林下种植中药改善土壤环境,实现中药资源可持续发展。     

Effect of water availability on tolerance of leaf damage in tall morning glory,Ipomoea purpurea

Resource availability may limit plant tolerance of herbivory. To predict the effect of differential resource availability on plant tolerance, the limiting resource model (LRM) considers which resource limits plant fitness and which resource is mostly affected by herbivore damage. We tested the effect of experimental drought on tolerance of leaf damage in Ipomoea purpurea, which is naturally exposed to both leaf damage and summer drought. To seek mechanistic explanations, we also measured several morphological, allocation and gas exchange traits. In this case, LRM predicts that tolerance would be the same in both water treatments. Plants were assigned to a combination of two water treatments (control and low water) and two damage treatments (50% defoliation and undamaged). Plants showed tolerance of leaf damage, i.e., a similar number of fruits were produced by damaged and undamaged plants, only in control water. Whereas experimental drought affected all plant traits, leaf damage caused plants to show a greater leaf trichome density and reduced shoot biomass, but only in low water. It is suggested that the reduced fitness (number of fruits) of damaged plants in low water was mediated by the differential reduction of shoot biomass, because the number of fruits per shoot biomass was similar in damaged and undamaged plants. Alternative but less likely explanations include the opposing direction of functional responses to drought and defoliation, and resource costs of the damage-induced leaf trichome density. Our results somewhat challenge the LRM predictions, but further research including field experiments is needed to validate some of the preliminary conclusions drawn.     

三峡水库消落区植被在差异性水淹环境中的分布格局

人工水库修建引发的差异性水文节律是决定消落区植被群落格局的主要因素,高强度水淹环境中水淹胁迫是影响植被的重要因子而低强度水淹环境中物种竞争是影响植被的重要因子。为了探究差异性水淹环境中三峡水库消落区植物的水淹耐受能力及光资源竞争能力(植物株高)对植被群落分布格局的影响,对三峡水库典型消落区不同水淹强度下生长的植被进行了研究,结果表明:(1)典型消落区调查共发现有植物41种,其中高耐淹低竞争能力型植物4种,其生物量在所有物种生物量中的占比达70.99%,低耐淹高竞争能力型植物23种,其生物量占比为28.02%,低耐淹低竞争能力型植物14种,生物量占比不足1%,消落区内无高耐淹高竞争能力型植物物种分布;(2)高耐淹低竞争能力型植物在水淹强度大的消落区区域占优,低耐淹高竞争能力型植物在植物物种竞争压力大的消落区区域占据主导,低耐淹低竞争能力型植物在消落区中仅有零星分布;(3)消落区植被生物量格局随着高程增加呈现出先增加后减少的趋势。研究差异性水淹环境对三峡水库消落区植被分布的影响,可以为深入理解消落区植被分布格局的形成机制和大型水库消落区植被恢复与重建提供理论依据。     

Herbivore arthropods benefit from vectoring plant viruses

Plants infected with pathogens often attract the pathogens’ vectors, but it is not clear if this is advantageous to the vectors. We therefore quantified the direct and indirect (through the host plant) effects of a pathogen on its vector. A positive direct effect of the plant‐pathogenic Tomato spotted wilt virus on its thrips vector (Frankliniella occidentalis) was found, but the main effect was indirect; juvenile survival and developmental rate of thrips was lower on pepper plants that were damaged by virus‐free thrips than on unattacked plants, but such negative effects were absent on plants that were damaged and inoculated by infected thrips or were mechanically inoculated with the virus. Hence, potential vectors benefit from attacking plants with virus because virus‐infected plants are of higher quality for the vector's offspring. We propose that plant pathogens in general have evolved mechanisms to overcome plant defences against their vectors, thus promoting pathogen spread.     

百色民间植物崇拜文化与生物多样性保护研究

植物崇拜是人类崇尚自然,敬畏生命朴素理念的基本体现。为了解百色民间植物崇拜文化内涵以及其对生物多样性保护作用和管理的影响,采用民族植物学方法调查了百色地区民间崇拜植物文化及其文化特征,从自然崇拜、传统节日文化、生命礼俗和传统医药等几个方面探讨百色民间植物文化对生物多样性保护的作用。百色民间植物文化内涵丰富,并表现了丰富的生物多样性。百色民间崇拜植物分属53个种,47个属,28个科,其中蔷薇科和豆科种类最多,分别为5种,其次是桑科和禾本科,分别为4种。从生活型的组成来看,乔木植物占绝对优势,有39种,占总种数的73.58%,草本11种,占总种数的20.75%;灌木3种,占总种数的5.67%。其中有4种植物在中国珍稀濒危植物信息系统中被列为国家Ⅱ级名录（闽楠、蚬木、格木、红椿）,有5种植物被列为各省市区（地方）保护野生植物名录（红楠、广西青冈、桃金娘、苏木、黄檀）。这些植物形成了多样的植物群落,对百色地区植物多样性保护具有重要促进作用。     

中国植物资源的基本特点及其合理开发利用的途径

植物是人类生潘的重要资源,没有植物将是不可想像的。我国植物种类繁多,资源丰富,但分布不均匀,贮藏量有限;人们对植物资源利用过分,缺乏适当的保护措施;对各种植物研究不够,利用潜力很大;利用野生植物的经验丰富,但推广不够。为了合理开发我国丰富的植物资源,急需把自然保护区建为植物资源开发利用的战略基地,把它建为一个管理自然的基本单位。     

Do endogeic earthworms change plant competition? A microcosm study

Plants compete for limited resources. Although nutrient availability for plants is affected by resource distribution and soil organisms, surprisingly few studies investigate their combined effects on plant growth and competition. Effects of endogeic earthworms (Aporrectodea jassyensis), root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) and the spatial distribution of ¹⁵N labelled grass litter on the competition between a grass (Lolium perenne), a forb (Plantago lanceolata) and a legume (Trifolium repens) were investigated in the greenhouse. Earthworms promoted N uptake and growth of L. perenne. Contrastingly, shoot biomass and N uptake of T. repens decreased in the presence of earthworms. P. lanceolata was not affected by the earthworms. We suggest that earthworms enhanced the competitive ability of L. perenne against T. repens. Nematodes increased the proportion of litter N in each of the plant species. Litter distribution (homogeneous vs. patch) did not affect the biomass of any plant species. However, P. lanceolata took up more ¹⁵N, when the litter was homogeneously mixed into the soil. The results suggest that endogeic earthworms may affect plant competition by promoting individual plant species. More studies including decomposers are necessary to understand their role in determining plant community structure.     

Anticancer potential of Himalayan plants

Plants used in traditional medicine have stood up to the test of time and contributed many novel compounds for preventive and curative medicine to modern science. India is sitting on a gold mine of well recorded and traditionally well practiced knowledge of herbal medicine. Specially, plants growing at high altitude in Himalayan pastures are time-honored sources of health and general well being of local inhabitants. As of today, Himalayan plants are a major contributor to the herbal pharmaceutical industry both of India and other countries. Plants growing at higher altitudes are subjected to an assault of diverse testing situations including higher doses of mutagenic UV-radiation, physiological drought, desiccation and strong winds. Plants interact with stressful environments by physiological adaptation and altering the biochemical profile of plant tissues and producing a spectrum of secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are of special interest to scientists because of their unique pharmacophores and medicinal properties. Secondary metabolites like polyphenols, terpenes and alkaloids have been reported to possess antimutagenic and anticancer properties in many studies. The fundamental aspiration of the current review is to divulge the antimutagenic/anticancer potential of five alpine plants used as food or medicine by the populations living at high altitudes.     

Allee effects within small populations of Aconitum napellus ssp. lusitanicum, a protected subspecies in northern France

Plants growing at low density can suffer from Allee effects as a result of pollen limitation. Previous studies of Allee effects have focused on the effects of variation among populations in size or density on reproduction. Here, the effects of plant distribution within populations on fitness components are explored in a rare plant, Aconitum napellus ssp. lusitanicum, and ecological and genetic mechanisms underlying these effects are identified. To detect pollen limitation, seed production was compared under natural versus hand-supplemented pollinations on inflorescences of different sizes in natural patches differing both in flower density and in isolation from other patches. Germination rate and juvenile survival of seeds produced in low- and high-density patches were also compared. Pollen-supplemented flowers always produced more seeds than open-pollinated flowers, especially among small plants and plants growing at low density. Offspring produced in low-density patches exhibited lower fitness that those produced in high-density patches. This could have been caused by post-fertilization mechanisms, including inbreeding depression or differential maternal resource allocation. These results show that Allee effects on fitness components (ecological and genetic Allee effects) occur within A. napellus populations at different spatial scales. The spatial distribution of plants seems to be a crucial factor affecting reproductive output and fitness.