岩黄连光合与蒸腾特性及其对光照强度和CO_2浓度的响应

采用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统(Li-CorInc.,USA)对岩黄连叶片的气体交换进行了测定。结果表明(1)岩黄连叶片的光饱和点(LSP)为329.18μmol.m-2.s-1左右,光补偿点(LCP)为12.76μmol.m-2.s-1,最大净光合速率为2.96μmol.m-2.s-1,暗呼吸速率(Rd)为0.17μmol.m-2.s-1。光饱和点和光补偿点都比效低,表明岩黄连对光照的要求不高,属于阴生植物。(2)4月份,岩黄连Pn随CO2浓度升高而逐渐增大。当CO2浓度由50μmol.mol-1增加到600μmol.mol-1,Pn几乎呈直线上升,600~1000μmol.mol-1范围内逐渐缓和,到1000μmol.mol-1以后Pn变化平稳。由曲线估算CO2饱和点(CSP)大约在1000μmol.mol-1左右。CO2的补偿点为68.80μmol.mol-1。羧化效率为0.0308μmol.m-2.s-1。(3)岩黄连叶片水分利用率(WUE)随有效光辐射强度(PAR)的增强呈抛物线状变化,PAR在200μmol.m-2.s-1内呈直线上升,到200μmol.m-2.s-1时WUE达最大值,大于200μmol.m-2.s-1后WUE呈逐渐下降趋势。     

番茄叶片光合作用对快速水分胁迫的响应

采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)溶液控制番茄根际水势和叶片离体的方式设置了水分胁迫处理,测算了光合诱导过程中净光合速率、暗呼吸速率和CO2补偿点等光合参数的变化.结果表明:在1000μmol·m-2·s-1光诱导下,水分胁迫处理的番茄叶片净光合速率(Pn)达到最大值所需时间缩短为对照的1/3,气孔导度(gs)快速增大为对照的1.5倍.水分胁迫处理的番茄叶片光饱和点(LSP)比对照降低了65％～85％,而光补偿点(LCP)比对照增加了75％ ～100％,缩小了番茄叶片利用光能的有效范围.水分胁迫处理的番茄叶片最大光合能力(Amax)低于对照40％以上,暗呼吸速率(Rd)增大了约45％.可见,快速水分胁迫处理使番茄叶片气孔迅速开放,光合诱导初始阶段消失.水分胁迫导致植物利用光能的效率和潜力降低是植物生产力下降的重要原因,而气孔调节是番茄适应快速水分胁迫的重要生理机制.     

喷钙对芍药花茎品质及叶片光合特性的影响

以5年生芍药盆栽苗为试材,研究了喷钙措施对芍药花茎品质、花茎机械强度及叶片光合参数的影响.结果表明,喷钙处理(4％,w/v)显著提高了花茎的机械强度,增幅达24.3％,花茎中纤维素、半纤维素、木质素及果胶含量均较对照显著增加,其中纤维素含量为456.54 μg·g-1,较对照增加了28.5％,增幅最大.喷钙处理还使芍药叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率( WUE)增加,至处理28 d时,Pu为17.07 μmol·m-2·s-1,较对照增加29.6％,Gs较对照提高了55％,为0.31 mol·m-2·s-1,Tr较对照提高了20％,达到2.61 mmol · mol-1,WUE为6.54 mmol · mol-1,较对照增加7.6％.另外,喷钙使芍药叶片最大净光合速率(Pmax)达到20.71 μmol·m-2·s-1,较对照提高24.6％,光饱和点为902.5 μmol·m-2·s-1,较对照增加7.5％,而光补偿点则显著降低,为7.27 μmol·m-2·s-1,较对照降低34.5％.     

冠层部位和叶龄对红松光合蒸腾特性的影响

利用Li-6400便携式CO2/H2O红外气体分析仪测定了红松不同冠层部位和叶龄针叶的光合蒸腾特性及其环境影响因子.结果表明:冠层部位和叶龄显著地影响最大净光合速率(Pmax)、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)、表观最大量子效率(α)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和比叶面积(SLA),但对水分利用效率(WUE)影响不显著.随着冠层部位的下降和叶龄的增加,红松针叶的Pmax逐渐下降,其平均值变动在6·55～9·05μmol·m-2·s-1之间.不同冠层部位和叶龄针叶的LSP和LCP的差异很大,以树冠中部针叶对弱光和强光的利用能力最大.Tr随着冠层部位的下降而降低;不同叶龄针叶的Tr在1·37～1·59mmol·m-2·s-1之间变化.不同部位和叶龄红松针叶的Tr和光合有效辐射存在极显著正相关关系(R2=0·967).红松的WUE与净光合速率紧密相关(R2=0·860).随冠层部位的上升和叶龄的增大,红松针叶的SLA递减,分别在6·61～8·41m2·kg-1和6·65～8·38m2·kg-1之间波动.     

不同辐射条件下苹果叶片净光合速率模拟

以富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.cv.‘Fuji’)为试材,将C3植物光合生化模型、气孔导度半机理模型、叶片最大光合速率和相对光合有效辐射(RPAR)之间的经验公式相耦合,能够模拟出不同RPAR(或树冠不同部位)下叶片净光合速率(Pn)对小气候因子和叶水势(Ψl)的响应,及Pn日变化。模拟表明,不同RPAR下Pn变化主要依赖于光合有效辐射(PAR)大小,并对CO2浓度有很高敏感性。不同RPAR下叶片Pn最适温度约为20—30℃,并随PAR或CO2浓度的升高而升高。相对湿度(RH)和Ψl对不同RPAR下叶片Pn影响不大,Pn只随RH和Ψl的减小而略有降低。数值模拟表明,当RPAR减小时Pn随之迅速减小,从冠层3 m到1 m处,叶片RPAR从57.18%减少到16.22%,而最大Pn从16.65μmol.m-.2s-1减小到4.24μmol.m-.2s-1。在平均气象条件下,树冠顶部单位面积叶片每天固定CO2为420 mmol.m-.2d-1,而下层叶片只有40 mmol.m-.2d-1。当苹果树冠内叶片接受RPAR低于12%时,全天净光合总量为0,这类叶片可称为无效叶,其所在树冠空间为无效光区。果树整形修剪的主要目的就是尽量减少无效枝叶,利用该模型可确定出这类枝叶在树冠中的位置。     

两种不同生态型麻疯树夏季光合特性的比较

以来源于海南及贵州的两种不同生态型麻风树(Jatropha curcas L.)为试材,利用LI-6400便携式光合作用测量系统及PAM-2100调制叶绿素荧光仪,在夏季对其气体交换特性及叶绿素荧光参数等进行测定.光强-光合速率响应曲线显示两种不同生态型叶片最大净光合速率(Pmax)和光饱和点(LSP)分别为18.9μmol · m-2 · s-1、1600μmol · m-2 · s-1(贵州型)和20.4μmol · m-2 · s-1、1700μmol · m-2 · s-1(海南型),而CO2光合速率响应曲线则显示两者的差异不大.两者的净光合速率(Pn)的日变化曲线都呈双峰型,主峰出现在10:00,在14:00左右出现低谷,次峰出现在16:00左右,有明显的光合"午休"现象.海南麻风树的Pmax、LSP、光补偿点(LCP)、表观量子效率(AQY)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)均高于贵州麻风树.两种生态型麻风树PSⅡ最大原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)日变化无显著差异, 而实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)变化趋势与Pn相同.这表明麻风树是一种具有较高的光合速率和强光适应性的木本能源植物,不同生态型麻风树的气体交换特性及叶绿素荧光参数有一定的差异,海南麻风树对强光的适应能力强于贵州麻风树.     

湛江5种红树林树种光合作用特性及光合固碳能力研究

应用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定系统,对湛江市特呈岛5种红树林树种的净光合速率日变化和光合作用—光响应曲线进行了测定,探讨了各树种的光合作用特性以及主要影响因子并评估其固碳能力大小。结果表明:在自然光照条件下,秋茄和红海榄叶片净光合速率(Pn)的日变化曲线呈单峰型,白骨壤、木榄和桐花树为双峰型,光合"午休"现象明显,而且峰值分别出现在10:00和14:00左右。其中,白骨壤和木榄的光合午休主要由气孔限制因素引起,桐花树主要由非气孔限制因素引起。通径分析表明,光合有效辐射(PAR)是影响白骨壤和桐花树叶片Pn的主要决策因子,而叶面大气蒸汽压亏缺(VPD)是主要限制因子;影响秋茄和红海榄叶片Pn的主要决策因子是气孔导度(Gs),主要限制因子是叶温(Tl);影响木榄叶片Pn的主要决策因子是气孔导度(Gs)。基于叶片净光合作用速率的各树种日净固碳量存在显著性差异(P0.01),秋茄的日净固碳量最大(13.83 g·m-2·d-1),其次为白骨壤和桐花树(9.48和8.24 g·m-2·d-1),木榄和红海榄的较小(6.72和6.30 g·m-2·d-1)。5种红树林树种的光补偿点(LCP)介于28.3~137.0μmol·m-2·s-1之间,显示了阳生植物的特性。光饱和点(LSP)介于169.3~1189.3μmol·m-2·s-1之间,桐花树最大,红海榄最小。5种红树林树种的表观量子效率(AQY)存在极显著差异(P0.01),白骨壤最高为0.064 mol·mol-1,木榄最低,仅为0.005 mol·mol-1。5种红树林植物叶片的光响应参数与日净固碳量的关联度大小顺序为最大净光合速率(Pmax)、LSP-LCP、AQY、LSP、LCP。     

半干旱区典型沙生植物油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)的光合特性

为了研究西北半干旱生态系统中典型沙生植物油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)的光合特征,于2012年5—10月,使用Li-6400(Li-Cor Inc.,USA)便携式光合测定系统,测定了油蒿气体交换特征的日变化、季节变化以及净光合速率(Pn)对光合有效辐射和胞间CO2浓度的响应。结果表明:Pn、蒸腾速率(E)和水分利用效率(WUE)的日变化在12:00前后均表现出非对称性,上午测量值普遍高于下午;Pn日均值6月最高(8.97±1.73μmol CO2·m-2·s-1),10月最低(2.58±1.32μmol CO2·m-2·s-1);油蒿表观量子效率(α)在0.022~0.048 mol·mol-1变化,羧化效率(φ)在0.125~0.268 mol·m-2·s-1变化;在9月13日饱和光强下的Pn(Pnmax)达到生长季最大值,为24.89μmol CO2·m-2·s-1;在7月31日饱和胞间CO2浓度下的Pn(Anmax),达到生长季最大值,为77.23μmol CO2·m-2·s-1;Pnmax主要受到相对湿度影响,Anmax主要受饱和水汽压亏缺和30 cm深度土壤体积含水率影响;水分相关环境因子是油蒿光合作用的主要限制因子,其光合特征反映出对半干旱气候的适应性。本研究结果可为生态系统过程建模和区域尺度研究提供重要的生理生态参数。     

楸树无性系光合特性研究

以10个楸树无性系为试验材料,利用Li-6400光合测定仪对其光合特性进行了比较研究。结果表明:楸树净光合速率(Pn)日变化为典型的双峰曲线,气孔限制是光合"午休"的主要调节因素。楸树所有无性系光合作用对光照强度(PAR)单一生态因子水平的响应均可以用二次方程描述。楸树的光补偿点(LCP,11.37~57.4μmol.m-2.s-1)和CO2补偿点(CCP,57.73~77.06μmol.mol-1)在10个无性系间存在显著差异。10个楸树无性系的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和瞬时水分利用效率在无性系间存在极显著差异。在光饱和点(LSP)条件下,10个无性系净光合速率处于18.8~24.4μmol.m-2.s-1之间。环境因子与光合指标存在显著的相关关系,PAR和空气湿度(RH)对楸树无性系瞬时Pn影响最大。     

濒危植物毛瓣金花茶与其同属广布种茶光合特性的比较

毛瓣金花茶为山茶科山茶属植物,该研究分别对野生种群和栽培种群的毛瓣金花茶及其同属广布种茶的光合特性进行了测定及差异比较。结果表明:在野生和栽培环境下,毛瓣金花茶的光补偿点(LCP)(分别为1.17和3.87μmol·m-2·s-1)和光饱和点(LSP)(分别为395.8和423.6μmol·m-2·s-1)均较低,最大净光合速率(Pmax)(分别为4.25和3.91μmol·m-2·s-1)较小,是典型的阴生植物;而茶的LCP(分别为6.57和9.09μmol·m-2·s-1)较低,LSP(分别为765.0和809.6μmol·m-2·s-1)较高,Pmax(分别为9.37和9.75μmol·m-2·s-1)较大,为耐荫植物。野生和栽培的毛瓣金花茶的Pmax、表观量子效率(AQY)、最大羧化速率(Vcmax)、最大电子传递速率(Jmax)和潜在最大净光合速率(Pmax)均显著低于茶(P0.05),这表明毛瓣金花茶的光合能力和CO2利用能力都比茶要弱。栽培的毛瓣金花茶叶片的Chla、Chlb、Chl(a+b)含量与茶相比无显著差异(P0.05),表明毛瓣金花茶较低的光合能力与其叶绿素含量无关。野生和栽培的毛瓣金花茶的叶面积与茶相比无显著差异(P0.05),而比叶重则显著高于茶(P0.05),与茶相比,毛瓣金花茶对光强的适应范围狭窄,光合能力和CO2利用能力低下,这可能是其分布狭窄的重要生理原因。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.