小麦化感作用研究进展

小麦是世界第一大粮食作物,在农业生产中占有重要地位．然而,由于人们为保证小麦产量往往施用大量的除草剂和杀菌剂,对环境造成了极大的危害．小麦化感作用是利用小麦活体或残体向环境中释放次生代谢物质对自身或其他生物产生作用,它克服了除草剂和杀菌剂等引起的环境污染问题,具有抑制杂草控制病害的潜力．本文对已有的小麦化感作用的研究进展情况进行了综合评述．其中小麦对杂草、虫害及病害产生防御功能的主要化感物质为异羟肟酸和酚酸类物质．小麦化感物质活性的发挥除了取决于化感物质的种类外,还由小麦自身的遗传因素、环境因素和生物因素的共同作用所决定．小麦化感物质在根际土壤中的滞留、迁移和转化过程、小麦化感作用与土壤生物的关系以及相关的作用机理是小麦化感作用研究的薄弱环节。其研究方法还需进一步探索改进．小麦化感作用在植物保护、环境保护以及作物育种等方面具有广泛的应用前景,促进了小麦抗逆性的增强以及产量和品质的提高．     

菊科植物化感作用研究进展

对菊科植物化感作用的研究进展进行了综述。菊科植物中至少有 39个属存在化感作用 ,特别是一枝黄花属、向日葵属、胜红蓟属、银胶菊属、蒿属植物等有较多的研究报道。鉴定出的化感物质多为萜类、聚乙炔类、酚类、有机酸类等 ,这些化感物质对多种受体植物表现出程度不同的抑制或促进的效应。其化感作用机理表现在破坏受体膜系统的稳定性及水分平衡关系、抑制氧化磷酸化、促进或阻滞叶绿素的合成、影响矿质元素的吸收利用等。并对菊科植物化感物质在植物生长调节剂、天然除草剂和生物杀虫剂 ,或人工合成除草剂和杀虫剂上应用的前景进行了探讨。本文显示菊科植物的化感作用将在控制外来恶性杂草及维护生态平衡上扮演重要的角色。在当前菊科植物化感作用研究的基础上 ,提出了进一步研究的 6个方向 :(1)化感物质的生物合成途径与关键酶的特性研究 ;(2 )具化感潜势物种资源的调查评价及利用研究 ;(3)化感作用在自然生态系统中的演变规律 ;(4 )菊科重要作物自毒的生化机制及克服途径 ;(5 )具应用前景的菊科植物化感关键酶的基因克隆和转基因 ,并对受体植物基因的表达与调控进行研究 ;(6 )化感作用在可持续发展农业应用上的研究与开发 ,特别是作为天然除草剂及杀虫剂     

浮游植物的化感作用

生物化感作用研究是近年来兴起的交叉学科,是化学生态学研究的重要领域。研究水域浮游植物化感作用对了解浮游植物之间、浮游植物与其他生物之间的相互作用及作用机理具有重要意义,对了解赤潮和水华的发生机制及其生态控制等具有非常重要的作用。综述了海洋和湖泊浮游植物化感作用和化感物质的内涵,讨论了水体浮游植物化感作用的特点、研究化感作用的基本方法、化感物质的种类以及影响化感物质作用的生物和非生物因素,详细介绍了浮游植物化感物质的作用机理以及逃避和拈抗化感作用的方式,同时对目前研究的热点问题及未来研究的方向做了简要概述。     

植物化感物质对种子萌发的影响

所有的化感物质都对一些植物的种子萌发产生影响.本文介绍了植物化感作用和化感物质的定义,化感物质的释放方式和种类,然后重点综述了化感物质影响种子萌发的作用机理、内外因素和生态学意义.化感物质通过影响细胞膜透性、细胞分裂生长和分化、呼吸作用、蛋白质合成、基因表达、激素合成和平衡,最终影响种子萌发.化感物质对种子萌发的影响与化感物质的种类、浓度、受体植物种类和环境条件等有关.     

黄花蒿对4种受体植物的化感作用研究

采用室内生物测定法,以小麦、燕麦、黄瓜和萝卜为受体,研究了黄花蒿对受体植物的化感作用,结果显示:黄花蒿水浸提液对小麦、燕麦的化感综合效应(SE)为56.29、57.17;其地上部淋溶物对小麦和黄瓜表现为抑制作用,对燕麦和萝卜表现为促进作用;其茎叶挥发物对4种受体植物根长生长有较强的抑制作用;其残体分解物前10d对受体有很强的抑制作用,根系分泌物对小麦和燕麦抑制作用较强,对萝卜和黄瓜表现为促进作用。结果表明,黄花蒿5种不同途径来源的化感物质对4种受体植物都有不同程度的化感作用,且黄花蒿主要是通过地上部淋溶、挥发向环境中释放化感物质,其次是通过根系分泌物对授体植物产生化感作用。     

不同处理的豚草残留物对小麦的化感作用

豚草是一种危害性恶性入侵杂草,对农业生态系统造成了严重危害。本实验主要研究了燃烧及未燃烧的豚草残留物及其水浸提液对小麦的化感作用,探讨了是否可用燃烧的方法来消除或减弱豚草残留物的化感作用。结果表明:豚草的残留物及其水浸提液均对小麦的早期生长有抑制作用,且残留物水浸提液对苗长的影响较残留物大,说明豚草残留物的化感物质可能是一些水溶性的物质,水的浸提使植物体中的一些化感物质得到了较完全的释放;混有豚草残留物的土壤的理化性质也发生变化,且随着土壤中豚草残留物浓度的增加,土壤的pH、电导率、有机碳含量及酚酸含量均有不同程度的升高,这些因素的综合作用抑制了小麦幼苗的生长,其中酚酸是其主要化感组分之一;通过对燃烧和未燃烧的豚草残留物的化感作用比较研究发现,燃烧过的残留物与未燃烧的残留物对苗长均有显著的抑制作用,但二者之间的差异不显著,因此不能用燃烧的方法消除豚草残留物对本地植物的影响。     

不同水肥和光照条件对水稻化感特性的影响

采用盆栽实验对水稻化感品种华航1号在不同水肥和光照条件下的化感潜力和化感物质进行了研究。结果表明,华航1号在较高水肥条件下化感潜力较强,而在较低水肥条件下化感潜力下降,进一步对华航1号的化感特征物质的含量测定表明,在较低水肥条件下其化感物质没有显著的变化,只是次生物质的种类有所增加,尤其是一些具有抗病功能的次生物质的含量有所增加,在弱光照条件下华航1号的化感特征物质含量比在较强光照条件下要低,而且具有抗病功能的次生物质含量则保持较高水平,结果还发现,不论水、肥或光照条件的变化,华航1号对非伴生杂草的化感潜力都比伴生杂草要强。     

化感作用及其在农业生产中的应用

简述了化感作用的概念、特点、作用机理和化感物质及释放途径。讨论了植物与植物之间,植物与微生物之间,植物与昆虫等食草动物之间的化感作用及化感理论在生产实践中的应用。应用化感理论指导建立合理的栽培、耕作制度;进行田间杂草生物控制和防治;开发新一代无公害农药;指导森林更新和建植;培育抗化感品种等。     

淡水水生植物化感作用研究进展

水生植物的化感作用对淡水生态系统中水草的可持续管理和湖泊富营养化的生态控制具有非常重要的意义。本文综述了淡水水生植物化感作用的发展历史和研究现状,讨论了水生植物化感作用研究过程中所涉及的实验方法、生物测试方法、化感物质分离方法以及影响水生植物化感研究的环境因素。抑藻圈试验、藻类生长试验和浮萍生长试验是常用的生物测试方法;采用共生培养或单独培养的方法,从种植水中分离、鉴定化感物质,对证实复杂水环境中水生植物化感作用的存在,研究它们化感物质的释放途径和作用机理都具有十分重要的作用。     

水稻关键化感物质稻壳酮的研究综述

杂草给水稻(Oryza sativa)生产带来严重损失,利用水稻自身化感作用被认为是对环境友好的杂草控制方法。稻壳酮A和B是水稻抑制杂草的主要化感物质,其中稻壳酮B是至今发现最高效的天然除草剂之一,具有很好的应用潜力。稻壳酮B可以从水稻根系释放到土壤中抑制周围稗草等植物的种子萌芽和生长。稻壳酮B的浓度大于3 nmol·mL^-1时就能抑制水芹和莴苣的根和胚轴生长,同时稻壳酮A和B是水稻重要的植保素,可有效抑制水稻病原菌比如稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)等。此外,稻瘟病菌感染可诱导水稻合成更多的稻壳酮。该文主要对国内外有关水稻化感物质稻壳酮的性质、分布状况、化感作用、生物合成途径、检测方法、人工合成方法和影响因素等方面的研究进行了综述。在此基础上进一步探讨稻壳酮研究过程中简捷检测方法、诱导因子和人工合成等问题。     

Allelopathy in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) allelopathy has potential for the management of weeds, pests and diseases. Both wheat residue allelopathy and wheat seedling allelopathy can be exploited for managing weeds, including resistant biotypes. Wheat varieties differ in allelopathic potential against weeds, indicating that selection of allelopathic varieties might be a useful strategy in integrated weed management. Several categories of allelochemicals for wheat allelopathy have been identified, namely, phenolic acids, hydroxamic acids and short‐chain fatty acids. Wheat allelopathic activity is genetically controlled and a multigenic model has been proposed. Research is underway to identify genetic markers associated with wheat allelopathy. Once allelopathic genes have been located, a breeding programme could be initiated to transfer the genes into modern varieties for weed suppression. The negative impacts of wheat autotoxicity on agricultural production systems have also been identified when wheat straws are retained on the soil surface for conservation farming purposes. A management package to avoid such deleterious effects is discussed. Wheat allelopathy requires further study in order to maximise its allelopathic potential for the control of weeds, pests and diseases, and to minimise its detrimental effects on the growth of wheat and other crops.     

Unravelling the beneficial role of microbial contributors in reducing the allelopathic effects of weeds

The field of allelopathy is one of the most fascinating but controversial processes in plant ecology that offers an exciting, interdisciplinary, complex, and challenging study. In spite of the established role of soil microbes in plant health, their role has also been consolidated in studies of allelopathy. Moreover, allelopathy can be better understood by incorporating soil microbial ecology that determines the relevance of allelopathy phenomenon. Therefore, while discussing the role of allelochemicals in plant–plant interactions, the dynamic nature of soil microbes should not be overlooked. The occurrence and toxicity of allelochemicals in soil depend on various factors, but the type of microflora in the surroundings plays a crucial role because it can interfere with its allelopathic nature. Such microbes could be of prime importance for biological control management of weeds reducing the cost and ill effects of chemical herbicides. Among microbes, our main focus is on bacteria—as they are dominant among other microbes and are being used for enhancing crop production for decades—and fungi. Hence, to refer to both bacteria and fungi, we have used the term microbes. This review discusses the beneficial role of microbes in reducing the allelopathic effects of weeds. The review is mainly focused on various functions of bacteria in (1) reducing allelopathic inhibition caused by weeds to reduce crop yield loss, (2) building inherent defense capacity in plants against allelopathic weed, and (3) deciphering beneficial rhizospheric process such as chemotaxis/biofilm, degradation of toxic allelochemicals, and induced gene expression.     

Allelopathic Bacteria and Their Impact on Higher Plants

The impact of allelopathic, nonpathogenic bacteria on plant growth in natural and agricultural ecosystems is discussed. In some natural ecosystems, evidence supports the view that in the vicinity of some allelopathically active perennials (e.g., Adenostoma fasciculatum, California), in addition to allelochemicals leached from the shrub's canopy, accumulation of phytotoxic bacteria or other allelopathic microorganisms amplify retardation of annuals. In agricultural ecosystems allelopathic bacteria may evolve in areas where a single crop is grown successively, and the resulting yield decline cannot be restored by application of minerals. Transfer of soils from areas where crop suppression had been recorded into an unaffected area induced crop retardation without readily apparent symptoms of plant disease. Susceptibility of higher plants to deleterious rhizobacteria is often manifested in sandy or so-called skeletal soils. Evaluation of phytotoxic activity under controlled conditions, as well as ways to apply allelopathic bacteria in the field, is approached. The allelopathic effect may occur directly through the release of allelochemicals by a bacterium that affects susceptible plant(s) or indirectly through the suppression of an essential symbiont. The process is affected by nutritional and other environmental conditions, some may control bacterial density and the rate of production of allelochemicals. Allelopathic nonpathogenic bacteria include a wide range of genera and secrete a diverse group of plant growth-mediating allelochemicals. Although a limited number of plant growth-promoting bacterial allelochemicals have been identified, a considerable number of highly diversified growth-inhibiting allelochemicals have been isolated and characterized. Some species may produce more than one allelochemical; for example, three different phyotoxins, geldanamycin, nigericin, and hydanthocidin, were isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Efforts to introduce naturally produced allelochemicals as plant growth-regulating agents in agriculture have yielded two commercial herbicides, phosphinothricin, a product of Streptomyces viridochromogenes, and bialaphos from S. hygroscopicus. Many species of allelopathic bacteria that affect growth of higher plants are not plant specific, but some do exhibit specificity; for example, dicotyledonous plants were more susceptible to Pseudomonas putida than were monocotyledons. Differential susceptibility of higher plants to allelopathic bacteria was noted also in much lower taxonomical categories, at the subspecies level, in different cultivars of wheat, or of lettuce. Therefore, when test plants are employed to evaluate bacterial allelopathy, final evaluation must include those species that are assumed to be suppressed in nature. The release of allelochemicals from plant residues in plots of ‘continuous crop cultivation’ or from allelopathic living plants may induce the development of specific allelopathic bacteria. Both the rate by which a bacterium gains from its allelopathic activity through utilizing plant excretions, and the reasons for the developing of allelopathic bacteria in such habitats, are important goals for further research.     

Allelopathic Interactions and Allelochemicals: New Possibilities for Sustainable Weed Management

Weeds are known to cause enormous losses due to their interference in agroecosystems. Because of environmental and human health concerns, worldwide efforts are being made to reduce the heavy reliance on synthetic herbicides that are used to control weeds. In this regard the phenomenon of allelopathy, which is expressed through the release of chemicals by a plant, has been suggested to be one of the possible alternatives for achieving sustainable weed management. The use of allelopathy for controlling weeds could be either through directly utilizing natural allelopathic interactions, particularly of crop plants, or by using allelochemicals as natural herbicides. In the former case, a number of crop plants with allelopathic potential can be used as cover, smother, and green manure crops for managing weeds by making desired manipulations in the cultural practices and cropping patterns. These can be suitably rotated or intercropped with main crops to manage the target weeds (including parasitic ones) selectively. Even the crop mulch/residues can also give desirable benefits. Not only the terrestrial weeds, even allelopathy can be suitably manipulated for the management of aquatic weeds. The allelochemicals present in the higher plants as well as in the microbes can be directly used for weed management on the pattern of herbicides. Their bioefficacy can be enhanced by structural changes or the synthesis of chemical analogues based on them. Further, in order to enhance the potential of allelopathic crops, several improvements can be made with the use of biotechnology or genomics and proteomics. In this context either the production of allelochemicals can be enhanced or the transgenics with foreign genes encoding for a particular weed-suppressing allelochemical could be produced. In the former, both conventional breeding and molecular genetical techniques are useful. However, with conventional breeding being slow and difficult, more emphasis is laid on the use of modern techniques such as molecular markers and the selection aided by them. Although the progress in this regard is slow, nevertheless some promising results are coming and more are expected in future. This review attempts to discuss all these aspects of allelopathy for the sustainable management of weeds. Referee: Dr. Amrjits S. Basra, Central Plains Crop Technology, 5912 North Meridian Avenue, Wichita, KS 67204     

Biochemical frontiers of allelopathy

Allelopathic interactions between plants and other organisms have been recognized by scientists worldwide because they offer alternative uses in agriculture, such as decreasing our reliance on synthetic herbicides, insecticides, and nematicides for disease and insect control. The recognition of the role that allelopathy can have in producing optimum crop yields is of fundamental importance. Despite much optimism and some progress in unravelling the complexities of biochemical interactions between species, a firm foundation for the scientific rationale of the existence and function of the allelopathic phenomenon has not been developed. Allelopathic chemicals are primarily secondary products of plant metabolism which have been an enigma to plant scientists; however, they undergo a variety of reactions with plant, insect and animal species that inhibit or stimulate their growth and development. Examples of some allelochemicals and their basis of molecular and biological action are shown: interaction between the unicorn plant (Proboscidea louisianica L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.); diterpenoid alkaloids (fromDelphinium ajacis L.) as allelochemicals; substances that occur in wheat (Tritcum aestivum) and wheat soil that cause autotoxic effects; alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) root saponins as allelochemicals; humic acids from wheat soil as allelochemicals; and structure-function of flavonols serving as allelochemicals in chloroplast-mediated electron transport and phosphorylation. This paper concludes with a discussion of some frontier areas of research in allelopathy.     

植物化感物质及化感潜力与土壤养分的相互影响

植物化感作用与许多生态因子有关.土壤养分缺乏,影响着许多植物化感物质的产生,从而影响植物的化感潜力;反过来,植物化感物质也通过络合、吸附、酸溶解、竞争、抑制等方式影响土壤的养分形态和水平.本文总结了植物化感物质及化感潜力与土壤养分的相互影响,并提出了今后该领域值得进一步研究的问题.包括以下几方面：加强植物化感研究与土壤 植物营养学研究的结合,以更深入地阐明植物化感物质、化感作用与土壤养分变化的关系;加强植物化感研究与生态系统养分循环研究的结合,以类似自然（nature-like）的方式模拟自然界植物所受的养分干,使养分干扰的化感研究结果更加逼真、可靠;加强对养分过量及受污染时植物化感作用的研究,为揭示农业和林业生产中植物的相互作用机制和生物量变化机制提供新的思路,为生态保护提供科学依据.     

Screening methods for the evaluation of crop allelopathic potential

There is increasing interest in the development of allelopathic crop varieties for weed suppression. Allelopathic varieties are likely to be able to suppress weeds by natural exudation of bioactive allelochemicals, thereby reducing dependence upon synthetic herbicides. Screening bioassays are essential tools in identifying crop accessions with allelopathic potential. A number of crops have been screened for this allelopathic trait, and key issues in selecting and designing screening bioassays are reviewed. It is recommended that a combination of different bioassays be used in the evaluation of crop allelopathic potential. Laboratory bioassays, field testing, and chemical screening are important steps, and none of them can be precluded if conclusive evidence of crop allelopathy is to be established. More concerted efforts are needed in screening crop germplasm before the development of allelopathic varieties occurs.     

Application of allelochemicals to agriculture.

The study of allelopathy has a long history, and its application to agricultural production has long been anticipated. Recently, researchers have found allelopathic plants that are now used as cover crops, and allelochemicals which may lead to new herbicides. This paper reviews three studies introduced in this symposium, and discusses the possible application of allelopathy to agriculture.