外源多胺对铜胁迫下水鳖叶片多胺代谢、抗氧化系统和矿质营养元素的影响

采用营养液水培的方法,研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)对Cu胁迫下水鳖叶片3种形态多胺(PAs)、抗氧化系统及营养元素的影响。结果表明:(1)Cu胁迫使水鳖叶片腐胺(Put)急剧积累,Spd和Spm明显下降,从而使(Spd+Spm)/Put比值也随之下降。外源Spd和Spm显著或极显著逆转Cu诱导的PAs变化,抑制Put的积累,缓解Spd和Spm的下降,从而提高了(Spd+Spm)/Put比值。(2)外源Spd和Spm抑制了Cu胁迫诱导的多胺氧化酶(PAO)的增加,缓解了二胺氧化酶(DAO)的下降。(3)与单一Cu胁迫相比,Spd和Spm显著或极显著提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性和抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量,从而降低了超氧阴离子(O2.-)产生速率和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量,极显著降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量,缓解了Cu诱导的氧化胁迫。(4)外源Spd和Spm显著或极显著缓解了Cu胁迫下矿质营养元素吸收平衡的紊乱。以上结果均说明了外施Spd和Spm可增加水鳖对Cu胁迫的耐受性。     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下毕氏海蓬子体内多胺含量的影响

用含不同浓度(0、100、200、300、400和500 mmol·L 1)NaCl的Hoagland营养液及叶面喷施0.1 mmol·L-1外源亚精胺(Spd)处理毕氏海蓬子幼苗,研究外源Spd对NaCl胁迫下海蓬子体内游离态、结合态和束缚态3种形态多胺含量的影响,分析内源多胺含量的变化与植物耐盐性的关系.结果表明:(1)随盐胁迫浓度的升高,海蓬子幼苗叶片中3种形态腐胺(Put)含量均先降后升;同期的游离态Spd含量持续上升,结合态和束缚态Spd含量均先升后降;同期的游离和结合态精胺(Spm)含量均先升后降,而其束缚态Spm含量呈上升趋势;游离态和束缚态多胺(PAs)总量变化随盐浓度升高均呈上升趋势,而结合态PAs总量先升后降.(2)3种形态(Spd+ Spm) /Put比值均先升后降,而3种形态Put/PAs比值则均呈先降后升的相反趋势.(3)外源Spd处理提高了海蓬子幼苗叶片中结合态和束缚态PAs总量,也提高了游离态和束缚态(Spd+Spm)/Put比值.研究发现,外源Spd参与了NaCl胁迫下海蓬子内源PAs代谢的调节,可能通过促进盐胁迫植株中Put向Spd和Spm的转化,以及游离态多胺向结合态和束缚态多胺的转化来增强海蓬子耐盐性.     

低氧胁迫下24-表油菜素内酯对黄瓜幼苗叶片光合特性及多胺含量的影响

采用1/2 Hoagland营养液培养,研究了低氧胁迫下24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对黄瓜幼苗叶片光合特性及多胺含量的影响.结果表明：低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)显著下降,而叶绿素含量显著提高,幼苗生长受抑;低氧胁迫显著提高了黄瓜幼苗叶片的腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)、多胺(PAs)含量和Put/PAs,但降低了(Spd+Spm) /Put.低氧胁迫下,外源EBR不仅显著提高了黄瓜幼苗的P_n、g_s、T_r及叶绿素含量,也显著提高了黄瓜幼苗叶片的游离态Spm、结合态Spd、Spm及束缚态Put、Spd、Spm含量,促进了PAs的进一步积累,且降低了Put/PAs,提高了(Spd+Spm)/Put．可见,外源EBR调节了黄瓜幼苗内源多胺含量及形态的变化,维持了较高的光合性能,促进了叶面积和干物质量的显著增加,缓解了低氧胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的伤害.     

6-BA+B9对龙眼花芽生理分化期内源多胺含量变化的影响

在龙眼花芽生理分化期喷施6-BA 200 mg/L+B₉ 2000 mg/L,跟踪测定其内源多胺含量变化。研究结果表明,龙眼花芽生理分化期内源腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)含量均出现积累,喷施6-BA+B₉能明显提高内源多胺含量,特别是Put和Spd的含量。内源多胺与花芽分化有一定的内在联系,生长调节剂对花芽分化的调控有可能通过多胺来实现或协同作用。     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗游离态多胺含量和多胺合成酶基因表达的影响

以黄瓜品种‘津春2号’（Cucumis sativusL.cv.Jinchun No.2）为材料,采用营养液栽培,研究了外源亚精胺（Spd）对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片游离态多胺含量和多胺合成酶基因表达的影响。结果表明,75 mmol/LNaCl胁迫下,幼苗株高、茎粗和干鲜重显著降低,外源喷施1 mmol/L Spd处理可明显缓解盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制。盐胁迫下叶片游离态多胺含量显著增加,外源Spd进一步促进了游离态Spd和精胺（Spm）的积累,降低了游离态腐胺（Put）的积累。多胺合成酶基因表达分析表明,盐胁迫上调了adc、odc、samdc和spds基因的表达,施用外源Spd后进一步上调了samdc基因,下调了adc、odc、spds基因的表达。表明外源Spd参与了黄瓜幼苗体内多胺代谢的调节,通过下调盐胁迫下adc、odc基因的表达,抑制游离态Put的积累,上调samdc基因的表达促进游离态Spd和Spm的积累,进而缓解盐胁迫对植物生长的抑制。     

精胺和亚精胺对油菜几个生理指标的影响

油菜幼苗期和蕾苔期分别以不同浓度的精胺 (Spm)和亚精胺 (Spd)喷施后 ,幼苗期和蕾苔期的叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、可溶性糖含量、根系活力均提高 ,以 0 .0 1～ 1mmol·L-1浓度范围的效果最好。在相同浓度条件下 ,Spm的效果优于Spd ,蕾苔期处理的效果优于幼苗期     

氯化钠胁迫对南瓜根系游离态多胺含量和活性氧水平的影响

以中国南瓜杂交种‘360.3×112.2’和黑籽南瓜为试验材料,在营养液栽培条件下研究了NaCl胁迫对两种南瓜植株生长、根系活性氧水平和游离态多胺含量的影响.结果表明,NaCl胁迫10 d后,与对照相比,两种南瓜植株生长都受到明显抑制,但中国南瓜杂交种比黑籽南瓜植株的耐盐性强.NaCl胁迫使南瓜根系O₂^-·产生速率和H₂O₂含量提高,且黑籽南瓜的O₂^-·产生速率和H₂O₂含量高于中国南瓜杂交种.两种南瓜根系中腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)和多胺(PAs)含量及Put/PAs高于对照,并呈现先升后降的趋势;根系中（Spd+Spm）/Put低于对照,呈现先降后升的趋势.中国南瓜杂交种根系中Put含量和Put/PAs低于黑籽南瓜,而Spd、Spm含量和（Spd+Spm）/Put高于黑籽南瓜.表明两种南瓜根系中多胺含量的升高对减少或清除组织中的活性氧有积极作用,Put向Spd、Spm的转化有利于增强植株的耐盐性;中国南瓜杂交种‘360.3×112.2’的耐盐性高于黑籽南瓜与其根系中Put/PAs较低、（Spd+Spm）/Put和PAs含量较高,使其清除活性氧能力较强有关.     

多胺对裸大麦离体叶片活性氧代谢的影响

裸大麦离体叶片分别在光照和暗诱导下,以腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)等 3种多胺,分别用2 mmol/L、0.5 mmol/L、和 0.2 mmol/L3种浓度处理,均使丙二醛(MDA)累积减少,延缓过氧化氢酶和SOD活性的下降。以 CaCl_2(5 mmol/L)+Spd(0.5mmol/L)处理,可降低Spd(0.5 mmol/L)的效应。因此多胺延缓离体叶片衰老与活性氧代谢有关,并且进入细胞时,与Ca发生竞争。     

精胺和甲基乙二醛-双(脒基腙)及D-精氨酸对水分胁迫下小麦幼苗内源多胺含量的影响

土壤自然干旱条件下叶面喷施精胺（Spm）、D-精氨酸（D-Arg）、甲基乙二醛-双（脒基腙）（MGBG）不改变小麦幼苗内源多胺含量变化趋势,只是不同程度地影响内源多腹水平。SPm处理提高内源腐胺（Put）和亚精胶（Spd）水平;D-Arg处理的内源Put和Spd水平也略有提高;MGBG提高内源Put水平,且MGBG作用前期降低Spd水平,后期则导致Spd水平增高。     

水分胁迫下山黧豆多胺代谢与 β-N-草酰-L-α ,β-二氨基丙酸积累相关性的研究

为了研究水分胁迫下山黧豆 (LathyrussativusL .)叶片中多胺代谢与 β_N_草酰_L_α,β_二氨基丙酸 (ODAP)积累的相关关系 ,利用聚乙二醇 (PEG)对山黧豆幼苗进行水分胁迫处理 ,同时加入腐胺 (Put) ,α_二氟甲基精氨酸(DFMA)和Put DFMA。实验结果表明 ,随PEG处理时间的延长 ,山黧豆幼苗叶片中Put、亚精胺 (Spd)和精胺 (Spm)含量逐渐增加 ,特别是Spm含量增加显著 ,同时ODAP逐渐积累 ;在PEG处理的同时 ,加入Put使得Put、Spd含量显著增加 ,但对Spm影响不大 ,同样对ODAP含量影响也较小 ;加入DFMA可显著抑制Put、Spd、Spm的积累 ,同时也抑制了ODAP的积累 ;加入Put DFMA ,Put可以部分地减缓DFMA对两种内源多胺 (Put和Spd)合成的抑制作用 ,但对Spm所受DFMA的抑制作用影响不大 ,这时ODAP的积累也受到抑制。由此可见 ,水分胁迫对山黧豆幼苗叶片中多胺特别是Spm含量的增加与ODAP的积累密切相关。     

Effects of Exogenous Spermidine on Antioxidant System Responses of Typha latifolia L. Under Cd2+ Stress

The effects of foliar spraying with spermidine (Spd), ranging in concentration from 0.25 to 0.50mmol/L, on the antioxidant system under Cd2 stress (range 0.1- 0.2 mmol/L Cd2 ) in Typha latifolia L.grown hydroponically were investigated in order to offer a referenced evidence for an understanding of the mechanism by which polyamines (PAs) relieve the damage to plants by heavy metal and improve the phytoremediation efficiency of heavy metal-contaminated water. The results showed that Cd2 stress inhydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in both leaves and caudices. With theexception of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the leaves, an increase in the activities of catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR) was observed in both leaves and caudices,SOD activity was increased in caudices, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity was increased in leaves following Cd2 treatment. The reduced glutathione (GSH) content in both leaves and caudices and the reductive ascorbate content in leaves was obviously increased, which were prompted by the application of exogenous Spd. Spraying with Spd increased the activity of GR and APX in both leaves and caudices,whereas the activity of SOD, CAT, and GPX was increased only in caudices following spraying with Spd.with Spd. The decrease in MDA was more obvious following the application of 0.25 than 0.50 mmol/L Spd.It is supposed that exogenous Spd elevated the tolerance of T. latifolia under Cd2 stress primarily by increasing GR activity and the GSH level.     

Effects of Exogenous Spermidine on Antioxidant System Responses of Typha latifolia L. Under Cd^2＋ Stress

The effects of foliar spraying with spermidine (Spd), ranging in concentration from 0.25 to 0.50 mmol/L, on the antioxidant system under Cd^2 stress (range 0.1- 0.2 mmol/L Cd^2 ) in Typha latifolia L. grown hydroponically were investigated in order to offer a referenced evidence for an understanding of the mechanism by which polyamines (PAs) relieve the damage to plants by heavy metal and improve the phytoremediation efficiency of heavy metal-contaminated water. The results showed that Cd^2 stress induced oxidative injury, as evidenced by an increase in the generation of superoxide anion (O2), as well as the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in both leaves and caudices. With the exception of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the leaves, an increase in the activities of catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR) was observed in both leaves and caudices, SOD activity was increased in caudices, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity was increased in leaves following Cd^2 treatment. The reduced glutathione (GSH) content in both leaves and caudices and the reductive ascorbate content in leaves was obviously increased, which were prompted by the application of exogenous Spd. Spraying with Spd increased the activity of GR and APX in both leaves and caudices, whereas the activity of SOD, CAT, and GPX was increased only in caudices following spraying with Spd. The generation of O2 and the H2O2 and MDA content in both leaves and caudices decreased after spraying with Spd. The decrease in MDA was more obvious following the application of 0.25 than 0.50 mmol/L Spd. It is supposed that exogenous Spd elevated the tolerance of T. latifolia under Cd^2 stress primarily by increasing GR activity and the GSH level.     

外源亚精胺对Hg2+胁迫下凤眼莲抗氧化系统的影响

通过Hoagland溶液培养实验,研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)(0.1 mmol?L-1)对Hg2+(0、10、20、30和40μmol?L-1)胁迫下凤眼莲叶片细胞内叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量及抗氧化系统的调节作用.结果显示,(1)随Hg2+处理浓度的升高,各处理凤眼莲叶片叶绿素a(Chl a)和叶绿素b(Chl b)含量均先升后降,并均在10μmol?L-1时达到最高值,但外源Spd处理组显著高于相应对照.(2)各处理凤眼莲叶片可溶性蛋白含量随Hg2+处理浓度的升高也呈先升后降趋势,而可溶性糖含量则呈持续上升趋势,但外源Spd处理亦明显高于相应对照.(3)随Hg2+处理浓度的升高,抗氧化物质AsA和GSH含量及抗氧化酶SOD、CAT、POD、APX及GR活性也均呈先升后降的变化趋势,而外源Spd处理植株的含量和活性均显著高于相应对照.(4)各处理凤眼莲叶片的H2O2、MDA含量及O2?-产生速率随Hg2+处理浓度的升高均持续上升,但在外源Spd处理后均比对照组下降.研究表明,Hg2+胁迫使凤眼莲生长受到严重伤害,外源Spd可大幅度地提高其抗氧化物质含量和保护酶活性,从而增强凤眼莲抗Hg2+胁迫的能力.     

Exogenous spermidine and spermine enhance cadmium tolerance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potamogeton malaianus</Emphasis>

In order to investigate the effects of spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) on cadmium stress, the content of chlorophyll, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein and proline, the rate of O₂^·− generation, and activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR)) in Potamogeton malaianus Miq. were measured. Exogenous application of Spd or Spm significantly enhanced the level of proline, retarded the loss of chlorophyll, enhanced photosynthesis, decreased the rate of O₂^·− generation and H₂O₂ content, and prevented Cd-induced lipid peroxidation. Spd and Spm also effectively maintained the balance of antioxidant enzyme activities under Cd stress; however, GR activity was found to increase only slightly in response to polyamines (PAs). The antioxidant systems, which were modified by PAs, were able to moderate the radical-scavenging system and to lessen in this way the oxidative stress. These results suggest that both Spd and Spm can enhance Cd tolerance of P. malaianus.     

Exogenous polyamines enhance copper tolerance of Nymphoides peltatum

The protective effects of polyamines (PAs) against copper (Cu) toxicity were investigated in the leaves of Nymphoides peltatum. Cu treatment increased the putrescine (Put) level and lowered spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) levels, thereby reducing the (Spd+Spm)/Put ratio in leaves. Exogenous application of Spd or Spm markedly reversed these Cu-induced effects for all three PAs and partially restored the (Spd+Spm)/Put ratio in leaves. It also significantly enhanced the level of proline, retarded the loss of soluble protein, decreased the rate of O2*- generation and H2O2 content, and prevented Cu-induced lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, exogenous Spd and Spm reduced the accumulation of Cu and effectively maintained the balance of nutrient elements in plant leaves under Cu stress. These results suggest that exogenous application of Spd or Spm can enhance the tolerance of N. peltatum to Cu by increasing the levels of endogenous Spd and Spm as well as the (Spd+Spm)/Put ratio.     

Effects of exogenous spermidine on antioxidant system of tomato seedlings exposed to high temperature stress

The effects of foliar spraying with spermidine (Spd) on antioxidant system in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings were investigated under high temperature stress. The high temperature stress significantly inhibited plant growth and reduced chlorophyll (Chl) content. Application of exogenous 1 mM Spd alleviated the inhibition of growth induced by the high temperature stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content and superoxide anion (O₂) generation rate were significantly increased by the high temperature stress, but Spd significantly reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MDA content under the stress. The high temperature stress significantly decreased glutathione (GSH) content and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), but increased contents of dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), ascorbic acid (AsA), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in tomato leaves. However, Spd significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, levels of antioxidants and endogenous polyamines in tomato leaves under the high temperature stress. In addition, to varying degrees, Spd regulated expression of MnSOD, POD, APX2, APX6, GR, MDHAR, DHAR1, and DHAR2 genes in tomato leaves exposed to the high temperature stress. These results suggest that Spd could change endogenous polyamine levels and alleviate the damage by oxidative stress enhancing the non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant system and the related gene expression.     

Aluminum lightens the adverse effects of excessive Mn on growth of soybean (Glycine max)]

The influence of aluminum (Al) on physiological and biological characteristics of soybean under manganese (Mn) stress was investigated. The results showed that Al suppressed the transport of Mn to shoots (Fig.2B, C), and subsequently alleviated the inhibition of shoot growth (Fig.1), decreased the chlorophyll content (Fig.4). Addition of Al diminished the increase in O(-*)(2) producing rate, the hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) content and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in soybean leaves caused by excessive Mn (Fig.5), and prevented the dropping of CAT activity to a low level under excessive Mn stress (Fig.6). Results of fractional analysis indicated that high levels of Al supply deduced mainly accumulation of Mn both in cell walls and organelles, but had no effect on it in soluble fractions (Fig.3).     

α-萘乙酸对低温胁迫下油菜幼苗抗寒性的影响

为探究α-萘乙酸(NAA)对植物抗寒性的影响,以白菜型冬油菜‘陇油6号’为试验材料,经4℃、NAA+4℃、NAA+4℃+DPI(NADPH氧化酶抑制剂)、NAA+4℃+DMTU(H2O2清除剂)、NAA+4℃+U0126(MAPK抑制剂)和NAA+4℃+Tungstate(NO生成抑制剂)处理后,研究其对‘陇油6号’油菜的活性氧(H2O2和O2-·)含量,抗氧化酶活性,丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖、脯氨酸和叶绿素含量,抗氧化酶基因(APX、CAT、GR、SOD)、Rboh A-F、MAPK3/4/6、CBF和ICE1基因表达量的影响。结果表明:与4℃低温处理相比,NAA+4℃处理下油菜根系中的细胞活性、H2O2和O2-·含量以及叶片中的MDA含量均降低;根系中的抗氧化酶(CAT、SOD、APX和POD)活性、叶片中的可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、上述相关基因的表达量均升高,说明α-萘乙酸处理油菜可显著提高低温胁迫下油菜幼苗的抗氧化能力、光合能力和相关基因的表达,增强油菜幼苗的抗寒性。与NAA+4℃处理相比,NAA+4℃+抑制剂(DPI、DMTU、U0126和Tungstate)处理下油菜幼苗中叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶基因表达量、Rboh A-F、MAPK3/4/6、CBF和ICE1基因表达量均呈不同程度降低,说明H2O2和NO信号分子、NADPH氧化酶和MAP激酶级联途径均参与了α-萘乙酸增强油菜幼苗耐寒性过程的调控。     

Spermidine pretreatment enhances heat tolerance in rice seedlings through modulating antioxidative and glyoxalase systems

This study was undertaken to investigate the possible involvement of the antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems in protecting rice seedlings from heat-induced damage in the presence of spermidine (Spd). Hydroponically grown 14-day-old seedlings were subjected to foliar spray with Spd (1 mM, 24 h) prior to heat stress (42 °C, 48 h) followed by subsequent recovery (27 °C, 48 h). Lipoxygenase activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and proline (Pro) content increased significantly whereas fresh weight (FW) and chlorophyll (Chl) content decreased during heat stress and after recovery, indicating unrecoverable damage to rice seedlings. Heat-induced damage was also evident in decreased levels of ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH), and AsA and GSH redox ratios. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities increased during heat stress but declined after recovery. Activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) decreased during heat stress but an opposite trend for most of these enzymes was observed after recovery. Heat stress also resulted in significant increases in the activities of glyoxalase enzymes (Gly I and Gly II). In contrast, exogenous Spd protected rice seedlings from heat-induced damage as marked by lower levels of MDA, H₂O₂, and Pro content coupled with increased levels of AsA, GSH, FW, Chl, and AsA and GSH redox status. After recovery, Spd-pretreated heat-exposed seedlings displayed higher activities of SOD, CAT, GPX, GST APX, DHAR and GR as well as of Gly I and Gly II. In addition, polyamine analysis revealed that exogenously applied Spd significantly elevated the levels of free and soluble conjugated Spd. Therefore, we conclude from our results that heat exposure provoked an oxidative burden while enhancement of the antioxidative and glyoxalase systems by Spd rendered rice seedlings more tolerant to heat stress. Further, co-induction of the antioxidative and glyoxalase systems was closely associated with Spd mediated enhanced level of GSH.