苜蓿切叶蜂在我国的研究与应用现状

应用苜蓿切叶蜂MegachilerotundataFubricius为苜蓿授粉是苜蓿 (MedicagoL .)种植中不可缺少的措施之一 ,该文对苜蓿切叶蜂的生物学及羽化与环境因子的关系进行了阐述 ,指出影响苜蓿切叶蜂授粉及滞育的环境因子 ,分析了苜蓿切叶蜂繁育过程中病害及天敌的情况 ,介绍了繁育过程中的设备和管理技术。     

军山湖耳河螺的种群动态及周年生产量

2005年4月～2006年3月期间,对军山湖耳河螺(Rivularia auriculata)进行了周年逐月采集,分析了耳河螺的种群动态,并采用瞬时生长率法测算了周年生产量.结果表明种群含三个年龄组,年均生物量13.37 g·m^-2,年均密度8.12 ind·m^-2.种群密度峰值出现在8月为24 ind·m^-2,次年3月份有最低值为3.2 ind·m^-2.生物量峰值则出现在9月为30.32 g·m^-2、次年3月生物量有最小值为3.872 g·m^-2.耳河螺周年生产量(带壳湿重)为3.5592(g·m^-2·a^-1),周年P/B系数为0.27.与其他研究比较,结果较为合理.P/B系数较低,说明这一资源日趋贫乏,需要合理的保护利用.     

人工释放苜蓿切叶蜂的营巢行为观察

苜蓿切叶蜂Megachile rotundata Fabricius是紫花苜蓿的理想授粉昆虫,国内外已广泛利用切叶蜂为紫花苜蓿授粉,因此,对切叶蜂的田间活动行为分析具有重要的实践指导意义。对苜蓿切叶蜂的田间营巢行为进行观测,结果表明:整个花期切叶蜂均十分活跃,放蜂的第4天开始适应环境,正常活动,7月8～22日,切叶蜂最为活跃,进入蜂巢的切叶蜂数最高时达426头/蜂巢,每日10:00～16:00为活动高峰。每日每块蜂巢的封孔数最多为14个,平均每个蜂室封闭巢孔的数量最多为185个。     

崇明东滩湿地不同盐沼植物群落土壤碳储量分布

海岸带盐沼植被的高生产力对湿地土壤碳库的形成具有重要意义.本文研究了长江口崇明东滩湿地3种主要盐沼植物(芦苇、互花米草和海三棱藨草)群落生物量差异、土壤碳储量时空动态和垂向分布特征.结果表明： 湿地盐沼植被总生物量表现为互花米草群落(5750.7 g·m^-2)>芦苇群落(4655.1 g·m^-2)>海三棱藨草群落(812.7 g·m^-2),且地上生物量在夏、秋季最高,地下生物量在冬季最高.湿地土壤碳储量(0～50 cm)在春季最低,随后逐渐增加,至冬季达到最大值.土壤碳储量年增量从高潮滩向低潮滩递减,表现为芦苇群落(711.8 g·m^-2)>互花米草群落(646.2 g·m^-2)>海三棱藨草群落(185.3 g·m^-2)>光滩(65.6 g·m^-2).光滩土壤碳储量在25～30 cm处最高,海三棱藨草、互花米草和芦苇群落土壤碳储量分别在10～15、30～35和30～40 cm处达到最大值,且不同群落土壤碳储量与植被地下生物量具有显著的线性关系.     

乐清湾红树林和光滩大型底栖动物群落比较研究

2004年5月,对浙江乐清西门岛的人工红树林及周边滩涂进行大型底栖动物调查,共发现大型底栖动物18种,隶属6门7纲15科;主要是软体动物,节肢动物和环节动物.底上生活类群(groupofsurface,GS)种类数少于底内生活类群(group of surface below,GSB)种类数.通过在红树林、幼红树林和光滩三种生境的调查发现,幼红树林群落结构组成介于红树林和光滩之间,三种生境的大型底栖动物密度分别为452ind·m^-2,310ind·m^-2,620ind·m^-2,生物量分别为40.53g·m^-2,44.80g·m^-2和42.75g·m^-2.红树林区底栖动物的优势种为可口革囊星虫Phascolosoma esculenta和难解不等蛤Enigmonia aenigmatica.三种生境中,红树林的生物多样性和均匀度最高,优势度最小,造成这个现象的原因可能与红树林生境的复杂化有关.     

秸秆还田对水稻固碳特性及产量形成的影响

以中浙优1号为材料、秸秆不还田为对照,在大田试验条件下研究了不同秸秆还田量（4000、6000、8000 kg·hm^-2）对水稻群体干物质积累、运转、植株固碳及产量形成的影响. 结果表明： 与对照相比,秸秆还田处理的水稻群体干物质积累总量平均增加63.03 g·m^-2,以6000 kg·hm^-2处理的干物质积累量最高,比对照增加154.40 g·m^-2;在水稻各生育阶段中,秸秆还田处理对分蘖盛期—齐穗期干物质积累的影响最为明显,干物质积累量比对照平均增加71.25 g·m^-2;与对照相比,秸秆还田处理的茎叶干物质输出率和表观转变率分别平均增加4.2%和3.7%,均以6000 kg·hm^-2处理最高,分别为12.8%和11.1%.秸秆还田处理的群体植株固碳量比对照平均增加55.38 g·m^-2,以6000 kg·hm^-2处理的增幅最大,为17.8%;从固碳量在各器官中的分配来看,秸秆还田有利于生育前期茎叶固碳量的积累和生育后期固碳量向穗部的分配.秸秆还田处理的水稻产量比对照平均增加794.59 kg·hm^-2,增幅9.5%,其中6000和4000 kg·hm^-2处理的产量均显著提高,而8000 kg·hm^-2处理的产量增加不显著;从产量构成因素来看,秸秆还田处理单位面积有效穗数的增加是增产的主要原因,平均增加8.4穗·m^-2.     

浙江天童常绿阔叶林栲树种子雨的时空格局

在浙江天童常绿阔叶林中选择5株栲树,通过种子筐和地表取样,分析了栲树种子雨的时空格局特征.结果表明,栲树种子雨从11月3日到12月16日,持续45d,存在散落的高峰期(11月18日～27日);散落在地表的种子雨主要集中在离母株树干1.5～5.5m区段内,占总数的85.6%,最远不超过8m,空间格局符合二次分布;整个种子雨期间,单株平均落果数为112.8个·m^-2(70个·m^-2～239.5个·m^-2),东南向较多(135.6个·m^-2)、西北向较少(86.8个·m^-2),但无显著差异;种子雨中有活力的坚果占总数的27.3%、未成熟的占25.7%,昆虫幼虫侵害的占42%,松鼠啃食的占5%.     

黄土高原4种植被类型的细根生物量和年生产量

细根(≤2 mm)在陆地生态系统净初级生产力的分配中占有重要地位,在碳循环和水土保持方面具有重要意义. 本文采用土钻法和内生长法,以黄土高原刺槐人工林、落叶灌木、退耕草地和沙蒿群落4种主要植被类型为对象,研究0～40 cm土层细根生物量、垂直分布和细根年生产量. 结果表明： 细根生物量与纬度呈线性负相关. 4种植被类型0～40 cm土层细根生物量的大小顺序为落叶灌木(220 g·m^-2)>刺槐人工林(163 g·m^-2)≈退耕草地(162 g·m^-2)>沙蒿群落(79 g·m^-2). 退耕草地直径≤1 mm细根生物量占直径≤2 mm总细根生物量的74.1%,在4种植被类型中最高;4种植被类型细根生物量随着土层深度的增加而减少,最大值均出现在0～10 cm土层. 退耕草地0～10 cm土层细根生物量占0～40 cm土层总细根生物量的44.1%,显著高于其他3种植被类型;细根年生产量与纬度呈线性负相关. 4种植被类型0～40 cm土层细根年生产量大小顺序为退耕草地(315 g·m^-2·a^-1)>落叶灌木(249 g·m^-2·a^-1)>刺槐人工林(219 g·m^-2·a^-1)>沙蒿群落(115 g·m^-2·a^-1),其中退耕草地显著高于其他3种植被类型. 退耕草地0～10 cm土层细根生产量占0～40 cm土层总细根生产量的40.4%,在4种植被类型中最高. 退耕草地细根周转时间为0.51 a,低于其他3种植被类型.     

藏北高寒草地植被的碳密度与碳贮量

采用实地调查与查阅文献相结合的方法估算藏北高寒草地植被碳密度和碳贮量。结果表明:1)藏北高寒草地总面积约39.059×106 hm²,植被地上平均碳密度12.158±4.7g·m^-2,植被地下平均碳密度84.458±20.38g·m^-2,植被地上部碳贮量5.171±0.95Tg,植被地下部碳贮量25.223±2.96Tg,植被总碳贮量为30.394±3.91Tg;2)不同草地组间植被碳密度和碳贮量差异显著。其中不同草地组间植被碳密度以丛生禾草组碳密度值最低,地上和地下碳密度分别为6.13±1.51g·m^-2和26.04±5.8g·m^-2,具灌木的半灌木组碳密度最高,地上和地下碳密度分别为31±3.4 g·m^-2和244.59±6.9g·m^-2;而不同草地组间,草地植被碳贮量以小莎草组最大,植被地上和地下碳贮量分别为2.24±0.32Tg和9.52±0.89Tg,半灌木组碳贮量最小,其地上和地下碳贮量分别为0.012 4±0.002Tg和0.098 1±0.002Tg。3)藏北高寒草地分布各县(区)碳密度和碳贮量的分布也存在显著差异。从碳密度来看,革吉县、札达县、噶尔县和措勤县碳密度较高,植被平均碳密度分别相当于藏北平均植被碳密度的1.76,1.47,1.11和1.06倍,从碳贮量来看,碳贮量集中分布于双湖特别区、札达、尼玛、日土、革吉和改则6县(区),六县(区)草地植被碳贮量为25.2±2.31Tg,占藏北总植被碳量的82.89%。     

珠海淇澳岛无瓣海桑种苗天然更新与扩散分析

无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala Buxh-Ham Buxh-Ham.)在珠海淇澳岛抑制互花米草(Spartina alterniflora Loisel.)蔓延恢复红树林方面发挥了积极的作用。然而,由于它是外来引进种,在当地能否繁殖更新或造成种苗大量扩散成灾?为此,针对1999年以来在淇澳岛种植的大片无瓣海桑林及其周边湿地进行了种子产量与种苗天然扩散性的调查。结果表明:淇澳岛4年生无瓣海桑果实年产量为30.51kg·棵^-1,果粒数为2706粒·棵^-1,每果粒内含30～50粒种子。无瓣海桑幼苗在水沟两边分布最多,为40株·16m^-2,其次是其林分边缘的光滩,为8株·16m^-2,互花米草内为3.5株·16m^-2,最少是无瓣海桑林内,1株·16m^-2,种子多但幼苗少,且这些扩散苗绝大多数为当年生幼苗,很少发现多年生小苗,极难更新成林。     

Risk of alfalfa transgene dissemination and scale-dependent effects

Pollen can function as a vehicle to disseminate introduced, genetically engineered genes throughout a plant population or into a related species. The measurement of the risk of inadvertent dispersal of transgenes must include the assessment of accidental dispersion of pollen. Factors to be considered include the rate of pollen spread, the maximal dispersion distance of pollen, and the spatial dynamics of pollen movement within seed production fields; none of which are known for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), an insect-pollinated crop species. Using a rare, naturally occurring molecular marker, alfalfa pollen movement was tracked from seed and hay production fields. Results indicated that leafcutter bees (Megachile spp.) used in commercial seed production show a directional, non-random bias when pollinating within fields, primarily resulting in the movement of pollen directly towards and away from the bee domicile. Within-field pollen movement was detected only over distances of 4 m or less. Dispersal of pollen from alfalfa hay and seed production fields occurs at distances up to 1000 m. By examining widely dispersed, individual escaped alfalfa plants and their progeny using RAPD markers, gene movement among escaped alfalfa plants has been confirmed for distances up to 230 m. The outcrossing frequency for large fields was nearly 10-times greater than that of research-sized plots. A minimum isolation distance of 1557 m may be required to prevent gene flow in alfalfa. Data suggest that complete containment of transgenes within alfalfa seed or hay production fields would be highly unlikely using current production practices. Received: 20 March 1999 / Accepted: 11 November 1999     

螟黄赤眼蜂在棉田的扩散方向及其与风速风向的关系

1994—1995年,在山东禹城进行了螟黄赤眼蜂Trichogramma chilonis在棉田的扩散方向及其影响因素的研究,结果表明：①螟黄赤眼蜂在棉田的扩散方向主要是受当时的风向和风速影响,其次是光照;②当平均风速为1.6 m/s时,螟黄赤眼蜂非常明显地顺风扩 散;当平均风速为1.1 m/s时,顺风扩散稍高于逆风扩散;当平均风速为0.9—1.0 m/s 时,逆风扩散高于顺风扩散;当平均风速为0.6 m/s时,各方向上扩散差异不大。③第二代棉铃虫发生期(7月上旬以前),螟黄赤眼蜂主要向西南和西北方向扩散;第三代棉铃虫发生期(7月),螟黄赤眼蜂各方向均等扩散;第四代棉铃虫发生期(8月中旬以后),螟黄赤眼蜂主要朝东和东北及北扩散。④总结6次放蜂情况,西和南两个方向上扩散均较少。     

Insect pollinated crops, insect pollinators and US agriculture: trend analysis of aggregate data for the period 1992-2009

In the US, the cultivated area (hectares) and production (tonnes) of crops that require or benefit from insect pollination (directly dependent crops: apples, almonds, blueberries, cucurbits, etc.) increased from 1992, the first year in this study, through 1999 and continued near those levels through 2009; aggregate yield (tonnes/hectare) remained unchanged. The value of directly dependent crops attributed to all insect pollination (2009 USD) decreased from $14.29 billion in 1996, the first year for value data in this study, to $10.69 billion in 2001, but increased thereafter, reaching $15.12 billion by 2009. The values attributed to honey bees and non-Apis pollinators followed similar patterns, reaching $11.68 billion and $3.44 billion, respectively, by 2009. The cultivated area of crops grown from seeds resulting from insect pollination (indirectly dependent crops: legume hays, carrots, onions, etc.) was stable from 1992 through 1999, but has since declined. Production of those crops also declined, albeit not as rapidly as the decline in cultivated area; this asymmetry was due to increases in aggregate yield. The value of indirectly dependent crops attributed to insect pollination declined from $15.45 billion in 1996 to $12.00 billion in 2004, but has since trended upward. The value of indirectly dependent crops attributed to honey bees and non-Apis pollinators, exclusive of alfalfa leafcutter bees, has declined since 1996 to $5.39 billion and $1.15 billion, respectively in 2009. The value of alfalfa hay attributed to alfalfa leafcutter bees ranged between $4.99 and $7.04 billion. Trend analysis demonstrates that US producers have a continued and significant need for insect pollinators and that a diminution in managed or wild pollinator populations could seriously threaten the continued production of insect pollinated crops and crops grown from seeds resulting from insect pollination.     

南大港湿地飞蝗种群分布与芦苇空间格局的关系

利用地统计学方法,在GIS平台下研究南大港湿地东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)种群的空间格局及两者间的关系。结果表明,研究区域内飞蝗、芦苇种群均具有较强的空间相关性,变异函数曲线都为球状模型,空间自相关范围分别为502m和814m。其次,飞蝗主要集中分布在研究区域内芦苇长势较差(30~70棵.m-2)的东北部和东南部地块,而在长势较好的西部(>120棵.m-2)、南部(70~120棵.m-2)和极差的北部(<30棵.m-2)几乎没有蝗虫的分布,且蝗虫种群数量与芦苇密度存在显著的相关性。     

Directional seed and pollen dispersal and their separate effects on anisotropy of fine‐scale spatial genetic structure among seedlings in a dioecious,wind‐pollinated,and wind‐dispersed tree species,Cercidiphyllum japonicum

Prevailing directions of seed and pollen dispersal may induce anisotropy of the fine‐scale spatial genetic structure (FSGS), particularly in wind‐dispersed and wind‐pollinated species. To examine the separate effects of directional seed and pollen dispersal on FSGS, we conducted a population genetics study for a dioecious, wind‐pollinated, and wind‐dispersed tree species, Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. et Zucc, based on genotypes at five microsatellite loci of 281 adults of a population distributed over a ca. 80 ha along a stream and 755 current‐year seedlings. A neighborhood model approach with exponential‐power‐von Mises functions indicated shorter seed dispersal (mean = 69.1 m) and much longer pollen dispersal (mean = 870.6 m), effects of dispersal directions on the frequencies of seed and pollen dispersal, and the directions with most frequent seed and pollen dispersal (prevailing directions). Furthermore, the distance of effective seed dispersal within the population was estimated to depend on the dispersal direction and be longest at the direction near the prevailing direction. Therefore, patterns of seed and pollen dispersal may be affected by effective wind directions during the period of respective dispersals. Isotropic FSGS and spatial sibling structure analyses indicated a significant FSGS among the seedlings generated by the limited seed dispersal, but anisotropic analysis for the seedlings indicated that the strength of the FSGS varied with directions between individuals and was weakest at a direction near the directions of the most frequent and longest seed dispersal but far from the prevailing direction of pollen dispersal. These results suggest that frequent and long‐distance seed dispersal around the prevailing direction weakens the FSGS around the prevailing direction. Therefore, spatially limited but directional seed dispersal would determine the existence and direction of FSGS among the seedlings.     

Comparative Studies on Pollination Biology of Mosla hangchouensis and M.chinensis (Labiatae)

Mosla hangchouensis Matsuda and M. chinensis Maxim. are sibling species. The former is endemic to the coastal areas of Zhejiang Province, and the latter occupies southern China. Their morphological differences were associated with their different breeding systems indicated by pollen-ovule ratio (P/O). M. hangchouensis was predominantly outcrossing with P/O ranging from 756 to 6163 due to the variation among populations. Floral characters also showed that M. hangchouensis is an outcrosser: corolla tube 5～10 mm long, 3~5 mm wide, bright red: style 6～15 mm long; stigma 1.5～2.0 mm horizontally away from anthers. On the contrary, M. chinensis was predominantly a selfer with a low P/O ratio (P/O= 110). Its floral parameters contrasted sharply with M. hangchouensis: corolla tube 3.0 mm long, 1.0 ～ 1.5 mm wide, pale colored; style 2.5 mm long. stigma close to or touching anthers. The pollinators of M. hangchouensis most frequently seen are: Bombus trifascitus Smith., Scolia spp., Apis cerana Fabricius, Hylaeus sp. and Lasioglossum spp. These pollinators began to visit flowers at about 8:00 am, when flower buds were ready to open. When insects entered corolla tube for honey and (or) pollen, the stigmata touched the insects body hairs to which pollen grains adhered, and pollen grains were transferred to the stigmata. Meanwhile the hairs collected pollen from anthers under the upper lips of corolla as the insects thrusted their bodies forward. Bumble bees and honey bees were considered more efficient pollinators because they were hair-rich and their body size fitted corolla tube fairly well. Due to the'short flight distance of pollinators between two visits (average flight distances of honey bees and solitary bees were 0.52 m and 0.32 m respectively), pollen dispersal was probably restricted. Pollen vectors were important for the reproductive success of M. hangchouensis because 84.3 % of its seed-set depended on the pollinators' visitation. Although insects did pay visits to M. chinensis occasionally, such visitation was insignificant in seed-set due to cleistogamy. Discussions are made on the evolutionary significance of breeding system divergence between M. hangchouensis and M. chinensis, and the contribution of studies on pollination biology to conservation biology. Further studies are suggested for more thorough understanding of pollination biology of M. hangchouensis.     

The evolution of Cayaponia (Cucurbitaceae): Repeated shifts from bat to bee pollination and long-distance dispersal to Africa 2-5 million years ago

? Premise of the study: The Cucurbitaceae genus Cayaponia comprises ～60 species that occur from Uruguay to the southern United States and the Caribbean; C. africana occurs in West Africa and on Madagascar. Pollination is by bees or bats, raising the question of the evolutionary direction and frequency of pollinator shifts. Studies that investigated such shifts in other clades have suggested that bat pollination might be an evolutionary end point. ? Methods: Plastid and nuclear DNA sequences were obtained for 50 accessions representing 30 species of Cayaponia and close relatives, and analyses were carried out to test monophyly, infer divergence times, and reconstruct ancestral states for habitat preferences and pollination modes. ? Key results: The phylogeny shows that Cayaponia is monophyletic as long as Selysia (a genus with four species from Central and South America) is included. The required nomenclatural transfers are made in this paper. African and Madagascan accessions of C. africana form a clade that is part of a polytomy with Caribbean and South American species, and the inferred divergence time of 2-5 Ma implies a transoceanic dispersal event from the New World to Africa. The ancestral state reconstructions suggest that Cayaponia originated in tropical forests from where open savannas were reached several times and that bee pollination arose from bat pollination, roughly concomitant with the shifts from forests to savanna habitats. ? Conclusions: Cayaponia provides the first example of evolutionary transitions from bat to bee pollination as well as another instance of transoceanic dispersal from the New World to Africa.     

蜂访花与不同品种紫花苜蓿花部特征的相关性

紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa L.为严格的异花授粉植物,其授粉主要由蜂类进行。作者对10个不同品种紫花苜蓿的花萼直径、花冠长度、花朵密度、花蜜量及花蜜糖组成等花部特征与访花蜂数的关系进行了研究。结果表明,花部特征对访花蜂数的影响依次为： 单位面积花蜜量(r=0.93,P<0.01) >花朵密度(r=0.92,P<0.01) > 蔗糖含量(r=0.82,P<0.05) > 花冠长度(r=0.77,P<0.05) > 单花花蜜量(r=0.71,P<0.05)。对不同品种紫花苜蓿分别利用花部特征和访花蜂数进行聚类分析,结果显示小组划分虽然有所不同,但都能分为相同的两大组,即：阿尔冈津、陕北、L173、WL323和拉达克聚为一大组,而三得利、德福、赛特、Prime和德宝聚为另一大组。作者认为,花朵的大小是造成紫花苜蓿各品种间的蜜蜂拜访数量差异的首要因素,再次是花蜜量的多少,最后是花朵的颜色。