不同光质光对葡萄愈伤组织增殖和白藜芦醇含量的影响

研究不同光质影响‘黑比诺’种子诱导并继代10个月的葡萄愈伤组织增殖及白藜芦醇含量的结果表明：不同光质下愈伤组织的增殖顺序依次为黄光〉绿光〉红光〉蓝光〉白光;白藜芦醇的含量依次为白光〉黄光〉红光〉蓝光〉绿光：白藜芦醇的生产量是白光〉黄光〉红光〉蓝光〉绿光。     

茶树光合作用与光质的关系

在相同辐射能下,茶树叶片光合速率高低依次为黄光>红光>绿光>蓝光>紫光;在相同光量子通量密度下,则依次为红光>蓝紫光>黄光>绿光。生长在不同光质光下的茶树叶片,其光合速率有很大差别,比叶重和气孔密度与光合作用无明显联系。茶叶品质成分(如茶多酚、氨基酸和咖啡碱等)也因光质不同而异。     

铜绿微囊藻光合活性对LED光短期暴露的响应

为探究LED光对蓝藻光合活性的影响,以铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806为对象, 25μmol photons/(m²·s)白色荧光灯为对照,检测了不同光质光强LED处理2h的光合活性。结果表明,与对照相比,25—50μmol photons/(m²·s) LED红光和蓝光、25—100μmol photons/(m²·s) LED白光和绿光处理下,细胞光合活性(F_v/F_m)显著提高。大于100μmol photons/(m²·s)的LED红光和蓝光、大于200μmol photons/(m²·s)的LED白光及大于500μmol photons/(m²·s)的LED绿光处理对光合活性有显著抑制作用,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率F_v/F_m、电子传递速率ETR(Ⅱ)、光量子产量Y(Ⅱ)、光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)电子传递速率ETR(Ⅰ)、...     

不同光质LED光源对草莓光合特性、产量及品质的影响

以‘妙香7号’草莓品种为材料,利用LED精量调制光源,设红光、蓝光、黄光、白光、红/蓝/黄(7/2/1)、红/蓝(7/2) 5个处理,以白光为对照,测定了草莓叶片的光合与荧光参数、色素含量、果实产量、品质和根系活力指标,研究 500 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光强下不同光质处理对草莓光合特性、果实产量及品质的影响.结果表明： 红光处理有利于提高草莓叶片的净光合速率与蒸腾速率,而蓝光有减弱作用;气孔导度与胞间CO₂浓度均以蓝光处理效果最为显著.叶绿素荧光参数(F_o、F_m、Φ_PSⅡ)均在红光处理下最大,而F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、F_m/F_o均在红/蓝/黄处理下最大;红/蓝/黄处理下草莓色素含量、果实产量和根系活力均显著高于其他处理.红光处理的可溶性固形物和维生素C含量均最高,且与红/蓝/黄处理差异不显著;蓝光处理有利于提高可滴定酸和蛋白质含量,而红/蓝/黄处理的固酸比最大.红/蓝/黄处理最有利于增加光合色素含量,提高果实产量,促进部分品质改善.     

不同光质LED弱光对樱桃番茄植株形态和光合性能的影响

基于新型LED光源研究了不同光质弱光对樱桃番茄植株形态和光合性能的影响.结果显示:(1)红蓝光(RB)的基础上添加不同的光色处理,对植株的形态没有显著影响,但对植株生物量有显著影响,能调节生物量的分配.除红蓝黄绿紫复合光处理(Z)外,其他复合光处理的单株总生物量都大于RB处理,添加绿光、黄光、紫光和黄紫光有利于植株地上部的生长,而添加绿光和紫光却抑制植株地下部的生长.(2)除红蓝黄紫复合光(RBYP)和红蓝紫复合光(RBP)处理外,所有处理的光合色素含量都比RB处理高,并以Z处理光合色素含量最高.(3)叶片的光补偿点和表观量子效率以及净光合速率受光质的调控.RBYP处理的最大净光合速率和表观量子效率显著大于其他处理,光补偿点在红蓝绿复合光(RBG)和红蓝黄复合光(RBY)下较大,而在白光(CK)和Z处理下较小.(4)各处理光系统Ⅱ的光能分配存在差异,RB处理光化学淬灭系数较其他处理小,而Z和RBP的非光化学淬灭系数较小,各处理间最大光化学效率及电子传递速率无显著差异.研究发现,复合光质的光色间对植株生长发育的影响是相互协同、相互制约的关系;红蓝黄紫复合光处理植株光合潜能较大,能够在一定程度上缓解红蓝弱光胁迫,促进植株幼苗生长;在红蓝光基础上添加其他光色有利于植株光合色素的积累并促进光合,同时可提高植株光化学效率.     

不同浓度Ni、Cu处理对骆驼蓬光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以骆驼蓬幼苗为材料,采用盆栽试验研究不同浓度（0、50、100、200、400 mg·kg^-1）Ni、Cu处理对骆驼蓬叶片光合作用、叶绿素荧光特性及生长状况的影响.结果表明： 随着Ni浓度的增加,骆驼蓬幼苗叶片的光合色素含量、净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、PSⅡ最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、PSⅡ电子传递量子产率（Φ_PSⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（q_P）及各项生长指标均呈显著下降趋势,而细胞间隙CO₂浓度（C_i）和非光化学猝灭系数（q_N）呈显著增加趋势,其中P_n的下降主要是由非气孔限制所致;骆驼蓬幼苗叶片的光合色素含量、P_n、G_s、T_r、C_i、F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、q_P及各项生长指标均在50 mg·kg^-1 Cu处理时达到峰值,叶绿素a和b、P_n、G_s、T_r、C_i、F_v/F_m及各项生长指标值在100 mg·kg^-1 Cu处理时仍微高于对照,而后随Cu浓度的增加,光合色素含量、P_n、G_s、T_r、C_i、 F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、q_P及各项生长指标均呈下降趋势,q_N呈增加趋势,其中P_n的下降主要是由气孔限制所致.     

不同LED光源对乌塌菜生长、光合特性及营养品质的影响

与传统光源相比,LED具有光谱可控、亮度高但发热量小、寿命长等优势.LED光源可实现光谱可控,通过调制光谱与植物的感光细胞最优结合来影响植物的生长发育与营养品质.本研究利用LED精量调制光源,以‘菊花小八叶’乌塌菜品种为试验材料,设红光、蓝光、红/蓝光(3/1)、红/蓝光(7/1)、白/红/蓝光(3/2/1)5个处理,以白光为对照,研究不同光质对乌塌菜生长、光合特性及品质的影响.结果表明： 红光有利于乌塌菜生物量和茎粗的增大,而蓝光有抑制作用;叶绿素含量以红/蓝光(7/1)处理最高,且叶绿素总量与红/蓝光比值呈正相关,虽然蓝光显著降低叶绿素含量,但提高了叶绿素 a/b 值;光合速率和蒸腾速率均以红光处理最高,与对照相比分别增加43.8%和55.1%,而蓝光处理下有较高的气孔导度及胞间CO₂浓度.不同光质处理对乌塌菜的荧光参数有较大影响,白光的F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o和Φ_PSⅡ均最大;红光可以提高可溶性糖含量,蓝光能提高可溶性蛋白含量,白光能增加维生素C含量.综合分析,红/蓝光(7/1)处理在增加叶片光合色素含量,提高光合速率,促进植株生长和改善营养品质方面为最优组合.     

青藏高原地区的光质对高原春小麦生长发育、光合速率和干物质含量影响的研究

本文模拟研究了高原地区的不同光质对春小麦的生长发育、光合速率和干物质含量等方面的影响。实验结果表明:(1)蓝光和蓝紫光的照射能使春小麦植株趋于矮壮。提高总叶绿素含量,增加叶绿素b值,并能延迟春小麦的生育期和干物质积累的时间。(2)红光和蓝紫光对春小麦品种的光合速率都比对照有提高效应,其中红光最显著,蓝紫光次之,而蓝光下最低。(3)红光和蓝紫光下积累的干物质含量均大于对照,蓝光下的较低。从而论证了青藏高原地区较好的光质,尤其丰富的蓝紫光是高原春小麦屡出高产的重要生态因素之一。为在这一地区充分利用这一得天独厚的有利条件挖掘更大的高产潜力提供了科学依据。     

短期UV-B辐射对青藏高原美丽风毛菊PSⅡ光化学效率的影响

通过短期增补UV-B辐射模拟试验,研究了青藏高原典型天气(晴天、多云、阴天)下高山植物美丽风毛菊叶片的叶绿素荧光参数变化.结果表明: 随天气由晴变阴,美丽风毛菊叶片暗适应3 min的PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率(F_v/F_m)显著升高,实际PSⅡ光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P)也升高,而非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)则降低,可见光辐射（PAR）是影响PSⅡ光能转化效率的主要因素.增补UV-B辐射后,3种典型天气下,美丽风毛菊叶片的F_v/F_m和NPQ略有降低,Φ_PSⅡ和q_P略微增加,但对光合气体交换过程没有产生负影响.叶片净光合速率P_n和Φ_PSⅡ的增高趋势与增补UV-B辐射下相对较多的UV-A成分有关,同时也得益于叶片厚度的增加. UV-B辐射对叶片光合机构具有潜在负影响.     

LED光质对番茄幼苗生长及内源性GA和IAA含量的影响

采用发光二极管调制光谱能量分布,以荧光灯为对照,研究不同光质(红光、蓝光、黄光、绿光)下番茄幼苗生理特性及内源性GA和IAA水平与其生长的关系。结果表明:(1)红光和蓝光有利于番茄幼苗茎的伸长和叶面积的增加。(2)除蓝光处理下可溶性糖含量和SOD活性与对照无显著性差异外,各单色光质处理下番茄幼苗根系活力、色素含量、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量、SOD活性较对照均显著降低。(3)与对照相比,各单色光质处理下番茄幼苗叶片中GA含量显著降低,IAA含量在红光下显著升高,在黄光和绿光下显著降低,且叶面积与IAA含量呈显著正相关关系。(4)番茄幼苗茎中GA和IAA含量在红光和蓝光处理下显著高于对照和黄、绿光处理,且株高与茎中GA和IAA含量呈正相关关系。     

Effects of light quality on the chloroplastic ultrastructure and photosynthetic characteristics of cucumber seedlings

To understand how light quality influences plant photosynthesis, we investigated chloroplastic ultrastructure, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic parameters, Rubisco and chlorophyll content and photosynthesis-related genes expression in cucumber seedlings exposed to different light qualities: white, red, blue, yellow and green lights with the same photosynthetic photon flux density of 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1. The results revealed that plant growth, CO₂ assimilation rate and chlorophyll content were significantly reduced in the seedlings grown under red, blue, yellow and green lights as compared with those grown under white light, but each monochromatic light played its special role in regulating plant morphogenesis and photosynthesis. Seedling leaves were thickened and slightly curled; Rubisco biosynthesis, expression of the rca, rbcS and rbcL, the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and quantum yield of PSII electron transport (Ф_PSII) were all increased in seedlings grown under blue light as compared with those grown under white light. Furthermore, the photosynthetic rate of seedlings grown under blue light was significantly increased, and leaf number and chlorophyll content of seedlings grown under red light were increased as compared with those exposed to other monochromatic lights. On the contrary, the seedlings grown under yellow and green lights were dwarf with the new leaves etiolated. Moreover, photosynthesis, Rubisco biosynthesis and relative gene expression were greatly decreased in seedlings grown under yellow and green light, but chloroplast structural features were less influenced. Interestingly, the Fv/Fm, Ф_PSII value and chlorophyll content of the seedlings grown under green light were much higher than those grown under yellow light.     

ACCLIMATION OF THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC APPARATUS OF PALMARIA PALMATA (RHODOPHYTA) TO LIGHT QUALITIES THAT PREFERENTIALLY EXCITE PHOTOSYSTEM I OR PHOTOSYSTEM II1

Acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus to light absorbed primarily by phycobilisomes (which transfer energy predominantly to photosystem II) or absorbed by chlorophyll a (mainly present in the antenna of photosystem I) was studied in the macroalga Palmaria palmata L. In addition, the influence of blue and yellow light, exciting chlorophyll a and phycobilisomes, respectively, ivas investigated. All results were compared to a white light control. Complementary chromatic adaptation in terms of an enhanced ratio of phycoerythrin to phycocyanin under green light conditions was observed. Red light (mainly absorbed by chlorophyll a) and green light (mainly absorbed by phycobilisomes) caused an increase of the antenna system, which was not preferentially excited. Yellow and blue light led to intermediate states comparable to each other and white light. Growth was reduced under all light qualities in comparison to white light, especially under conditions preferably exciting phycobilisomes (green light-adapted algae had a 58% lower growth rate compared to white light-adapted algae). Red and blue light-adapted algae showed maximal photosynthetic capacity with white light excitation and significantly lower values with green light excitation. In contrast, green and yellow light-adapted algae exhibited comparable photosynthetic capacities at all excitation wavelengths. Low-temperature fluorescence emission analysis showed an increase of photosystem II emission in red light-adapted algae and a decrease in green light-adapted algae. A small increase of photosystem I emission teas also found in green light-adapted algae, but this was much less than the photosystem II emission increase observed in red light-adapted algae (both compared to phycobilisome emission). Efficiency of energy transfer from phycobilisomes to photosystem II was higher in red than in green light-adapted algae. The opposite was found for the energy transfer efficiency from phycobilisomes to photosystem I. Zeaxanthin content increased in green and blue light-adapted algae compared to red, white, and yellow light-adapted algae. Results are discussed in comparison to published data on unicellular red algae and cyanobacteria.     

光质对温室甜椒干物质生产和分配指数的影响

为了研究不同光质对甜椒植株干物质生产与分配指数的影响,以甜椒茎有限生长品种"苏椒13号"为试验材料,于2010年计不同种彩色塑料薄膜(红、黄、蓝、绿、紫,白色为对照)试验。结果表明:不同光质处理的甜椒单位面积干物质生产量(Wt)与冠层截获的太阳光合有效辐射日积分(daily photosynthetic active radiation integral,PARi,MJ·m-2)之间的模型为Wt=22.07×e0.0054λPARi;单位面积植株总干重、果实的干物质分配指数、果实采收指数和单位面积果实产量均以红膜最高,紫膜最低;蓝膜的茎干物质分配指数最高,红膜最低;蓝膜、绿膜和紫膜的植株叶片干物质分配指数明显高于红膜和黄膜;不同光质处理对甜椒植株地上部分干物质分配指数的影响差异不显著;研究认为红膜和黄膜能够促进甜椒植株的干物质积累和果实发育,紫膜和蓝膜则有明显的抑制作用,该研究结果可为温室甜椒栽培的光质选择和环境调控提供决策依据。     

Colored bait preferences of house Fly (Musca domestica L.) (Dipetera: Muscidae)

The housefly, Musca domestica L. (Dipetera: Muscidae) transmits disease, contaminates laboratories, hospitals, equipment and can be annoying to people and animals. They are considered a serious urban pest worldwide. An important tool used to control houseflies is baiting. This study was undertaken to review the preference of housefly for different colored baits. Various colored baits were prepared and evaluated under laboratory conditions. These were colored blue, white, yellow, red, purple and green. Among the different colored baits used, the blue bait was preferred the most by the houseflies, followed by the white and yellow baits, and the red, purple and green baits were least attractive to the houseflies. Similarly, the blue bait was detected faster by the houseflies and was consumed significantly more than the red, purple or green baits. Also, the blue bait attracted a significantly higher number of flies than the red, purple and green baits.     

光质对白芨组培苗生理特性及酶基因表达的影响

为探讨光质对白芨(Bletilla striata)组培苗生长发育的影响,对不同光质下白芨组培苗的生长特征、抗氧化酶活性以及酶基因表达进行了研究。结果表明,蓝光和红光对白芨生长有显著促进作用,绿光的作用不明显。除了CAT外,不同光质处理白芨的APX、POD、SOD活性均呈上升趋势,且黄光处理的白芨SOD和APX活性最高,红光处理的POD活性最高,绿光处理的抗氧化酶活性比其他光质的低,蓝光处理35~45 d对抗氧化酶基因表达具有促进作用。因此,红光和黄光促进白芨生根组培苗的长高和生根;不同光质处理总体上提高了白芨氧化酶活性;白芨抗氧化酶基因的表达在蓝光处理下最大。     

Effect of long-term drought stress on leaf gas exchange and fluorescence parameters in C<Subscript>3</Subscript> and C<Subscript>4</Subscript> plants

A field study was performed on triticale, field bean, maize and amaranth, to find differences between studied species in physiological alterations resulting from progressive response as injuries and/or acclimation to long-term soil drought during various stages of plant development. The measurements of leaf water potential, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll a fluorescence, leaf gas exchange and yield analysis were done. A special emphasis was given to the measurements of the blue, green, red and far-red fluorescence. Beside, different ratios of the four fluorescence bands (red/far-red: F ₆₉₀/F ₇₄₀, blue/red: F ₄₄₀/F ₆₉₀, blue/far-red: F ₄₄₀/F ₇₄₀ and blue/green: F ₄₄₀/F ₅₂₀) were calculated. Based on both yield analysis and measurements of physiological processes it can be suggested that field bean and maize responded with better tolerance to the water deficit in soil due to the activation of photoprotective mechanism probably connected with synthesis of the phenolic compounds, which can play a role of photoprotectors in different stages of plant development. The photosynthetic apparatus of those two species scattered the excess of excitation energy more effectively, partially through its transfer to PS I. In this way, plants avoided irreversible and/or deep injuries to PS II. The observed changes in the red fluorescence emission and in the F _v/F _m for triticale and amaranth could have occurred due to serious and irreversible photoinhibitory injuries. Probably, field bean and maize acclimatized more effectively to soil drought through the development of effective mechanisms for utilising excitation energy in the photosynthetic conversion of light accompanied by the mechanism protecting the photosynthetic apparatus against the excess of this energy.     

Analyzing photosynthetic activity and growth of Solanum lycopersicum seedlings exposed to different light qualities

To investigate how light quality influences tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L) seedlings, we examined changes in plant growth, chloroplast ultrastructure, photosynthetic parameters and some photosynthesis-related genes expression levels. For this, tomato plants were grown under different light qualities with the same photosynthetic photon flux density: red (R), blue (B), yellow (Y), green (G) and white (W) lights. Our results revealed that, compared with plants grown under W light, the growth of plants grown under monochromatic lights was inhibited with the growth reduction being more significant in the plants grown under Y and G lights. However, the monochromatic lights had their own effects on the growth and photosynthetic function of tomato seedlings. The plant height was reduced under blue light, but expression of rbcS, rbcL, psbA, psbB genes was up-regulated, and the ΦPSII and electron transport rate (ETR) values were enhanced. More starch grains were accumulated in chloroplasts. The root elongation, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), NPQ and rbcS and psbA genes expression were promoted under red light. Yellow light- and green light-illuminated plants grew badly with their lower Rubisco content and Pn value observed, and less starch grains accumulated in chloroplast. However, less influence was noted of light quality on chloroplast structure. Compared with yellow light, the values of ΦPSII, ETR, qP and NPQ of plants exposed to green light were significantly increased, suggesting that green light was beneficial to both the development of photosynthetic apparatus to some extent.     

Adaptation of the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Chlorella and Ankistrodesmus to Blue and Red Light

The mode of adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus of three unicellular green algae, Ankistrodesmus braunii, Chlorella fusca and Chlorella saccharophila to red and blue light are documented by the fluence-rate curves of photosynthetic oxygen evolution. For all three algae tested photosynthetic capacity, respiration and light compensation point were higher for cells grown under red light, while the chlorophyll content increased in blue light-grown cells. Blue light-adapted cells have a lower chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b ratio and more chlorophyll in the light-harvesting system than red light-adapted cells, as shown in the electrophoretic profile of the pigment-protein complexes. It is concluded that the action of red light resembles that of high levels of white light, while blue light causes the same effects as low levels of white light. In agreement with previous publications these findings indicate that the mode of adaptation to different light qualities is ubiquitous in unicellular green algae.     

Effects of different LED sources on the growth and nitrogen metabolism of lettuce

Using a light-emitting diode (LED) as the light source, the effects of eight different light treatments [white light (control, W), purple light (P), blue light (B), red light (R), green light (G), yellow light (Y), red–blue light in a 9:1 ratio (9R/1B), and red–blue light in a 4:1 ratio (4R/1B)] on the growth, quality and nitrogen metabolism of lettuce were studied. The results showed that compared with the white light, the purple light, blue light, red light, and the red-blue light combination could all increase the biomass of the aboveground part of lettuce to various degrees, while green light and yellow light inhibited lettuce growth. Under blue light, the contents of soluble protein and flavonoid in lettuce were the highest; under red light, the soluble sugar content was the highest, while the contents of soluble protein, free amino acids, and vitamin C (VC) were relatively higher under the 4R/1B light condition. Compared with white light, the sources of purple, blue, and red lights as well as the red–blue light combination all significantly reduced nitrate accumulation in lettuce, and the activities of the nitrogen (N) metabolism-related enzymes such as nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, and glutamate dehydrogenase were increased to varying degrees. In contrast, the contents of nitrate and ammonium N were significantly accumulated in lettuce under green light, and the activities of relative enzymes were significantly reduced. Therefore, the purple light, blue light, and red–blue combination light sources could promote N assimilation and improve the aboveground biomass accumulation in lettuce by improving the activity of the N metabolism-related enzymes in lettuce. Particularly under the 4R/1B light source, the biomass, soluble protein, VC, and total amino acid content were rather high in lettuce, which indicated that the 4R/1B light source could better effectively improve the nutritional quality and promote the growth of lettuce, while yellow light and green light are not suitable to serve as direct sources in a plant factory. These results provide a certain theoretical basis for the regulation of the light environment in cultivation facilities.     

Effects of light quality on growth and development,photosynthetic characteristics and content of carbohydrates in tobacco (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nicotiana tabacum</Emphasis> L.) plants

In this study, effects of yellow (Y), purple (P), red (R), blue (B), green (G), and white (W) light on growth and development of tobacco plants were evaluated. We showed that monochromatic light reduced the growth, net photosynthetic rate (P _N), stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂, and transpiration rate of tobacco. Such a reduction in P _N occurred probably due to the stomatal limitation contrary to plants grown under W. Photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), maximal fluorescence of dark-adapted state, effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Φ_PSII), and maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F_v/F_m) of plants decreased under all monochromatic illuminations. The decline in ΦPSII occurred mostly due to the reduction in qP. The increase in minimal fluorescence of dark-adapted state and the decrease in F_v/F_m indicated the damage or inactivation of the reaction center of PSII under monochromatic light. Plants under Y and G showed the maximal nonphotochemical quenching with minimum P _N compared with the W plants. Morphogenesis of plants was also affected by light quality. Under B light, plants exhibited smaller angles between stem and petiole, and the whole plants showed a compact type, while the angles increased under Y, P, R, and G and the plants were of an unconsolidated style. The total soluble sugar content increased significantly under B. The reducing sugar content increased under B but decreased significantly under R and G compared with W. In conclusion, different monochromatic light quality inhibited plants growth by reducing the activity of photosynthetic apparatus in plants. R and B light were more effective to drive photosynthesis and promote the plant growth, while Y and G light showed an suppression effect on plants growth. LEDs could be used as optimal light resources for plant cultivation in a greenhouse.